Nutrient Requirements of Pea

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1 Nutrient Requirements of Pea R. H. McKenzie 1, A. B. Middleton 1, E. D. Solberg 2, J. DeMulder 2, N. Flore 3, G. W. Clayton 4 and E. Bremer 5 1 Agronomy Unit, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4V6; 2 Agronomy Unit, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 5Z2; 3 Westco, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2C 4M5; 4 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada, T4L 1W1; and 5 Symbio Ag Consulting, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 2B5. ross.mckenzie@gov.ab.ca Problem The demand for information on the nutrient requirements of pea has increased on the Canadian prairies due to the introduction of improved pea varieties and subsequent considerable expansion in pea production. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of rhizobia inoculation, starter nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer on the yield and protein of four semi-leafless pea cultivars over a wide geographic region of Alberta. Literature Review Earlier studies on the Canadian prairies concluded that pea required high levels of N fertility to achieve maximum yield and protein (Sosulski et al. 1974; Sosulski and Buchan 1978). However, nodulation and nitrogenase activity were poor in these studies, even when pea was inoculated (Sosulski and Buchan 1978). Other studies indicated that initial growth and subsequent N 2 fixation of pea might be enhanced by the addition of low amounts of N fertilizer prior to planting (Mahon and Child 1979). However, improved inoculants and methods of inoculation often dramatically improved pea yield and protein concentration (Bremer et al. 1988; Rennie and Hynes 1993), and most producers currently inoculate seed and provide little, if any, additional fertilizer N. Phosphorus is the major fertilizer nutrient required for pea, but few studies exist on the P response of pea. Sosulski et al. (1974) reported one trial with Century pea that showed no benefit of P fertilization on seed yield, but a slight benefit in protein concentration. Henry et al. (1995) conducted experiments on seed placement and side banding of P fertilizer for Trapper pea at three Saskatchewan locations during a threeyear period. They found quadratic responses of pea yield to six rates of monoammonium phosphate (0 to 44 kg P ha-1), but also noted that pea emergence was highly sensitive to seed placement: plant counts were inversely proportional to rate of seed-placed P and seed yield was reduced by seed placement of P at all locations. Study Description Fifty-eight field trials were conducted across Alberta from 1995 through Fifty trials were conducted under dryland conditions in the Dark Brown, Thin Black, Black and Gray Wooded soil zones, while 8 trials were conducted under irrigation in the Dark Brown and Brown soil zones. The trials were located on land that had grown a cereal crop in the previous year and had not grown a pea crop for at least the previous

2 three years. Four research teams centered in different parts of Alberta cooperated in conducting these trials. Experiments were set up in a split-split plot design with four replications. Main plots were pea cultivars (all semi-leafless): Baroness (large yellow), Carneval (small yellow), Majoret (medium green) and Radley (small green). Subplot treatments were with and without rhizobia inoculation. Sub-subplots were rate of urea fertilizer: 0, 20, 40, and 60 kg N/ha. A second experiment tested pea response to super phosphate and was conducted only with Carneval at rates of 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 kg P 2 O 5 /ha, both seedplaced and banded. At maturity, six to eight rows were harvested in each plot with a small plot combine. Total seed weight, moisture content and protein were determined. Major Findings Response to Rhizobia inoculation Pea yield was significantly increased by rhizobia inoculation in 34% of the trials conducted in 1996 through 1998 and unaffected by inoculation in the remaining trials. Similar results were obtained in Saskatchewan, where inoculation significantly increased dry matter of Trapper pea in two out of nine trials and increased dry matter of Tara pea in four out of nine trials (Bremer et al. 1988). The average increase in pea yield in trials where a significant benefit of inoculation occurred was 13%. The frequency and magnitude of inoculation benefits to pea yields were highest in the Dark Brown soil zone, which was primarily attributed to low levels of effective indigenous rhizobia in these trials. Soil NO 3 -N was also lowest in the Dark Brown soil zone, thus also contributing to the greater impact of inoculation. Soil NO 3 -N did not appreciably affect the frequency of inoculation benefits to pea yield, but the magnitude of the inoculation benefit was highest when soil NO 3 -N was less than 20 kg/ha. Protein concentrations were less strongly affected by inoculation than pea yield. Inoculation significantly increased protein concentration in the same proportion of trials as seed yield (34%), but also reduced protein concentration in 17% of the trials. The benefit of inoculation to protein concentration was greatest in the Dark Brown soil zone, intermediate in the Thin Black, Black and Gray Wooded soil zones, and absent at irrigated locations. The proportion of trials that had a significant increase in protein concentration due to inoculation decreased from 60% in trials with less than 20 kg NO 3 - N/ha to 18% in trials with more than 40 kg NO 3 -N/ha. The presence of pink nodules on uninoculated plants in many trials indicated that the presence of effective indigenous rhizobia was the primary reason for the lack of benefit from rhizobia inoculation. Evans et al. (1996) found that soil populations of 500 rhizobia g -1 severely reduced the nodulating competitiveness of seed-applied inoculant with pea. Thies et al. (1991) found that as few as 50 rhizobia g -1 of soil eliminated the response to inoculation of seven different legume species. Comparable information is lacking for other regions of the Canadian prairies, but the proportion of trials that did not respond to inoculation and had effective nodules on uninoculated plants in this and previous studies (Bremer et al. 1988) indicate that indigenous rhizobia are often present. The probability of an inoculation benefit will be even lower in fields that have grown pea previously due to proliferation and survival of R. l. viceae (Jensen and Sørensen 1987; Kucey and Hynes 1989).

3 A significant interaction of inoculation with pea cultivar was observed in 9 of 41 trials. In these trials, Majoret pea was the most responsive while Baroness pea was the least responsive. The responsiveness of pea cultivar to inoculation was relatively consistent for the three years that studies were conducted at one irrigated site near Lethbridge: inoculation increased the yield of Majoret pea each year, but did not increase the yield of Baroness or Carneval pea in any of these years. Based on visual observations of nodulation in several of the trials, the reduced response of Baroness pea to inoculation was likely due to its greater ability to become effectively nodulated with indigenous rhizobia strains. Pea Response to N Fertilizer Application of N fertilizer (20, 40 or 60 kg N/ha) increased seed yield of inoculated pea in 24% of the 58 trials. The average increase in seed yield in trials with a significant response to N fertilizer was 7.2 %. The average increase in seed yield was not significantly different among N fertilizer rates, increasing slightly from 5.6% at 20 kg N ha -1 to 8.6% at 60 kg N/ha. The frequency of yield increases due to N application was not appreciably affected by the trial year, but was higher in the Dark Brown soil zone than the other soil zones and increased with decreasing levels of spring soil NO 3 -N. The greater frequency of fertilizer N responses in the Dark Brown soil zone was at least partially due to low soil NO 3 -N levels. Of the trials with soil NO 3 -N levels less than 20 kg N/ha, 42% had increased yields due to application of N fertilizer; the average increase in seed yield was 8.3 %. Differences in the yield response to N fertilizer among these trials were not significantly correlated with inoculation response, growing season precipitation or amount of soil NO 3 -N. The effects of applied N on protein concentration were generally small, with reductions in protein concentration as frequent as increases. Increases in protein concentration due to addition of N fertilizer were most frequent when soil NO 3 -N was less than 20 kg N/ha. Pea Response to Superphosphate Fertilizer The application of superphosphate fertilizer increased pea seed yield at 12 of 52 sites, at P rates up to 13.1 kg /ha. Seed protein concentrations were not affected by P rate or placement. Seed P concentrations were generally highest at the two highest rates of P application. Seed placement of P as superphosphate only reduced seed yield at 3 of 52 sites at the two highest rates of application. The effectiveness of the lowest rate of banded superphosphate to increase seed yield in P responsive trials was equal to seedplaced superphosphate, indicating that availability of P from seed and soil sources were generally sufficient for initial pea growth. The yield response of pea to superphosphate was negatively correlated with soil test P. Of the trials conducted on soils with less than 33 kg P/ha to a depth of 15 cm, 39% had a significant yield increase due to application of P. However, none of the trials conducted on soils with more than 33 kg P/ha had a significant yield increase.

4 Applied Questions 1. Should pea producers use inoculant? Given the uncertainty in levels of indigenous rhizobia and responsiveness of the many cultivars available to growers, rhizobia inoculation represents a cost-effective means of ensuring that maximum pea yields are obtained. However, the frequency and magnitude of inoculation benefits are likely to be < 50%, especially in fields that have regularly grown a pea crop. 2. Should starter N fertilizer be used for pea? The frequency and magnitude of yield increases due to the application of starter N was low in this study, but depending on fertilizer costs and pea prices, may be economic for soils with low levels of available N. Starter N is only recommended for peas grown in the Brown, Dark Brown and Thin Black soil zones when soil N levels are less than 20 kg N/ha (18 lb N/ac) in the 0 to 30 cm (0 to 12 inch) depth. Starter N should not exceed 20 kg N/ha (18 lb N/ac). Starter N on pea is normally not recommended in the Black and Gray Wooded soil areas. 3. When is phosphate fertilizer required for pea? The application of 13.1 kg P/ ha (30 lb P 2 O 5 /ac) was sufficient to ensure optimal seed yields of pea when soil test P levels were less than 33 kg P/ha (30 lb P/ac). Dark Brown soils were the least responsive to phosphate, while Thin Black soils were the most responsive to phosphate fertilizer. A maintenance application of phosphate fertilizer could be applied when soil test P levels are between 33 to 66 kg P/ha (30 and 60 lb P/ac). However, the probability of pea response to phosphate will decline as soil P level increases. 4. Should phosphate fertilizer be seed-placed or side banded? Seed-placement or banding of superphosphate was equally effective in increasing seed yield in this study. Negative effects of seed placement were negligible in this study, but considerable caution is required in extrapolating these results to monoammonium phosphate, the most commonly used form of P fertilizer that is also much more deleterious to seedling establishment. Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the field staff of Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and Westco for assistance in conducting the field trials. We would also like to thank the Agri-Food Laboratory Branch, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development for soil and seed analysis and Alberta Agriculture Research Institute, Alberta Pulse Growers Association, Westco and Agrium for funding support.

5 References Bremer, E., Rennie, R. J. and Rennie, D. A Dinitrogen fixation of lentil, field pea and fababean under dryland conditions. Can. J. Soil Sci. 68: Evans, J., Gregory, A., Dobrowolski, N., Morris, S. G., OConnor, G. E. and Wallace, C Nodulation of field-grown Pisum sativum and Vicia faba: Competitiveness of inoculant strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv viciae determined by an indirect, competitive ELISA method. Soil Biol. Biochem. 28: Jensen, E. S. and Sørensen, L. H Survival of Rhizobium leguminosarum in soil after addition as inoculant. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 45: Kucey, R. M. N. and Hynes, M. F Populations of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovars phaseoli and viceae in fields after bean or pea in rotation with nonlegumes. Can. J. Microbiol. 35: Mahon, J. D. and Child, J. J Growth response of inoculated pea (Pisum sativum) to combined nitrogen. Can. J. Bot. 57: Rennie, R. J. and Hynes, R. K Scientific and legislative quality control of legume inoculants for lentil and field pea. J. Prod. Agric. 6: Sosulski, F. and Buchan, J. A Effects of Rhizobium and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen fixation and growth of field peas. Can. J. Plant Sci. 58: Sosulski, F. W., McLean, L. A. and Austenson, H. M Management for yield and protein of field peas in Saskatchewan. Can. J. Plant Sci. 54: Thies, J. E., Singleton, P. W. and Bohlool, B. B Modeling symbiotic performance of introduced rhizobia in the field by use of indices of indigenous population size and nitrogen status of the soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:

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