Can Your Mobile Phone Smell? And How?

Transcription

1 National Cheng Kung University IBM: The 5 in 5, Innovations that will change our lives in the next five years Can Your Mobile Phone Smell? And How? 鄭桂忠副教授 (Kea-Tiong Tang, Ph.D) National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan October 17, predictions_for_future/ideas/ The Magic of Olfaction Smell is a potent wizard that transports you across thousand of miles and all the years you have lived. Helen Keller Smell is the sense of memory and desire. Russeau Mammalian Olfaction Odorant Molecules Olfactory Receptor Neuron (ORN) Glomeruli Network Olfactory Cortex Olfactory Receptor Neurons From Olfactory Epithelium to Olfactory Bulb There are ~1000 different ORN genes Mammalian olfactory systems have large number of ORN in the epithelium(~10m humans, ~100M dog) Sensors are broadly tuned Single receptor recognizes multiple odorants A single odorant is recognized by multiple receptors Up to 10% are firing for any given odorant 1

2 A Code in the Nose Why Electronic Nose? The spatio temporal pattern of glomeruli activation provides the pattern that is then interpreted by the brain as odor quality and intensity Different odors activate different glomeruli As concentration Increases more glomeruli are activated Applications of olfaction Chemical analysis Environmental monitoring Food freshness inspection Landmine detection Airport luggage inspection Health care Solenopsis invicta buren Problems with human panels Individual variability Fatigue Infections Mental state Subjectivity Exposure to hazardous compounds cost Rubin and Katz Neuron, 1999 enose on Market Today Why Electronic Nose SoC? Electronic nose instruments Desktop or laptop in size Large volume High operating power High cost Electronic nose SoC Integrated circuit can be very small in size Low operating power Low cost Alpha MOS Kronos Cyranose 320, Smith Detection Electronic Nose SoC Electronic Nose Biological nose Receptors Sensory cells Axons Glomeruli neural network Electronic nose SoC Sensors Sensor interface Wires Pattern recognition classifier Three research thrusts: Sensor Technology Selectivity, Array Fabrication Signal Processing Analog VLSI circuits Classification Methods Algorithms, hardware implementations System Diagram: Input: Odors Sensors Odor Detection Preprocessing Filtering, Adaption, Amplification Classification /Identification Outputs Odor ID 2

3 Sensor Theory Sensor Time Response Sensor material swells upon exposure to odor Results in a long path for current, hence higher resistance Insulating polymer matrix Conducting element R%=(R max -R baseline )/R baseline Lewis, N.S., 2004 Sensor Response First E Nose Chip Sensor Signal Processing Classifier Odor Ix Iy Ix Iy ID ID Decision Iz Iz Inx Iny Inz Inx Iny Inz Dx Dy Dz Dx Dy Dz Data Storage 16 CICC 2006 Fabricated E Nose Chip Chip Performance AMI 1.2um process 2117um x 2117um Classify 8 different odors using 3 different polymer sensors CICC Three different kinds of sensors are used poly(n vinylpyrrolidone), x dimension poly(styrene), y dimension poly(ethylene co vinyl acetate), z dimension Eight odors for learning methanol (D1), 2 propanol (D2), hexane (D3), ethyl acetate (D4), acetone (D5), toluene (D6), ethanol (D7), chloroform (D8) Six odors for testing methanol (T1), 2 propanol (T2), hexane (T3), ethyl acetate (T4), acetone (T5), benzene (T6) 18 3

4 /11/21 3 D Performance Plot NSoC Project ( ~ ) An enose SoC that can detect fish spoilage 8 different normalized data patterns are separated in a 3 D plot First five of the six test patterns can be classified to the correct classes respectively The sixth test pattern does not belong to any group, which is true because the chip did not learn the odor S3 S2 Device Features: 1. Very low power by SoC design at 1.5V power supply 2. Improved sensing mechanism by sensor with high reproducibility, selectivity, sensitivity 3. Modular Design by changeable a. Sensor head b. Odor database Device Specifications: 1. Battery: Button cell (Mercury) 1.5V, 140mAh, 2.00g, 11.6 x 5.4mm 1680 times usage for 15 mins/time 2. SoC Power consumption: 500 W 3. Odor Detection limit: 1ppm 4. Size: 150 x 30 x 15 mm Power ON/OFF Bad! Do not eat!! S1 19 CICC 2006 Inlet Sensor Array enose SoC electronics LCD Display Assembling the System First Prototype System block diagram Data acquisition interface System block diagram Classification interface Interface PCB Testing System Training interface Sensors, 2010, 10(10), ISCAS 2009 Live Demonstration Sensors, 2010, 10(10), Live Demo Session enose SoC Ver. 1 / 2 nd Prototype Smell of rotten fish is not good for the show Target odor (TMA, H 2 S, indole, histamine) is not good either Three fruits (litchi, lemon, banana) were used for the live demo sessions ISCAS Live Demo Session 5/25/2009 Litchi Lemon Pattern of Litchi Pattern of Lemon TSMC 0.18um 1P6M Process Chip size: μm 2 Transistor/gate count: PAD number: 99 IEEE Transaction on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, 2011, Vol. 5(4), pp Portable enose Ver. 1 Portable enose Ver. 2 Banana Pattern of Banana 4

5 Decomposition Chart Assembling the System Fish Spoilage Detection Whiskey/Fake/Methanol 測試氣體 Live Demo Session VLSI/CAD Live Demo Session, 8/3/2011 NSoC Live Demo Session, 3/25/2011 晶片系統國家型計畫 - 績優計畫獎 Integrated Sensors Allows integration of multiple sensor types onto single nose on a chip Sensors deposited on signal conditioning electronics Low noise, reduced crosstalk Low power Post fabrication steps may be required for increased well depth Increase well height by depositing materials or etching CMOS layers 5

6 enose SoC Ver. 2 Die photo and Specs The 3-D Structure 2011 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, San Diego, USA Integrated CMOS Sensors Electronic Nose Soc Technology TSMC 0.18μm CMOS 1P6M Supply Voltage 1.8V digital/1v analog Total Power Consumption 1.05mW Total Area 2171μm 2466μm Sensors Sensor Type MWNTs-conducting polymer Sensor Size 400μm 400μm Sensing Concentration >10ppm Relative Resistance Change (>10ppm) >1% Measurement Results of the Adaptive Interface Circuit Min power consumption (Rs = 10k ) 53.4μW Max power consumption (Rs=1.5M ) μW ADC Performance Summary Resolution 8 bits DNL 0.7/-0.8 LSB INL 1.9/-1.2 LSB ENOB (fs=250ks/s, f in=100khz) 7.06 bits Power Consumption (fs=250ks/s) 2.86μW SRAM Performance Summary Type 6T SRAM Speed 150MHz Capacity 16K word, 8 bit per word (128Kb) 0.109mW/MHz Dynamic Power 150MHz) Standby Current In Normal(1.8V) 3.62uA/0.95uA /Sleep Mode(0.6V) Applications NPIE Project ( ~ ) Early Prediction and Real-Time Detection of the Microorganisms of Pneumonia in Ventilated-Patients by an Electronic Nose SoC 目標問題 : 早期預測及同步診斷使用人工呼吸器病患的肺炎菌種解決方式 : 設計 開發並整合電子鼻系統晶片於呼吸器的吐氣端管路上 技術指標 : 病菌培養 ( 五至六天 ) 感染症低電壓 低功耗 具辨識功能的電子鼻系統晶片病錯確狀據失認出醫黃否不正確換藥根現師在此時室就發現? 患送至急診金時間經驗投藥病菌正確對症下藥 使用電子鼻幫助醫師進行 快篩, 找出可能的致病菌, 進而降低死亡率能Live Demo Session, 2011 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, San Diego, USA Expanding the Team Team Members Multidisciplinary research areas Sensor (chemistry, MEMS) Low-power system (EE) Algorithm (EE, CS) Clinical trial (Medical doctor) E-Nose research groups in Taiwan The NTHU group (4 years) Dr. Chung-Hung Shih, TMU (involved with the ITRI e-nose project for 6 years) ITRI, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories offers an e-nose machine and clinical experience CSIST, Institute of Chemistry works together for sensor development Yang, C.-M. Tang, K.-T. Chang, M.-F. Yao, D.-J. Hsieh, C.-C. Chen, H. Liu, Y.-W. Wang, L.-C. Yang, S.-R. Shyu, J.-M. Chang, C.-K. Shi, C.-H. 6

7 離體實驗氣體取樣 積體化感測器氣體感測 最常見的細菌十種經確定診斷的細菌於培養皿, 至於 1000 c.c. 的塑膠袋並灌入 5% CO 2 及 95% 一般空氣, 再置於 37 的培養箱中 經 2 小時 4 小時 6 小時及 24 小時後採集氣體 以氣體濃度最高那個時間點來繼續針對此細菌收集檢體 氣體收集裝置 測試氣體 : 甲醇 ( 醇類為分析目標氣體之一 ) 濃度 : (ppm) 吸附 5 分鐘 ; 脫附 15 分鐘變化 2~11% 目前選用高分子和其溶劑 Polymer Solvent 1 P4VP EtOH 2 P4VPy EtOH 3 PNVP EtOH+IPA 4 PCL THF 5 PVc MEK 6 PVAc MEK 7 PVB THF 8 PSMA MEK Gas In Gas Out 採集氣體示意圖 9 Psu THF 10 PS MEK 38 插管病患呼吸氣體取樣 電子鼻診斷肺炎菌種雛型系統 建立加護病房插管病患之氣體採集標準流程 2011/05/17 通過 IRB 申請 1 號病人 A 點 1 號病人 B 點 2 號病人 A 點 2 號病人 B 點 腔體病人氣體 DAQ 馬達 專業醫護人員採集情況 系統示意圖 電子鼻雛型系統實驗影片 V1 V2 抽痰接頭採集管負壓瓶 CRBM 信號前處理 使用兩個 CRBM 模型, 分別針對綠膿桿菌氣體和正常病人氣體學習 以估計的方式找出測試資料屬於兩類的機率 以最大似然 (Maximum Likelihood) 的策略來做分類, 正確率可達 100% 綠膿桿菌氣體與正常病人氣體感測的原始資料分佈 CRBM 模型重建點 A 模型學習綠膿桿菌 B 模型學習正常病人 Publication References (Journal) [J1] H.C. Hao, K.T. Tang, C.M. Yang, J.S. Chao, C.H. Li, P.S. Gu, D.J. Yao, "Development of a Portable Electronic Nose Based on Bio Chemical Surface Acoustic Wave Array with Multiplexed Oscillator and Readout Electronics", Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 146 (2010) pp [J2] L.C. Wang, K.T. Tang, C.T. Kuo, C.L. Ho, S.R. Lin, Yuh Sung, C.P. Chang, Portable electronic nose system with chemiresistor sensors to detect and distinguish chemical warfare agents, Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS (JM3) 9(3) ~ (July Sep 2010). [J3] Kea Tiong Tang, Shih Wen Chiu, Chih Heng Pan, Hung Yi Hsieh, Yao Sheng Liang, and Ssu Chieh Liu, Development of a Portable Electronic Nose System for the Detection and Classification of Fruity Odors, Sensors, 2010, 10(10), [J4] Kea Tiong Tang, Yi Shan Lin, Jyuo Min Shyu, A Local Weighted Nearest Neighbor Algorithm and a Weighted and Constrained Least Squared Method for Mixed Odor Analysis by Electronic Nose Systems, Sensors, 2010, 10(11), [J5] Kea Tiong Tang, Shih Wen Chiu, Meng Fan Chang, Chih Cheng Hsieh, and Juyo Min Shyu, A Low Power Electronic Nose Signal Processing Chip for a Portable Artificial Olfaction System, IEEE Transaction on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, 2011, Vol. 5(4), pp [J6] L.C. Wang, K.T. Tang, S.W. Chiu, S.R. Young, C.T. Kuo, A Bio inspired Two Step Multiple walled Carbon Nanotubes Polymer Composite Sensor Array and a Bio inspired Fast adaptive Readout Circuit for a Portable Electronic Nose, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 26 (2011), pp [J7] Kea Tiong Tang, Cheng Han Li, and Shih Wen Chiu, An Electronic Nose Sensor Node Based on a Polymer Coated Surface Acoustic Wave Array for Wireless Sensor Network Applications, Sensors, 2011, 11, [J8] Chin Kai Chang, Hui Lung Kuo, Kea Tiong Tang, and Shih Wen Chiu, Optical identification of organic vapors using cholesteric liquid crystals Applied Physics Letter, 99, (2011). [J9] Li Chun Wang, Kea Tiong Tang, I Ju Teng, Cheng Tzu Kuo, Cheng Long Ho, Han Wen Kuo, Tseng Hsiung Su, Shen Ren Yang, Gia Nan Shi, Chang Ping Chang, A single walled carbon nanotube network gas sensing device, Sensors, 2011, 11, [J10] Sudhir Kumar Pandey, Ki Hyun Kim, and Kea Tiong Tang, Potentials of sensor based methods for hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) gas monitoring, Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 32, pp , [J11] Chin Kai Chang, Shih Wen Chiu, Hui Lung Kuo, and Kea Tiong Tang, Cholesteric liquid crystal carbon nanotube hybrid architectures for gas detection Applied Physics Letter, 100, (2012). [J12] Hsu Chao Hao, Hwan You Chang, Tsung Pao Wang, Da Jeng Yao*, Detection of cells captured with antigens on shear horizontal surface acousticwave sensors, accepted by Journal of Laboratory Automation (JALA), [J13] Hung Yi Hsieh and Kea Tiong Tang, VLSI implementation of a bio inspired olfactory spiking neural network, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol.23 (7). 2012, pp (5 Year IF = 3.902, Ranking: 17/245) [J14] Ku, Pei Hsin; Hsiao, Chen Yun; Chen, Mei Jing; Lin, Tai Hsuan; Li, Yi Tian; Liu, Szu Chieh; Tang, Kea Tiong; Yao, Da Jeng; Yang, Chia Min, Polymer/Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Nanocomposite Platelets as Superior Sensing Materials for Gas Detection with Surface Acoustic Wave Devices, submitted to Langmuir, 2012, accepted. (5 Year IF = 4.562, Ranking: 26/225) 7

8 Publication References (Conference) Publication References (Conference) [C1] Kea Tiong Tang and R. M. Goodman, Electronic Olfaction System on a Chip, SCI2001/ISAS2001 International Conference on Information Systems, Analysis and Synthesis, Vol. XV, pp.534. [C2] Kea Tiong Tang and R. M. Goodman, Towards a Wearable Electronic Nose Chip, 2006 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuit Conference, pp (EI) [C3] L.C. Wang, K.T. Tang, C.T. Kuo, S.R. Yang, Yuh Sung, H.L. Hsu, J. M. Jehng, "A High Performance Nanocomposite Material Based on Functionalized Carbon Nanotube and Polymer for Gas Sensing Applications", International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose (ISOEN 2009), Brescia, Italy. (EI) [C4] K.T. Tang, D.J. Yao, C.M. Yang, H.C. Hao, J.S. Chao, C.H. Li, P.S. Gu, "A Portable Electronic Nose Based on Bio Chemical Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Array with Multiplexed Oscillator and Readout Electronics", International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose (ISOEN 2009), Brescia, Italy. (EI) [C5] Kea Tiong Tang, Jyuo Min Shyu, Ching Yi Wu, Yi Shan Lin, A portable electronic nose system that can detect fruity odors, 2009 International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Taipei, Taiwan. (EI) [C6] L.C. Wang, K.T. Tang, C.T. Kuo, C.L. Ho, S.R. Lin, Yuh Sung, C.P. Chang, " A Portable Electronic Nose System with Chemiresistor Sensors to Detect and Distinguish Chemical Warfare Agents", IEEE Nanomed 2009, Tainan, Taiwan. (EI) [C7] Li Chun Wang, Kea Tiong Tang, Chen Tzu Kuo, and Sun Ren Yang, The gas sensing study of nanocomposite material based on functionalized carbon nanotubes, International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films 2010 (ICMCTF 2010). [C8] Ching Yi Wu and Kea Tiong Tang, A Polymer Based Gas Sensor Array and Its Adaptive Interface Circuit, 2010 International Symposium on VLSI Design, Automation &Test (2010 VLSI DAT). (EI) [C9] Chih Heng Pan, Shih Wen Chiu, Hung Yi Hsieh, Yao Sheng Liang, Ssu Chieh Liu, and Kea Tiong Tang, Development of a Portable Electronic Nose System for Detecting and Classifying Fruity Odors, The 13 th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors (IMCS 13). [C10] L.C. Wang, I Ju Tang, C.L. Ho, S.R. Lin, K.T. Tang and C.T. Kuo, The study of single walled carbon nanotubes network gas sensing application, The 13 th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors (IMCS 13). [C11] Kea Tiong Tang, Shih Wen Chiu, Hsu Chao Hao, Shang Chia Wei, Tai Hsuan Lin, Chia Min Yang, Da Jeng Yao and Wei Chang Yeh, An Electronic Nose Sensor Node Based on Polymer Coated Surface Acoustic Wave Array for Environmental Monitoring, International Conference on Green Circuits and System. (EI) [C12] Yi Tian Li, Da Jeng Yao, Tai Hsuan Lin, Hsu Chao Hao, Kea Tiong Tang, Polymer Coated Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Array for Low Concentration NH3 Detection, IEEE NEMS. (EI) [C13] Shih Wen Chiu, Hung Yi Hsieh and Kea Tiong Tang, A Developmental Improved Brader Spike Network Learning Chip for Odor Classification, The Workshop on Bioinspired computation for chemical sensing, March 9 11, 2011, Barcelona, Spain. [C14] Hung Yi Hsieh, Kea Tiong Tang, A Bio inspired Olfactory Spiking Neural Network Chip, The Workshop on Bioinspired computation for chemical sensing, March 9 11, 2011, Barcelona, Spain. [C15] Shih Wen Chiu, Chen Han Li. Kea Tiong Tang, An Analog Low Power Frequency Readout ASIC for a SAW Array, International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose (ISOEN 2011). May 2 5, Rockefeller University, New York City, USA. (EI) [C16] Hung Yi Hsieh, Kea Tiong Tang, VLSI Implementation of An Olfactory Spiking Neural Network with Sub threshold Oscillation and Inhibition, International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose (ISOEN 2011). May 2 5, Rockefeller University, New York City, USA. (EI) [C17] Yao Sheng Liang, Kea Tiong Tang, An On Chip Multi Class Support Vector Machine Applied to Portable Electronic Nose Data Classification, International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose (ISOEN 2011). May 2 5, Rockefeller University, New York City, USA. (EI) [C18] Chih Heng Pan, Kea Tiong Tang, An Analog Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network with On chip Learning for a Portable Electronic Nose, International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose (ISOEN 2011). May 2 5, Rockefeller University, New York City, USA. (EI) [C19] T.H. Lin, Y.T. Li, H.C. Hao, C.W. Yu, Y.T. Hsieh, Y.P. Hsu, M.J. Tsai, S.C. Liu, K.T. Tang, C.M. Yang, and D.J. Yao, A Gas Sensing System Based on Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Array for Environmental Monitoring, The 8 th International Conference on Networked Sensing Systems, [C20] Jyun Wei Sung, Yi Wen Liu, Kea Tiong Tang, Jyuo Min Shyu, An outlier rejection technique based on median distance comparison for gas mixture classification by electronic nose systems, The 8 th International Conference on Networked Sensing Systems, [C21] Hsu Chao Hao, Hwan You Chang, Tsung Pao Wang, and Da Jeng Yao, A rapid and sensitive antigen capture test for the detection specific cells on shear horizontal surface acoustic wave sensors, 15 th International conferences on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (μtas 2011), Seattle, WA, USA, Oct. 2 6, [C22] Tai Hsuan Lin, Yi Tian. Li, H.C.Hao, I Chih Fang, Chia Min Yang, and Da Jeng Yao, Surface Acoustic Wave Gas Sensor for Monitoring Low Concentration Ammonia, IEEE Transducer11, Beijing, China, Jun. 5 9, [C23] Kea Tiong Tang, Shih Wen Chiu, Meng Fan Chang, Chih Cheng Hsieh, and Jyuo Min Shyu, A Wearable Electronic Nose SoC for Healthier Living, the 2011 Biomedical Circuits and System Conference (BioCAS 2011), San Deigo, USA. [C24] Shih Wen Chiu, Hung Yi Hsieh, Han Wen Kuo, Shang Ren Yang, Li Chun Wang, and Kea Tiong Tang, Identification of Pneumonia Based on an Electronic Nose, The 14 th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors (IMCS 14). [C25] Han Wen Kuo, Li Chun Wang, Tseng Hsiung Su, Cheng Long Ho, Shih Wen Chiu, Kea Tiong Tang, Shang Ren Yang, Wang Hsien Ding, Building of a double layered gas sensors array based electronic nose to assess the freshness of fish, The 14 th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors (IMCS 14). [C26] Hung Yi Hsieh, Shih Wen Chiu and Kea Tiong Tang, Live Demonstration: A Smart Portable Electronic Nose System for fruity odors Identification, the 2012 Biomedical Circuits and System Conference (BioCAS 2012), Hsinchu, Taiwan. [C27] Szu Chieh Liu and Kea Tiong Tang, CMOS Surface Acoustic Wave Oscillator with Low Noise Synchronous Type Readout Circuits, the 2012 Biomedical Circuits and System Conference (BioCAS 2012), Hsinchu, Taiwan. Patents, Technology Transfer, Awards 專利 [P1] 鄭桂忠 施崇鴻 王立群 陳新 劉奕汶 徐爵民 楊家銘 饒達仁, 可早期偵測及辨識肺炎菌種之呼吸器 其氣體辨識晶片 及其氣體辨識方法, Taiwan( ), , PRC( ), , USA(13/458,533), [P2] 王立群 蘇增雄 楊尚仁 何政隆 郭瀚文 鄭桂忠, 一種製備奈米複合材料薄膜之方式, Taiwan ( ), , USA(13/328,115), [P3] 饒達仁 楊家銘 鄭桂忠 郝旭昶 趙哲新 古珮欣 李承漢, 一種氣體感測裝置及其方法, Taiwan ( ), , USA(12/461,400), , GERMAN( ), , GB( ), 產學技轉 [T1] 與 英特金實業有限公司 簽署 無線感測器網路技術聯盟 早期參與計畫合約, 技轉金額為十萬元整, 2011 [T2] 與 工業技術研究院 簽訂技術輔導契約, 早期參與技術發展及輔導金額為十萬元整, 2012 團隊相關獲獎 [A1] 第十一屆旺宏金矽獎優勝獎, 假酒剋星 - 智慧攜帶式電子鼻整合晶片, 2011 [A2] 晶片系統國家型計畫 - 績優計畫獎, 可偵測魚肉腐敗的電子鼻系統晶片, 2011 [A3] CIC 晶片製作成果發表會 優良設計奬 ", 專題名稱 : 仿生電子鼻, 2012 [A4] 4B 生醫工程年會論文優選, 2012 [A5] 台灣化學感測器科技協會傑出論文獎, 2010, 2012 [A6] 第九屆國家新創獎 學術研究組, 2012 第九屆國家新創獎 學術研究組 October 31, 2012 Integrated with Mobile Devices Live Demo: Nexus 7 Android Platform Future: Year 2020? NASA adapt iphone to smell chemicals (Nov 17, 2009) NTT DoCoMo A Cell Phone that spots Bad Breath Nokia EcoSensor Concept Wearable sensor unit to sense (environment, health..), and a dedicated mobile phone (not an e-nose yet) Nokia Scentsory Concept e-nose samples the odor of caller environment and transmit to recipient electronically Other concepts: Health conscious phone that smells food properties 8

9 More Applications Goal: 4 D Experience!! Chaku Perfume: Chat Perf Acknowledgements Thank you for listening!!! National Science Council, Taiwan Ministry on Education, Taiwan Chungshan Institute of Science and Technology, Taiwan 9