Division Ave. High School Ms. Foglia AP Biology. Nucleic acids. AP Biology Nucleic Acids. Information storage

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1 Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids Information storage

2 DNA Nucleic Acids Function: u genetic material stores information w genes w blueprint for building proteins n DNA RNA proteins transfers information w blueprint for new cells w blueprint for next generation proteins A T C G T G A C A C A T G 2

3 Nucleic Acids Examples: u RNA (ribonucleic acid) single helix u DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) double helix Structure: u monomers = nucleotides DNA RNA Nucleotides 3 parts u nitrogen base (C-N ring) u pentose sugar (5C) ribose in RNA deoxyribose in DNA u phosphate (PO 4 ) group Nitrogen base I m the A,T,C,G or U part! Are nucleic acids charged molecules? 3

4 Types of nucleotides 2 types of nucleotides u different nitrogen bases u purines double ring N base adenine (A) guanine (G) u pyrimidines single ring N base cytosine (C) thymine (T) uracil (U) Purine = AG Pure silver! Nucleic polymer Backbone u sugar to PO 4 bond u phosphodiester bond new base added to sugar of previous base polymer grows in one direction u N bases hang off the sugar-phosphate backbone Dangling bases? Why is this important? 4

5 Pairing of nucleotides Nucleotides bond between DNA strands u H bonds u purine :: pyrimidine u A :: T 2 H bonds u G :: C 3 H bonds Matching bases? Why is this important? DNA molecule Double helix u H bonds between bases join the 2 strands A :: T C :: G H bonds? Why is this important? 5

6 Copying DNA Replication u 2 strands of DNA helix are complementary have one, can build other have one, can rebuild the whole Matching halves? Why is this a good system? When does a cell copy DNA? When in the life of a cell does DNA have to be copied? u cell reproduction mitosis u gamete production meiosis 6

7 DNA replication It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material. James Watson Francis Crick Watson and Crick and others 7

8 Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin ( ) 8

9 Interesting note Ratio of A-T::G-C affects stability of DNA molecule u 2 H bonds vs. 3 H bonds u biotech procedures more G-C = need higher T to separate strands u high T organisms many G-C u parasites many A-T (don t know why) Another interesting note ATP Adenosine triphosphate u modified nucleotide adenine (AMP) + P i + P i + + 9

10 HELIXHELIX Macromolecule Review

11 Carbohydrates Structure / monomer u monosaccharide Function u energy u raw materials u energy storage u structural compounds Examples glycosidic bond u glucose, starch, cellulose, glycogen Lipids Structure / building block u glycerol, fatty acid, cholesterol, H-C chains Function u energy storage u membranes u hormones Examples u fat, phospholipids, steroids ester bond (in a fat) 11

12 Proteins Structure / monomer u amino acids u levels of structure Function u enzymes defense u transport structure u signals receptors Examples u digestive enzymes, membrane channels, insulin hormone, actin peptide bond Nucleic acids Structure / monomer u nucleotide Function u information storage & transfer Examples u DNA, RNA phosphodiester bond 12

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