Genomics and Transcriptomics of Spirodela polyrhiza

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1 Genomics and Transcriptomics of Spirodela polyrhiza Doug Bryant Bioinformatics Core Facility & Todd Mockler Group, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center

2 Desired Outcomes High-quality genomic reference sequence Transcriptome definition, functional annotation Comparison of several additional accessions

3 Genomic, RNA-Seq Data Spirodela accession 9509 deeply sequenced Additional 8 accessions, low coverage RNA-seq obtained from 9509 and two other accessions under Control and ABA conditions Kuehdorf, Jetschke, Ballani, and Appenroth 2013

4 Analysis Strategy Genome data acquisition Transcriptome data acquisition Data quality control Genome, transcriptome assembly Genome structural annotation Transcriptome functional annotation Differential expression analysis*

5 Genome

6 Data Acquisition Genomic Illumina HiSeq Diverse library set Overlap bp Several mate-pair Illumina HiSeq 2000

7 Quality Control Raw Data Visualize Adaptors Verify Insert Sizes Retain Pairs Only Trim 3 Low Quality Insert Size Stdev Read Length Trimmed Avg Read Length Read Pairs Passed QC 329 Mbp ,630, ,683, ,684, ,328, ,172, ,051, ,983, ,782, ,316,

8 Genomic Data Insert Sizes Distribution, ,000 bp, 26, 23% 180 bp, 31, 28% 5,000 bp, 11, 10% 2,000 bp, 20, 17% 500 bp, 25, 22% Insert size, estimated coverage, fraction of total data.

9 Genome Assembly Several iterations Preliminary assemblies with Velvet, SOAPdenovo Final assembly with AllPathsLG Polished with SSPACE

10 Genome Assembly Statistics Assembly 9509 (Mbp) (152 exp.) 146 (96% of exp.) Scaffolds (#) 774 Scaffolds >= 1 Mbp (#) 32 (4.13%) N50 scaffold length (bp) 4,305,909 L50 scaffold (#) 11 N90 scaffold length (bp) 1,428,181 L90 scaffold (#) 31 Ns (%) 7.7

11 Genomic Physical Coverage Physical Coverage by Library (Total: 370x) Coverage (x) bp 500bp 2,000bp 5,000bp 20,000bp

12 Genome Assembly Quality Assessment Reads used in assembly? Reads align to assembly? Core eukaryotic genes present?

13 Genomic Reads Used, Aligned 180bp 500bp 2,000bp 5,000bp 20,000bp 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Reads Used (%) Reads Align (%)

14 Core Eukaryotic Genes Core Eukaryotic Genes Mapping Approach (CEGMA), Korf lab (korflab.ucdavis.edu/) Search genome for 248 low copy, highly conserved genes Assess completeness of genome

15 Core Eukaryotic Genes Number of Core Genes Identified A.thaliana (99.60%) Complete B.distachyon (99.19%) Partial Z.mays (97.18%) Species (core genes at least partial %) S.polyrhiza (97.18%)

16 Resequencing

17 Resequencing Kuehdorf, Jetschke, Ballani, and Appenroth 2013

18 Resequencing Kuehdorf, Jetschke, Ballani, and Appenroth, 2013

19 Resequencing Data 120 Sequencing Depth of Coverage Coverage Depth Strain

20 Resequencing Variation SNP/INDEL Rate Per Accession 600,000 SNP Positions INDEL Positions 500,000 Num. Positions 400, , , , (0.12%) 9504 (0.39%) 9506 (0.35%) 9316 (0.37%) 9242 (0.37%) 9502 (0.20%) 9511 (0.21%) 9512 (0.29%) 9501 (0.20%) Accession (Total Variant Positions %)

21 Resequencing Assemblies Per accession: ~30x coverage, single library Assembled each using Velvet Mean assembled size: 128 Mbp (~84%) (stdev: 6 Mbp) Mean N50: 15kb (stdev: 1.5kb) Nearly all contigs (>98%) align to 9509 genome assembly Defining structural differences in progress

22 Transcriptome

23 RNA-Seq Data Kuehdorf, Jetschke, Ballani, and Appenroth, 2013

24 RNA-Seq Data Kuehdorf, Jetschke, Ballani, and Appenroth, 2013

25 RNA-Seq Data 250 RNA-Seq Reads per Accession and Treatment No. 101 bp Reads (M) Control 9509 ABA 9316 Control 9316 ABA 9501 Control 9501 ABA

26 Transcriptome Discovery 1. Reference-guided assembly Tophat2 Cufflinks2 2. De novo predictions Maker, informed by assembly SNAP, Augustus, GeneMarkHMM Iteratively trained SNAP

27 (1) Reference-Guided Transcriptome Assembly Align each RNA-seq library (6) to genome For each, define transcripts based on alignments Merge resulting assemblies to discover gene models, alternative splicing Output: Gene, transcripts annotation (GFF3) Transcripts (FASTA)

28 (2) De novo Transcriptome Discovery Discover genes not expressed in RNA-seq experiments Train algorithms on reference-guided assembly 1. Call high-confidence open reading frames in transcript sequences 2. Use transcripts and translated proteins to inform and train de novo gene callers 3. Iteratively train SNAP on resulting output

29 (2) De novo Transcriptome Assembled: 25,090 loci 41,884 transcripts Discovery Of 41,884 transcripts, complete ORF and at least 33 amino acids: 39,076 Initial training using these transcripts and proteins

30 Transcriptome Discovery: Results Preliminary maker output: 28,600 genes Prune: Must have RNA-seq evidence across >= 50% or, >= 100 amino acids with complete ORF Prune bacterial scaffolds Final gene set: 23,495 genes Transcriptome size (nucleic acids): 33 Mbp Mean protein length: 358 amino acids 19,380 (82%) have functional prediction from BLASTP and/or InterProScan

31 Transcriptome Functional Annotation BlastP (77%) 1, InterProScan (66%) ,066 2, ,238 (89%) RNA-Seq Evidence 877 (3.7%)

32 Transcriptome Annotation Brachypodium distachyon Sorghum bicolor Cicer arietinum Setaria italica Solanum lycopersicum Fragaria vesca Zea mays Cucumis sativus Ricinus communis Glycine max Prunus persica Populus trichocarpa Oryza sativa Theobroma cacao Vitis vinifera Annotations by Species

33 Alternative Splicing Genes With Num. Isoforms Num. Genes with Num. Isoforms (log 10) Num. Isoforms

34 Identify Differentially Expressed Genes 250 RNA-Seq Reads per Accession and Treatment No. 101 bp Reads (M) Control 9509 ABA 9316 Control 9316 ABA 9501 Control 9501 ABA

35 Differentially Expressed Genes 1,727 genes identified as significantly differentially expressed 1,105 isoforms identified as significant Molecular verification in progress

36 Ongoing Assemble repetitive elements Assemble, annotate mitochondria, chloroplast Accessions, structural differences Molecular investigation of differentially expressed genes of interest

37 Thank you

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