DNA/RNA STUDY GUIDE. Match the following scientists with their accomplishments in discovering DNA using the statement in the box below.
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1 Name: Period: Date: DNA/RNA STUDY GUIDE Part A: DNA History Match the following scientists with their accomplishments in discovering DNA using the statement in the box below. Used a technique called x-ray diffraction Experimented with mice to figure out how pneumonia made people sick Experimented with viruses called bacteriophages Found that the % of adenine was equal to % of thymine Concluded that some factor was transforming harmless bacteria into disease-causing bacteria Radioactively marked the protein coat of viruses with sulfur and the DNA core with phosphorus Found that the % of cytosine was equal to % of guanine Found that DNA was composed of 2 strands, was helical and that nucleotides were in the center Concluded that DNA was actually the factor that was passed down from organism to organism Concluded that DNA was actually in the form of a double helix 1. Frederick Griffith (1928) 2. Hershey and Chase (1952) 3. Chargoff (late 1940 s) 4. Rosalind Franklin (1952) 5. Watson and Crick (1953) Part B: Structure of DNA 6. Where in a cell is the DNA located? 7. Does DNA ever leave this location? 8. Do all living things contain DNA? All types of cells? 9. What are the complimentary base pairs that would be attached to the following ½ strand of DNA? C G A T T A C G G C T T A A G C T
2 10. Use the following words to label 1-8 in the DNA structure below: double helix, hydrogen bonds, sugar-phosphate backbone (use twice), base pairs (use twice), deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and nucleotide. When you have finished labeling 1-8, fill in the complementary bases. 11. What are the 3 parts to a DNA nucleotide? 12. What are the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA? 13. How do the bases pair? 14. What type of bond holds the bases together? 15. What makes up the sides of the DNA ladder? 16. What makes up the steps of the DNA ladder? 17. What is the shape that Watson and Crick called DNA? Part C: DNA Replication 18. Why does a cell go through the process of DNA replication? 19. Where in the cell does DNA replication take place? 20. What part of the cell cycle does DNA replicate? 21. What enzyme unwinds and unzips DNA to begin replication? 22. What enzyme brings in the new nucleotides on both sides of the DNA? 23. DNA replication is described as being semi-conservative. This means that both of the copies of DNA are composed of ½ strand and ½ strand. 24. Using the ½ strand of DNA below, create the other ½ strand by matching the complementary bases. These are considered the parent strands. Highlight them in yellow. Now separate the parent strands and write in the new strands on both sides. Highlight the new strands in pink. These are called the daughter strands. Parent: A T G C C C A T T T T A C C G Parent: A T G C C C A T T T T A C C G Parent: Daughter: Daughter: Parent:
3 Part D: Mutations 25. Fill in the following concept map using the following terms: Gene, Translocation, Point, Deletion, Duplication, Chromosome, Frameshift, Inversion, change. Mutations A in the DNA Mutationsa change in a small DNA sequence Abnormalities/Mutationsaffects large portions of DNA Mutations- DNA is incorrect on only one location due to the substitution of a base. These are sometimes silent mutations. Mutationsthe addition or deletion of a single base changes the reading of all DNA triplets - a portion of a is missing - there is too much of a portion of a - a portion of the is turned around 26. A picture of s taken from an organism s cells is called a. - a portion of a has incorrectly attached to another 27. When multiple copies of s are present in plants, resulting in large fruits, it is called. 28. When only one of a pair is present in a person s cells, it is called a of that pair. 29. When three copies of a are present in a person s cells, it is called a of that pair. 30. A person should have s, or pairs. 31. The sex s are and. 32. The other s (pairs 1 22) are called. 33. What types of mutations are shown below?
4 Part E. RNA 34. What are the 3 main differences between DNA and RNA? Number of Strands Nitrogen Bases Sugar Present in nucleotide DNA RNA 35. What are the 3 types of RNA? Label them on the pictures below. 36. Which type of RNA goes into the nucleus and retrieves the genetic information from DNA? 37. Which type of RNA makes up ribosomes? 38. Which type of RNA brings amino acids in to the ribosome while the message is read? 39. Where in the cell is RNA found? _ 40. What are the 3 parts to an RNA nucleotide? 41. Can DNA leave the nucleus? 42. Why, then, do cells need RNA? 43. What does making a protein have to do with your genetic traits coded by your DNA? 44. What is the monomer unit for a protein? 45. What bases pair together when RNA matches up with DNA? 46. For the characteristics below, mark (A) for DNA only, (B) for RNA only, or (C) for both DNA and RNA. 1. Deoxyribose sugar 2. Phosphate groups 3. 3 types 4. Nitrogen bases (G, A, and C) 5. Nucleotide is the monomer 6. Double helix 7. Single helix 8. Nitrogen base (U) 9. Nitrogen base (T) 10. Genetic Information 11. Is a nucleic acid 12. Double stranded 13. Single stranded 14. Function is contains instructions for making proteins 15. Function is to copy the instructions and make proteins 16. Located in the nucleus only 17. Located in nucleus, cytoplasm or ribosomes 18. Ribose sugar
5 Part F: Protein Synthesis 47. What are the two stages in protein synthesis? and 48. What happens in transcription? DNA 49. Where in the cell does transcription take place? 50. What enzyme aids in the production of mrna by bringing in the RNA nucleotides? 51. What type of RNA is made during transcription? 52. mrna is divided into sets of 3 nitrogen bases called. 53. Put the following steps in order (1-4) for transcription: mrna leaves the nucleus with the DNA message and heads to the ribosome. RNA nucleotides enter the nucleus and RNA polymerase attaches the complementary nucleotides to the DNA. DNA unwinds and unzips inside the nucleus. A single strand of mrna is created and then edited, removing introns and putting exons together. 54. Once the RNA segment is created and detaches where does it go? 55. Using the following segment of DNA create an mrna strand: DNA segment: CGA TTA CGG CTT AAG CTA mrna segment: 55. Where does translation occur? 56. What is the end goal of translation? To make a. 57. What is the codon that starts the process of translation? What is the name of its corresponding amino acid? 58. What are the three stop codons that terminate translation? 59. What type of RNA brings the amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain? 60. What are the 3 bases on this molecule called? 61. Put the following steps in order (1-5) for translation: mrna is pulled through the ribosome and the message is read one codon at a time. trna comes into the ribosome (carrying an amino acid) and its anticodon matches up to the codon on mrna. mrna attaches to the ribosome. Amino acids are linked together, beginning with the start codon and ending with one of the stop codons. A polypeptide chain (protein) is made and leaves the ribosome to Golgi bodies to be folded or packaged. 62. Using the mrna strand created above, divide it into codons, and tell what trna anticodons would be used to bring amino acids to this molecule. Then, use the codon chart on the next page to translate the message into the correct order of amino acids. mrna segment from above: trna anticodons: Amino acids:
6 Part G: DNA Technology Match the following vocabulary words with their definitions. 63. Transformation 64. Genetic engineering 65. Clone 66. Gel electrophoresis 67. Gene therapy 68. Transgenic 69. Selective breeding 70. Inbreeding 71. Hybridization 72. Restriction enzymes 73. Recombinant DNA 74. Plasmid a. a procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments using gel and electric voltage b. term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms c. continually breeding individuals with similar characteristics to maintain desired traits d. an enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides e. when one strain of bacteria is changed into another strain by transferring DNA f. DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources g. Attempting to correct genetic disorders by replacing defective genes with normal ones h. method of breeding that crosses individuals with differing traits to produce offspring i. method of breeding that allows only individuals with desired traits to reproduce j. the process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms k. small circular piece of DNA l. a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell 75. DNA Fingerprinting: Circle which suspect s DNA matches the felon s DNA at the crime scene.
DNA/RNA STUDY GUIDE. Match the following scientists with their accomplishments in discovering DNA using the statement in the box below.
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