Scarcity of Resources. Harvesting minerals at great depth
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1 Scarcity of Resources Harvesting minerals at great depth
2 Introduction DEME DEME NV Belgium Creating land for the future by providing sustainable solutions for the global threats and challenges. Kris Van Nijen General Manager Global Sea Mineral Resources DEME Solutions for global challenges 2
3 Exploration for polymetallic nodules Maritime space Maritime space under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea nm = nautical mile m = meters DEME Solutions for global challenges 3
4 Exploration for polymetallic nodules Clarion Clipperton zone TheClipperton Fracture Zone ( CCZ ) is a geological submarine fracture zone of the Pacific Ocean, with a length of some 4,500 miles (7,240 km) Manganese nodules that are also known as polymetallic nodules ( PN ) are found in the abyssal areas of the CCZ PN resources contain nickel, cobalt, manganese and copper and generally grow very slowly, at rates of 1 10 mm per 10^6 year The highest percentages of seafloor covered by PN are found in water depths between 4,100-4,200 m The International Seabed Authority ( ISA ) is the organization through which States Parties to the Convention organize and control activities in the area Presently, fifteen of twenty-four exploration contractors with the International Seabed Authority have exploration contracts in this area DEME Solutions for global challenges 4
5 Exploration for polymetallic nodules Clarion Clipperton zone Global Sea Mineral Resources ( GSR ) is a privately owned concessionaire with exclusive control over 75,000 km 2 of seabed located in the Pacific Ocean. GSR has 100% control over GSR-1B for a period of 15 years; during that period GSR has the exclusive right for exploration and a Right of First Refusal for exploitation. GSR has obtained approval of a plan of work including environmental baseline monitoring. DEME Solutions for global challenges 5
6 Demand DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 6
7 Supply & Demand Global mineral demand World population (1) Urbanization (commodity intensity indexed at 100 for max) (2) (1) United Nations Population Reference Bureau (2) Mine The Growing Disconnect PWC 2012 DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 7
8 Supply & Demand Global mineral demand Clean energy technology (1) Steel intensity (tonnes of steel/mw) (2) Rising demand for clean energy infrastructure needed to replace fossil fuels and reduce carbon emissions will place further demand pressure on selected metals in particular Rare Earth Elements (REE) Copper, nickel, rare earth minerals and other metals are crucial to cell phones, computers and other modern technology that the world depends upon Meanwhile such elements are also central to the production and further development of clean energy technology including batteries, electric vehicle motors, transmission lines, wind turbines and solar panels requiring far greater quantities of metal to produce an equivalent unit of energy output (1) Mineral security and the clean energy economy 09/20/12 Kari Lydersen & Evaluating rare earth element availability: A case with revolutionary demand from clean energy Elisa Alonso, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2012 (2) Driving global growth Alan Davies, President International Operations, Rio Tinto Iron Ore June 2012 DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 8
9 Project development DEME Solutions for global challenges 9
10 Exploration for polymetallic nodules Resource Definition Increasing Geological considerations RESOURCE Measured Resource Indicated Resource Inferred Resource Based on historical, public, private data Based on exploration cruises to the CCZ Based on exploration cruises to the CCZ RESERVE Proven Reserve Probable Reserve Based on desktop studies, ISA regulation [Incl. EIA] Based on feasibility studies, ISA regulation [Incl. EIA] Increasing Environmental, Technical, Economic, Legal & Social considerations DEME Solutions for global challenges 10
11 Exploration for polymetallic nodules DEME Solutions for global challenges 11
12 Exploration for polymetallic nodules Partners DEME Solutions for global challenges 12
13 Exploration for polymetallic nodules Location DEME Solutions for global challenges 13
14 Exploration for polymetallic nodules Objectives Deposit Mapping [Increasing geological considerations] Collect HR geophysical data (AUV) within three selected locations Collect enough boxcore samples to determine nodule abundance and, Calibrate the geophysical data Correlate and extrapolate HR study to lower resolution Engineering [Increasing technical considerations] Collect the first in-situ geotechnical data of the soil s strenght, up to 4m below seabed Process to additional geotechnical tests on soil recovered with boxcore Process to point load tests on nodules to determine their strenght (crushing test) Help to improve the design of the deep-sea vehicle Biology & Environment [Increasing environmental considerations] Collect baseline data for deep-sea micro to macrofauna Visual mapping and quantification of the deep-sea megafauna Biochemical analysis of water samples DEME Solutions for global challenges 14
15 Exploitation of polymetallic nodules DEME Solutions for global challenges 15
16 Exploitation of polymetallic nodules Technology advances 2000 NamSSol 2007 I-Trencher 2012 Innovation 2007 Pia 2011 Flintstone DEME Solutions for global challenges 16
17 Exploitation of polymetallic nodules Funding Programs Ecological aspects of deep sea mining Step by step approach to reduce risk Environmental impact Resource assessment Economic evaluation Harvesting vehicle Vertical transport systems Desktop Prototyping Nodule Harvester Design Prototyping Nodule Harvester Ship to ship transfer Processing technologies DEME Solutions for global challenges 17
18 Environmental Impact DEME Solutions for global challenges 18
19 Environmental Impact Four impacts Carbon Footprint Following industrial activity, there will be GHG emissions. The global warming potential of the entire cradle-to-gate life cycle of polymetallic nodules harvesting activity needs to be minimal. Removal of hard substrate The abyssal fauna with a high biodiversity but low biomass of which the majority is present on the nodules will be reduced after harvesting operations. Spatial variability & connectivity remains to be proven. Noise & Light Following industrial activity, there will be additional acoustic, light and electromagnetic emissions that needs to be monitored & controlled. Turbidity (1) Resulting from the harvesting operation (2) Resulting from the vertical transport (3) Resulting from the [filtered] tailings return water Engineering Resource Definition Engineering Adaptive Management DEME Solutions for global challenges 19
20 Conclusion DEME Solutions for global challenges 20
21 Conclusion Enhance Deep Sea Mining Industry (DSMI) on research design and output analysis by enabling an operational environmental impact assessment & facilitating environmental responsible mining Sedimentation How much is too much on the seabed? Turbidity How much is too much in the water column, at what height, for how long? Removal of hard substrate How much of the nodule coverage needs to remain in place? Duration baseline research What is the minimum necessary duration of initial baseline research? Tailing water What is the maximum allowable concentration of metal released in the water column? DEME Solutions for global challenges 21
22 Questions? Thank you DEME Solutions for global challenges 22
Responsible Deep Sea Mining AUV Launch. DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested
Responsible Deep Sea Mining AUV Launch DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 19 Responsible Deep Sea Mining Resource Definition Step
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