Can MBR Eliminate Additional Disinfection? A Case Study. Ufuk Erdal, PhD, PE, CH2M Jonathan Vorheis, PE, CH2M July 17, 2015
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1 Can MBR Eliminate Additional Disinfection? A Case Study Ufuk Erdal, PhD, PE, CH2M Jonathan Vorheis, PE, CH2M July 17, 2015
2 2
3 Acknowledgement We sincerely thank to co-authors for their valuable contribution to the study: Howard Analla -City of Henderson Priscilla Howell - City of Henderson We also thank to City of Henderson and SNWA laboratory staff for their meticulous effort on sampling and microbial analysis 3
4 Background Title 22 defines disinfected tertiary recycled water as: A disinfection process that, when combined with the filtration process, has been demonstrated to inactivate and/or remove % of MS2, or polio virus in the wastewater Title 22 focuses on 5 log polio virus reduction through filtration and disinfection rather than disinfection alone No credit for virus removal through filtration is mentioned in the NWRI UV guidelines 4
5 Background Increasing number of non-potable reuse facilities using MBR followed by UV or other disinfection methods This combination provides two effective barriers for pathogen reduction Discharge limits for disinfection are based on bacterial levels Implicit standards for disinfection are often assumed, such as virus removal/inactivation Because MBR permeate is frequently free of coliform, reuse plant operators are asking why is there a requirement for a separate disinfection process following MBR 5
6 Objectives of the Study Evaluate the Removal of Pathogens in a Full-Scale MBR- UV Facility To obtain virus removal credit for MBR Develop operational treatment goals that protect public health and reduce energy and chemical use 6
7 7 City of Henderson Southwest Water Reclamation (SWRF) Facility
8 City of Henderson SWRF Operations Building Influent Pumping and Headworks Membrane Equipment Building Blower Facility Bioreactor Basins Membrane Tanks Chemical Building Disinfection Facility 8
9 Treatment Capacity Phase I capacity: 8.0 mgd at annual average daily flow rate (AADF) 13.6 mgd at peak hourly flow rate (PHF) Phase 2 capacity: 16.0 mgd at annual average daily flow rate (AADF) 27.2 mgd at peak hourly flow rate (PHF) 9
10 SWRF UV Design Criteria UV disinfection system was designed according to National Water Research Institute Guidelines (NWRI, 2012). To meet 5-log inactivation of poliovirus when using membrane filtration Design UV Dose: 80 mj/cm 2 at Design UV Transmittance of 65%) Effluent fecal coliformrequirements: 2.2 MPN/100 ml (30-day geometric mean) 23 MPN/100 ml (Daily maximum) 10
11 Pathogen Removal Mechanisms in MBR Systems 1. Biodegradation, decay and predation 2. Sorption on to the MLSS sludge or membrane surface 3. Size exclusion Direct removal (large molecules exceeding pore size of the membranes are retained) Pore blocking (large molecules block the entry of small molecules) Pore clogging as a result of cake/gel and/or scale formation (cake/scale layer is formed on the membrane which reduces effective pore size) 11
12 12 Study Phases and Approach
13 Study Phases Phase I -Initial Screening Phase II Testing Objective: Identify and select virus species for the study Objective: Determine MBR virus removal capabilities under different operating conditions 13
14 Sampling Locations Chlorine MBR Feed Bioreactor Membrane Tank UV Disinfection Post Chlorination 2 RAS 14
15 Phase I Initial Screening Samples were collected under normal operating conditions (i.e., flux, SRT, RAS rates, etc.) and for the following virus analysis: Human Adenovirus (HAdV) Norovirus G1 and G2 F specific (MS-2) and Somatic Coliphage Enterovirus Hepatitis A Rotovirus Polio virus 15
16 Membrane Pore Size vs. Virus Sizes Nominal Pore Size of Zeeweed500 d Membranes = 40 nm Pore Size of the Selected Viruses: Human Adenovirus (HAdV) ( nm) NorovirusG1 and G2 (27-38 nm) Male Specific Coliphage(MS-2) (24-28 nm) Somatic Coliphage(Head 28-32, Tail nm) 16
17 Phase II Virus Removal/Rejection of the System Sampling were performed under the four following operating conditions: 1. Clean Membranes (immediately after sodium hypochlorite maintenance clean) 2. Clean Membranes (immediately after citric acid maintenance clean) 3. Operating at Increased Flux 4. Normal Operating Conditions with Reduced UV Dose (40 mj/cm2) 17
18 Monitoring Parameters BOD (Bioreactor feed, MBR Effluent) MLSS (RAS Line or MBR tank) Turbidity (MBR effluent) TMP (MBR system) SRT (MBR system) MLSS and RAS recycle rates (MBR systems) Water temperature (any reported point) UV Dose (UV system) 18
19 Study Results Phase I - Initial Screening Enterovirus Hepatitis A Rotovirus Polio virus Not detected in the influent and any sampled locations Human Adenovirus (HAdV) Norovirus G1 Norovirus G2 Male specific (MS-2) Coliphage Somatic Coliphage Were abundant in the MBR influent. Therefore, they were identified as the indicator organisms 19
20 Phase I Initial Screening (Normal Operating Cond.) Influent Bioreactor Tank MBR Permeate Concentration Limit in Recycled Water Additional Log Removal Requirement for Disinfection System HAdV, Copies/1 L 665, ,385 ND (<5) NSL 1 0 Norovirus G1, Copies/1 L Norovirus G2, Copies/1 L MS2 Coliphage, pfu/100 ml Somatic Coliphage, pfu/100 ml 8,049 1,729 ND (<5) NSL ,845 ND (<5) ND (<5) NSL 1 0 1, ND (<1) NSL 1 0 1, ND (<1) NSL No Set Limit; conservatively assumed that it is equal to reported detection limit
21 Phase II Test 1 (Clean Membranes with Hypo) Influent Bioreactor Tank MBR Permeate Concentration Limit in Recycled Water Additional Log Removal Requirement for Disinfection System HAdV, Copies/1 L 37,572, ,247 1 NSL 1 0 Norovirus G1, Copies/1 L Norovirus G2, Copies/1 L MS2 Coliphage, pfu/100 ml Somatic Coliphage, pfu/100 ml Total Coliform, cfu/100 ml Fecal Coliform, cfu/100 ml 1,038,037 80,608 ND (<1) NSL ,974 3,886 ND (<1) NSL 1 0 2, NSL , NSL ,000,000 1,700,000 ND (<2) NSL 1 0 5,000, ,000 ND (<2) No Set Limit; conservatively assumed that it is equal to its reported detection limit
22 Phase II Test 2 (Clean Membranes with Citric Acid) Influent Bioreactor Tank MBR Permeate Concentration Limit in Recycled Water Additional Log Removal Requirement for Disinfection System HAdV, Copies/1 L 2,016 5,823 ND (<1) NSL 1 0 Norovirus G1, Copies/1 L Norovirus G2, Copies/1 L MS2 Coliphage, pfu/100 ml Somatic Coliphage, pfu/100 ml Total Coliform, cfu/100 ml Fecal Coliform, cfu/100 ml ND (<1) ND (<1) ND (<1) NSL 1 0 ND (<1) ND (<1) ND (<1) NSL 1 0 1, NSL , NSL ,000,000 1,100,000 ND (<2) NSL ,000, ,000 ND (<2) No Set Limit; conservatively assumed that it is equal to its reported detection limit
23 Phase II Test 3 (Operating at Increased Flux) Influent Bioreactor Tank MBR Permeate Concentration Limit in Recycled Water Additional Log Removal Requirement for Disinfection System HAdV, Copies/1 L 338,555 66,095 ND (<1) NSL 1 0 Norovirus G1, Copies/1 L Norovirus G2, Copies/1 L MS2 Coliphage, pfu/100 ml Somatic Coliphage, pfu/100 ml Total Coliform, cfu/100 ml Fecal Coliform, cfu/100 ml 13,063, ,348 ND (<1) NSL ,133 ND (<1) ND (<1) NSL 1 0 2, NSL , ND (<1) NSL ,000,000 5,000,000 ND (<2) NSL ,000,000 1,700,000 ND (<2) No Set Limit; conservatively assumed that it is equal to its reported detection limit
24 Phase II Test 4 (Normal Operating with Reduced UV Dose) Influent Bioreactor Tank MBR Permeate Concentration Limit in Recycled Water Additional Log Removal Requirement for Disinfection System HAdV, Copies/1 L ,490 ND (<1) NSL 1 0 Norovirus G1, Copies/1 L Norovirus G2, Copies/1 L MS2 Coliphage, pfu/100 ml Somatic Coliphage, pfu/100 ml Total Coliform, cfu/100 ml Fecal Coliform, cfu/100 ml 24 ND (<1) ND (<1) ND (<1) NSL 1 0 ND (<1) ND (<1) ND (<1) NSL 1 0 4, ND (<1) NSL 1 0 6, ND (<1) NSL ,000,000 8,000,000 ND (<2) ,000, ,000 ND (<2) NSL No Set Limit; conservatively assumed that it is equal to its reported detection limit
25 Conclusions and Path Forward Influent virus concentrations showed great fluctuations (i.e., Norovirus G1 (<1 to 13,063,946 copies/l) Without disinfection, the MBR completely retained bacteria and was very effective for reducing virus and to very low levels (in most cases to ND levels) The lowest virus rejection by the MBR was observed for MS2 Coliphage and under clean membrane conditions 25
26 Conclusions and Path Forward Under these conditions, the MBR permeate contained viruses and additional removal was required by the disinfection system (either UV disinfection or chlorine disinfection) NWRI and Title 22 recycled water regulations do not set numeric concentration limit for viruses in recycled water Conservatively assuming that recycled water contains non detectable virus, the additional virus removal required by disinfection was 1.32 log removal Assumed 2-log removal is required by the disinfection 26
27 Conclusions and Path Forward 2-log additional virus inactivation can be satisfied with a UV dose of approximately 40 mj/cm2 2-log additional virus removal can also be satisfied with free chlorine CT of 3 mg/l*min At residual chlorine concentration of 0.3 mg/l, it requires a contact time of 10 minutes CT can be satisfied using the 2 mile pipeline that conveys recycled water to the reservoir 27
28 Conclusions and Path Forward The virus study results supported the conclusion that the MBR alone provides a level of disinfection consistent with permit compliance Following completion of this study, the City of Henderson presented the results to the State of Nevada, with the recommendation to reduce or eliminate UV disinfection at the SWRF. 28
29 State of Nevada s Approval 29
30 Conclusions and Path Forward The State of Nevada agreed that UV disinfection following membrane treatment was not necessary to properly treat the effluent water to reclaimed standards By eliminating UV disinfection, the City of Henderson will achieve significant cost savings in power (an annual saving of over 1.2 million kwh is expected), equipment (i.e., lamp replacement), and staff time. 30
31 Questions Ufuk G. Erdal, PhD, P.E. CH2M Santa Ana, CA Jonathan Vorheis, P.E. CH2M San Antonio, TX 31
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