7.17: Writing Up Results and Creating Illustrations
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1 7.17: Writing Up Results and Creating Illustrations A Results Exercise: Kansas and Pancakes Write a 5-sentence paragraph describing the results illustrated in this figure: - Describe the figure: highlights? trends? conclusions? - Be sure to include a topic and a concluding sentence; watch for structure and coherence. Elevation (mm) Elevation (m) W-E Distance (m) Distance (mm) Fonstad et al. (2003) AIR 9 (3): 16. 1
2 from from 2
3 What is the Purpose of the Results Section? Objectivity: Make the data, just the data, easy to find. Some readers want to interpret your data themselves rather than accepting the interpretation presented in the discussion. Description: Describe the data presented in figures and tables. What Differentiates Results from the Methods? Methods = How the data were accumulated. Results = What data were accumulated. Readers expect to find the answers to your research questions in your Results section. 3
4 What Differentiates Results from Discussion? Results = Data Presentation ( Experiments showed that.... ) Discussion = Data Interpretation ( Experiments suggest that.... ) However, you still need to choose which data to present in your Results Section (an act of interpretation!). What are the Contents of a Results Section? A brief description of the experiment or rationale at the beginning of each subsection ( In order to.... As a result, we found that....). The data (in past tense). Descriptive text for FEW determinations. Tables or graphs for REPETITIVE determinations. The data that your methods indicated you would produce (and answering the questions you established in your introduction). 4
5 What are some qualities of a well-written Results section? Methods and Results Correspond. i.e., no experimental results for which there are no methods, and vice versa. Results are presented in a logical order. e.g., most important first, most fundamental first, etc. Results focus on the question(s) or hypothesis introduced earlier in the paper. What are some pitfalls of a Results section? Overstating the results (e.g., Figure 1 clearly shows ) Reporting irrelevant results Although it is sometimes useful to report experiments that didn t work. Omitting visual organizers Such as subheads. Including inappropriate illustrations (data best described in text). Including methods and/or discussion. Overlap is acceptable in some circumstances. 5
6 Results Example 1: Creating a context for the results Results I hypothesize that CG7593 acetylates certain lysine residues of the histone protein, therefore neutralizing them, disrupting histone-dna interaction, and allowing HeT-A to bind to telomeric DNA. CG7593 may or may not be involved in directing HeT-A to the telomeres. According to the hypothesis, I expect that CG7593 localizes in the nucleus and that in its absence, the entry of HeT-A into the nucleus would not be affected. The first steps in performing the experiments to test the hypothesis were verifications of HeT-A-GFP construct to be transfected into Schneider 2 cells, SD10812 EST from which CG7593 was amplified, and the created CG7593 dsrna. HeT-A-GFP construct verification SD10812 EST verification CG7593 dsrna verification HeT-A protein localization in CG7593 knock down Schneider 2 cell cultures Viability Analysis Results Example 2 RESULTS Pendulin and HeT-A were previously shown to interact in a yeast 2-hybrid screen. Pendulin encodes importin-_, which is involved in the translocation of proteins through the nuclear pore (Quimby and Corbett, 2001). The possible role of pendulin in the localization of HeT-A to the nucleus was studied via visualization of HeT-A with fluorescence microscopy and RNAi inhibition of pendulin translation in S2 cells. HeT-A Verification HeT-A Expression in S2 cells EST Verification Effect of RNAi on HeT-A expression in S2 cells Production and Transfection of GFP:Pendulin Construct Production and Transfection of Truncated GFP:Pendulin Deletion Derivatives Estimation of Cell Viability RT-PCR 6
7 Creating effective illustrations in Project Lab What s the Purpose of Illustrations? Condense large amounts of information Convince readers of your findings (by showing data quality). Focus attention on certain findings (e.g., relationship between values). Simplify complex findings. Promote thinking and discussion. Illustration Caveat: The most beautiful illustration cannot hide lousy content--content is key. 7
8 What are Some Pitfalls of Figures and Legends? Figures: Not mentioned in text. Textual data inconsistent with figures. Mislabeling. Symbols, data points, unreadable or cluttered. Ugliness (failure to get help from graphic designer). Legends: Reiterate results section Written in shorthand, abbreviated form rather than whole sentences. Choose the Most Effective Type of Illustration for a Given Goal To accomplish this: To present exact values, raw data, or data which do not fit into any simple pattern. To summarize trends, show interactions between two or more variables, relate data to constants, or emphasize an overall pattern rather than specific measurements. To dramatize differences or draw comparisons. To illustrate complex relationships, spatial configurations, pathways, processes, or interactions. To compare or contrast. Choose one of these: Table, list Line graph Bar graph Diagram Pictograph, pie chart, bar graph 8
9 Choose the Most Effective Type of Illustration (cont.) To accomplish this: Choose one of these: To show sequential processes. Flowchart To classify information. Table, list, pictograph To describe parts or circuits. Schematic To describe a process, organization, or Pictograph, flowchart, block model. diagram. To describe a change of state. Line graph, bar graph To describe proportions. Pie chart, bar graph To describe relationships. Table, line graph, block diagram To describe causation. Flowchart, pictograph To describe an entire object. Schematic, drawing, photograph To show the vertical or horizontal Flowchart, drawing tree, block hierarchy within an object, idea, or diagram. organization. Provide context for your illustrations in the body of your paper. Refer explicitly to the illustration (e.g., see Table 1, as shown in Figure 3. ) Tell the reader: How the graphic advances, supports, clarifies, or summarizes your discussion. Why it is important. What it means. How it supports your argument. 9
10 Gells and Cells: some figures from previous 7.17 projects Figure 1. Full length Tel2p digests showing the expected bands. Lanes 1 and 4 contain the 1kb ladder. Lanes 2 and 3 are Tel2p cut with BamHI. The gel shows the expected 7.5 kb and 1.8 kb bands. Gells and Cells: some figures from previous 7.17 projects Figure 4. Verification of Htt Constructs. The htt gene + psr11 expression construct was digested with EcoRI and BamHI. The expected DNA band sizes present in the gel electrophoresed digest were the size of the insert (mrfp-htt Q138 or mrfp-htt Q15) and the vector (psr11). Lane A has the expected band sizes for the mrfp-htt Q15 construct: 2.5Kb (insert DNA) and 5.1Kb (vector DNA). Lane B has the expected band sizes for the mrfp-htt Q138 construct: 2.8Kb (insert DNA) and 5.1Kb (vector DNA). 10
11 Gells and Cells: some figures from previous 7.17 projects kb 2kb 1.5kb 5kb Figure 2. NotI + XbaI digest verification of Mlp60A-YFP and Mlp60A-CFP constructs. Four clones each of Mlp60A-YFP and Mlp60A-CFP were analyzed by sequentially digesting with NotI and XbaI. Lanes 1 and 12 show 1kb DNA ladder. Lanes 2 and 7 show control digests of psr24 and psr25 respectively. Lanes 3 through 6 show experimental digests of Mlp60A-CFP clones 1-4 respectively, and lanes 8-11 show experimental digests of Mlp60A-YFP clones 1-4 respectively. The expected fragment sizes are 4.2kb + 1.7kb for the control digests, and 4.2kb + 2kb for the experimental digests. This analysis shows that all clones contain the correct construct. Gells and Cells: some figures from previous 7.17 projects Figure 8. Intracellular localization images of N-terminus Tel2 derivative and HetGag cotransfections. Left: HetGag-CFP dots form in the nucleus. Center: N-terminus Tel2- YFP mainly localizes in the nucleus. Aggregation at some of the Het dots is visible. Right: Overlay of N-terminus Tel2 and HetGag on a DIC and DAPI (red) image. Colocalization is seen as light-blue dots. 11
12 Gells and Cells: some figures from previous 7.17 projects a b c d e f g h Transfections with the R546A mutant. a,b: When transfected alone, the HetGagRA-YFP (green) was able form het-dots and -bodies. c,d: In many cells, however, the mutant protein formed nuclear clusters, like the HetGag MHR protein. e,f: In cells cotransfected with the R456A mutant (green) and TARTGag-CFP (red), the two proteins colocalized (yellow) efficiently. g,h: The mutant protein (green) and the HetGag deletion derivative, when cotransfected, co-localized to some extent to the nuclear het-dots and het-bodies (not shown). Some of the deletion derivative remained in the cytoplasm in loose clusters. Gells and Cells: some figures from previous 7.17 projects (b) (a) (c) Figure 11. Comparison of the localization of filamentous actin with that of Mlp60A- YFP. Cells were transfected with Mlp60A-YFP (green) and stained with both DAPI (blue) and rhodamine-phalloidin (red), which binds to filamentous actin. Transfected cell in (a) shows localization of Mlp60A-YFP throughout the cell but accumulating in the nucleus. Rhodamine-phalloidin staining in (b) shows filamentous actin localizing mostly at the periphery of the cell. Combination of image (a) and (b) in (c) shows that Mlp60A-YFP and filamentous actin do not colocalize. 12
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