Bio-feedstocks, Chemicals and Polymers. Trends, Success Stories and Challenges.

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Flora Spencer
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1 Bio-feedstocks, Chemicals and Polymers. Trends, Success Stories and Challenges. KISBP 2012 January 30, 2014.

2 Presentation Outline Bio materials definitions. Present and Emerging Bio-Feedstock's. Emerging Bio Chemicals and Players. First Generation Bioplastics. Second Generation Biobased Plastics. Bioplastics Growth Projections and Market Trends. Applications in Use Today for Bioplastics.

or crops. Focus on renewable resource based origin. Uses C 14 content measurement.

3 Basic Definitions for Bioproducts. Biobased Products Must be organic and contain some percentage of recently fixed (new) carbon found in biological resources or crops. Focus on renewable resource based origin. Uses C 14 content measurement. Biodegradable or Compostable Bioplastics Meet all scientifically recognized standards for biodegradability and compostability of plastics and plastic products. Independent of carbon origin-(i.e. Ecoflex, PBS, PLA ). Focus is on end-of-life or disposability.

4 Common Renewable Feedstocks Sugars: Sugar Beet, Sugar cane, sweet sorghum, corn dextrose. Starches: Corn, Cassava, sorghum, sweet potato, wheat. Oils & Fats : Edible: Coconut oil, palm oil, sunflower seed, soy beans. Non Edible: Castor beans, Jatropha.

5 Concerns with Existing Feedstocks from Food Crops The Food versus Fuel debate: Food Crops Diversion to Fuels/Plastics Land Use Fertilizer Use Pesticide Use The Ripple Effect Use of GMO's

(kelp) Waste: MSW, food processing (cellulosic)

6 Biomass Feedstocks Under Consideration Lignocellulose (wood, corn stover, other agricultural residues) Oil seeds (soy, rape/canola, palm, coconut, Jatropha) Microalgae Macroalgae (kelp) Waste: MSW, food processing (cellulosic) Used fats and oils Animal processing wastes (rendering, feathers, hair, manure, etc.)

7 Green House Gases as Feedstocks Novomer PPC Newlight Technologies PHA s

8 Biochemical Examples Ethylene/ethylene glycol Braskem, India Glycols. TPA Gevo, Anellotech, Draths, Genomatica, UOP, Global Bioenergies, Sabic, Virent,Chemtex. Succinic acid Adipic acid Butane diol FDCA Ketals Caprolactam Acrylic acid Isosorbide Propylene Propane 1,3 diol PTT, DSM, BASF, Bioamber, Roquette, Mitsubishi Chem., Myriant, Purac. Rennovia, Verdezyne, Genomatica. Genomatica. Avantium. Segetis, XLTerra/Reluceo. Draths. Ceres, Dow/OPX. ADM, Roquette. Braskem. DuPont / Tate & Lyle.

9 Bio Ethylene/Ethylene Glycol India Glycols, GTC, FENC, JBF fermentation sugar cane molasses ethanol -H 2 O +H 2 O oxidation ethylene glycol ethylene oxide ethylene

10 Biobased TPA Virent Process.

11 Biobased Succinic Acid and Derivatives Biobased Succinic Acid Succinic acid/pbs BioAmber PTT MCC DSM/Roquette BASF/Purac Butane diol Genomatica Courtesy Myriant Adipic acid Rennovia Verdezyne

12 Bio Butane Diol

13 FDCA (furan 2,5 dicarboxylic acid) - Avantium

14 First Generation Bioplastics Starch/PLA/ECOFLEX Compounded, Biobased & Compostable. HO Polylactic Acid (PLA) O H CH 3 OH L-Lactic Acid HO H 3 C O H OH D-Lactic Acid (0.5%) 100% Renewable & Compostable

15 First Generation PHA s Compostable, Biodegradable and Renewable PHA picture courtesy of Metabolix

16 Performance Issues of First Generation Compostable Bioplastics Starch Blends Hydrolytic stability Distortion Temp Vapor Transmission Shelf Life Areas of Concern.. PLA PHA S... Hydrolytic Stability Distortion Temp (amorphous) Vapor Transmission Shelf Life Tear strength Melt Strength... Hydrolytic Stability Shelf Life Processability Melt Strength Economics

17 Second Generation Bioplastics Developments

18 Green Polyethylene Braskem sugar cane molasses ethanol HDPE polyethylene Non Compostable ethylene

19 Bio PET

20 Nylon 6,6

21 Sorona -PTT

22 Avantium PEF yxy FDCA bottles Plant based carbohydrates PEF films fibers EG Courtesy of Avantium

23 Projected Biomaterials Trends Bioplastics are still less than 1% of the approximate 240 million tons of plastics in use today.

24 Sales Trends in Bioplastics 205KT 500KT 1.2MT Jim Lunt & Associates LLC. Projections

25 Why The Change? Continuing lack of infrastructure for use and disposal of compostable plastics. Compostables performance v durables. Increasing demand for biobased, semi-durable and durable products for household goods, electronics and automotive applications. Increasing interest and developments in existing and new monomers from renewable resources.

26 Bioplastic Products Development/Commercial

27 PLA

28 Cellulose Acetate

29 Compounded PLA/Starch Blends

30 Green Polyethylene

31 Bio PET

32 Sorona

33 Avantium PEF Made from 100% Recycled PEF Conventional polyester spinning technology Conventional polyester dyeing technology

Expanding from single-use compostable to durable applications.

34 Challenges for Bio Materials. Oil pricing continuing to increase. Improved performance/ reduced cost. Composting/recycling infrastructure developments. Expanding from single-use compostable to durable applications. Moving to non-food source feedstocks. Competition from carbon dioxide based plastics. Natural gas dynamics on polyolefin/ aromatics Pricing.

35 Thank You

Marketplace Opportunities Integration of Biobased & Conventional Plastics Forum

Marketplace Opportunities Integration of Biobased & Conventional Plastics Forum Project Partners: MN Corn Growers Assoc., MN Soybean Growers Assoc., Jim Lunt & Associates LLC About AURI The Agricultural