Regulation of Gene Expression

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Regulation of Gene Expression"

Transcription

1 Slide 1 Chapter 18 Regulation of Gene Expression PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Slide 2 Changes in the environment can regulate cell activity Natural selection has favored single-celled organisms that produce only the products needed by that cell The fastest way is to directly control enzyme cascades In bacteria it is nearly as fast to change gene expression. This is controlled by the operon model one promoter, many genes Eukaryotes also have coordinately controlled gene expression but, like everything else about them it s more complicated (more on that later...) Slide 3 Fig Precursor trpe gene Feedback Loop: Enzyme activity directly controlled by presence or absence of substrate Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 Tryptophan trpd gene trpc gene trpb gene trpa gene Operon: Gene expression in a cluster of functionally related genes can be coordinated by a single on-off switch

2 Slide 4 Operons: the entire stretch of that includes... The promoter which binds polymerase. The operator: a regulatory switch in the promoter that reacts to environmental change All of the related genes that they control Slide 5 Negative vs. Positive Operons Two Types of Negative, or Repressor, Gene Regulation Operons that involve negative control of genes are switched off by the active form of a repressor A repressible operon is one that is usually on; binding of a repressor to the operator shuts off transcription An inducible operon is one that is usually off; a molecule called an inducer inactivates the repressor and turns on transcription One Type of Positive, or Activator, Gene Regulation An activator of transcription is a stimulatory protein that acts to bind polymerase much like an eukaryotic transcription factor Slide 6 Example 1 of Negative, or Repressor, Gene Regulation Repressible enzymes usually function in anabolic pathways; their synthesis is repressed by high levels of the end product The trp operon is a repressible operon: By default it is on and the genes for tryptophan synthesis are transcribed Tryptophan is a corepressor and when it is present, it binds to the trp repressor protein, which turns the operon off

3 Slide 7 Fig. 18-3a trp operon Genes of operon trpr trpe trpd trpc trpb trpa Regulatory Operator gene Start codon Stop codon polymerase E D C B A Protein Inactive Polypeptide subunits that make up repressor enzymes for tryptophan synthesis Tryptophan absent, repressor inactive, operon on Slide 8 Fig. 18-3b-1 No made Protein Tryptophan (corepressor) Active repressor Tryptophan present, repressor active, operon off Slide 9 Fig. 18-3b-2 No made Protein Tryptophan (corepressor) Active repressor Tryptophan present, repressor active, operon off

4 Slide 10 Example 2 of Negative, or Repressor, Gene Regulation Inducible enzymes usually function in catabolic pathways; their synthesis is induced by a chemical signal The lac operon is an inducible operon and by itself, the lac repressor is active and switches the lac operon off Lactose is an inducer and inactivates the repressor to turn the lac operon on Slide 11 Fig. 18-4a Regulatory gene 5 laci 3 polymerase Operator lacz No made Protein Active repressor Lactose absent, repressor active, operon off Slide 12 Fig. 18-4b laci lac operon lacz lacy laca 5 Protein 3 polymerase 5 β-galactosidase Permease Transacetylase Allolactose Inactive (inducer) repressor Lactose present, repressor inactive, operon on

5 Slide 13 Positive Gene Regulation Positive secondary control of the speed of an operon Sometimes lactose is present but glucose is scarce Catabolite Activator Protein (CAP) is activated by binding with cyclic AMP Activated CAP attaches to the promoter of the lac operon and increases the affinity of polymerase, thus accelerating transcription When glucose levels increase, CAP detaches from the lac operon, and transcription returns to a normal rate CAP helps regulate other operons that encode enzymes used in catabolic pathways Slide 14 Fig Operator laci lacz Lactose present, glucose scarce (camp level high): abundant lac synthesized CAP-binding site camp Inactive CAP Active CAP polymerase binds and transcribes Inactive lac repressor Lactose present, glucose present (camp level low): less lac synthesized laci CAP-binding site Inactive CAP Operator lacz polymerase less likely to bind Inactive lac repressor Slide 15 Differential gene expression in multicellular development and cell specialization Regulation of Chromatin Structure Regulation of Transcription Initiation Mechanisms of Post-Transcriptional Regulation Mechanisms of Post-Translational Regulation

6 Slide 16 Fig. 18-6a Signal Chromatin NUCLEUS Cap Chromatin modification Gene available for transcription Gene Transcription Primary transcript Intron processing Tail in nucleus Transport to cytoplasm CYTOPLASM Slide 17 Fig. 18-6b CYTOPLASM in cytoplasm Degradation of Translation Polypeptide Degradation of protein Protein processing Active protein Transport to cellular destination Cellular function Slide 18 Regulation of Chromatin Structure Genes within highly packed heterochromatin are usually not expressed Chemical modifications to histones and influence chromatin structure and gene expression by making a region of either more or less able to bind the transcription machinery The histone code hypothesis proposes that specific combinations of modifications help determine chromatin configuration and influence transcription

7 Slide 19 Fig In histone acetylation, acetyl groups are attached to positively charged lysines in histone tails This process loosens chromatin structure, thereby initiating transcription double helix (a) Histone tails protrude outward from a nucleosome Unacetylated histones Histone tails Amino acids available for chemical modification Acetylated histones The addition of methyl groups (methylation) can condense chromatin The addition of phosphate groups (phosphorylation) next to a methylated amino acid can loosen chromatin Slide 20 Methylation methylation, the addition of methyl groups to certain bases in, is associated with reduced transcription in some species methylation can cause long-term inactivation of genes in cellular differentiation In genomic imprinting, methylation regulates expression of either the maternal or paternal alleles of certain genes at the start of development Slide 21 Epigenetic Inheritance Although the chromatin modifications just discussed do not alter sequence, they may be passed to future generations of cells The inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence is called epigenetic inheritance

8 Slide 22 Fig Organization of a Typical Eukaryotic Gene Enhancer (distal control elements) Upstream Proximal control elements Intron Intron Poly-A signal sequence Termination region Downstream Slide 23 Fig Organization of a Typical Eukaryotic Gene Enhancer (distal control elements) Upstream Proximal control elements Intron Intron Transcription Poly-A signal sequence Termination region Downstream Primary transcript 5 Intron Intron Poly-A signal Cleaved 3 end of primary transcript Slide 24 Fig Organization of a Typical Eukaryotic Gene Enhancer (distal control elements) Upstream Proximal control elements Intron Intron Transcription Poly-A signal sequence Termination region Downstream Primary transcript 5 Intron 5 Cap 5 UTR Intron Intron Coding segment Start codon processing Poly-A signal Stop codon 3 UTR Poly-A tail What do the GTP Cap and Poly-A Tail do again? Cleaved 3 end of primary transcript 3

9 Slide 25 Fig Activators Enhancer Distal control element TATA box Gene Slide 26 Fig Activators Enhancer Distal control element TATA box Gene -bending protein General transcription factors Tissue-specific transcription factors Slide 27 Fig Activators Enhancer Distal control element TATA box Gene -bending protein General transcription factors Tissue-specific transcription factors polymerase II polymerase II Transcription initiation complex synthesis

10 Slide 28 Fig A particular combination of control elements can activate transcription only when the appropriate activator proteins and transcription factors are present Control elements Available proteins (a) Liver cell Enhancer LIVER CELL NUCLEUS Albumin gene expressed Crystallin gene not expressed Albumin gene (b) Lens cell Crystallin gene LENS CELL NUCLEUS Available proteins Albumin gene not expressed Crystallin gene expressed Unlike prokaryotes, coordinately controlled eukaryotic genes can be scattered over different chromosomes, but each has the same combination of control elements Slide 29 Fig s Troponin T gene Primary transcript splicing or Slide 30 Fig Proteasomes are giant protein complexes that bind protein molecules and degrade them Ubiquitin Proteasome Proteasome and ubiquitin to be recycled Protein to be degraded Ubiquitinated protein Protein entering a proteasome Protein fragments (peptides) After translation, various types of protein processing, including cleavage and the addition of chemical groups, are subject to control

11 Slide 31 Noncoding s can control gene expression through Interference (i). Only a small fraction of codes for proteins, r, and t. A significant amount of the genome may be transcribed into noncoding s Micros (mis) are small single-stranded molecules that can bind to and degrade it or block its translation sis and mis are similar but form from different precursors sis play a role in heterochromatin formation and can block large regions of the chromosome Small s may also block transcription of specific genes Slide 32 Fig. 18-UN5 Chromatin modification Transcription processing Chromatin modification Small s can promote the formation of heterochromatin in certain regions, blocking transcription. Translation mi or si can block the translation of specific s. degradation Translation Protein processing and degradation degradation mi or si can target specific s for destruction. Slide 33 Fig Hairpin mi Hydrogen bond Dicer 5 3 (a) Primary mi transcript mi miprotein complex degraded Translation blocked (b) Generation and function of mis

12 Slide 34 Fig The differentiation of cell types in a multicellular organism results from orchestrated changes in gene expression Fertilized eggs are single cells This tadpole has neurons, muscle, gills, fins, etc. Slide 35 Fig a An egg s cytoplasm contains, proteins, and other substances that are distributed unevenly in the unfertilized egg Sperm Fertilization Mitotic cell division Unfertilized egg cell Two different cytoplasmic determinants Zygote Nucleus Two celled embryos have two different cell types Slide 36 Fig b Early embryo (32 cells) In the process called induction, signal molecules from nearby cells cause transcriptional changes in embryonic target cells NUCLEUS Signal transduction pathway Signal receptor Signal molecule (inducer)

13 Slide 37 Fig b 1 Egg cell developing within ovarian follicle Follicle cell Nucleus Egg cell Nurse cell Ovary cells can tell the unfertilized egg which end is which 2 Unfertilized egg Depleted nurse cells 3 Fertilized egg Egg shell Fertilization Laying of egg Embryonic development 4 Segmented embryo 5 Larval stage Body segments Hatching 0.1 mm Slide 38 Fig c Bicoid: Nurse cells help localize the for a protein that is required to make head structures Nurse cells Egg bicoid Developing egg Bicoid in mature unfertilized egg Bicoid protein in early embryo Slide 39 Fig a EXPERIMENT Tail Head T1 T2 T3 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 Tail Wild type larva Tail A8 Mutant larva (bicoid) A7 A6 A7 A8

14 Slide 40 Fig Nucleus Master regulatory gene myod Other muscle specific genes Embryonic precursor cell Slide 41 Fig Nucleus Master regulatory gene myod Other muscle specific genes Embryonic precursor cell Myoblast (determined) MyoD protein (transcription factor) Slide 42 Fig Nucleus Master regulatory gene myod Other muscle specific genes Embryonic precursor cell Myoblast (determined) MyoD protein (transcription factor) Part of a muscle fiber (fully differentiated cell) MyoD Another transcription factor Myosin, other muscle proteins, and cell cycle blocking proteins

Regulation of Gene Expression

Regulation of Gene Expression Chapter 18 Regulation of Gene Expression Edited by Shawn Lester PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley

More information

BIOLOGY. Chapter 16 GenesExpression

BIOLOGY. Chapter 16 GenesExpression BIOLOGY Chapter 16 GenesExpression CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 18 Gene Expression 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.1 Differential Gene Expression results

More information

Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression. 1. Gene Regulation in Bacteria 2. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes 3. Gene Regulation & Cancer

Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression. 1. Gene Regulation in Bacteria 2. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes 3. Gene Regulation & Cancer Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression 1. Gene Regulation in Bacteria 2. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes 3. Gene Regulation & Cancer Gene Regulation Gene regulation refers to all aspects of controlling

More information

Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression. Gene Regulation. Transcription Factors 3/21/2017

Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression. Gene Regulation. Transcription Factors 3/21/2017 Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression 1. Gene Regulation in Bacteria 2. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes 3. Gene Regulation & Cancer Gene Regulation Gene regulation refers to all aspects of controlling

More information

Regulation of Gene Expression

Regulation of Gene Expression CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 15 Regulation of Gene Expression Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION

More information

32 Gene regulation in Eukaryotes Lecture Outline 11/28/05. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukarykotes

32 Gene regulation in Eukaryotes Lecture Outline 11/28/05. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukarykotes 3 Gene regulation in Eukaryotes Lecture Outline /8/05 Gene regulation in eukaryotes Chromatin remodeling More kinds of control elements Promoters, Enhancers, and Silencers Combinatorial control Cell-specific

More information

Control of Eukaryotic Gene Expression (Learning Objectives)

Control of Eukaryotic Gene Expression (Learning Objectives) Control of Eukaryotic Gene Expression (Learning Objectives) 1. Compare and contrast chromatin and chromosome: composition, proteins involved and level of packing. Explain the structure and function of

More information

Control of Gene Expression

Control of Gene Expression Control of Gene Expression 1 How Gene Regulation Works 2 Control of Gene Expression Controlling gene expression is often accomplished by controlling transcription initiation Regulatory proteins bind to

More information

GENE REGULATION IN PROKARYOTES

GENE REGULATION IN PROKARYOTES GENE REGULATION IN PROKARYOTES Prepared by Brenda Leady, University of Toledo Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Gene regulation refers to

More information

CELL BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH. 7 - GENE EXPRESSION.

CELL BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH. 7 - GENE EXPRESSION. !! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION BASICS Gene expression is the process through which cells selectively to express some genes and not others Every cell in an organism is a clone

More information

CHAPTER 13 LECTURE SLIDES

CHAPTER 13 LECTURE SLIDES CHAPTER 13 LECTURE SLIDES Prepared by Brenda Leady University of Toledo To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on or off.

More information

Section C: The Control of Gene Expression

Section C: The Control of Gene Expression Section C: The Control of Gene Expression 1. Each cell of a multicellular eukaryote expresses only a small fraction of its genes 2. The control of gene expression can occur at any step in the pathway from

More information

GENE REGULATION slide shows by Kim Foglia modified Slides with blue edges are Kim s

GENE REGULATION slide shows by Kim Foglia modified Slides with blue edges are Kim s GENE REGULATION slide shows by Kim Foglia modified Slides with blue edges are Kim s 2007-2008 Bacterial metabolism Bacteria need to respond quickly to changes in their environment STOP GO if they have

More information

Chapter 17. From Gene to Protein. Slide 1. Slide 2. Slide 3. Gene Expression. Which of the following is the best example of gene expression? Why?

Chapter 17. From Gene to Protein. Slide 1. Slide 2. Slide 3. Gene Expression. Which of the following is the best example of gene expression? Why? Slide 1 Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from

More information

Chapter 18. Regulation of Gene Expression

Chapter 18. Regulation of Gene Expression Chapter 18 Regulation of Gene Expression 2007-2008 Control of Prokaryotic (Bacterial) Genes 2007- Bacterial metabolism Bacteria need to respond quickly to changes in their environment STOP GO if they have

More information

Control of Eukaryotic Genes. AP Biology

Control of Eukaryotic Genes. AP Biology Control of Eukaryotic Genes The BIG Questions How are genes turned on & off in eukaryotes? How do cells with the same genes differentiate to perform completely different, specialized functions? Evolution

More information

Developmental Biology BY1101 P. Murphy

Developmental Biology BY1101 P. Murphy Developmental Biology BY1101 P. Murphy Lecture 7 Cellular differentiation and the regulation of gene expression. In this lecture we looked at two main questions: How is gene expression regulated? (revision

More information

Gene Expression and Regulation - 1

Gene Expression and Regulation - 1 Gene Expression and Regulation - 1 We have been discussing the molecular structure of DNA and its function in DNA replication and in transcription. Earlier we discussed how genes interact in transmission

More information

Gene Expression. Lesson 6

Gene Expression. Lesson 6 Gene Expression Lesson 6 Regulation of gene expression Gene regulation turning on or off specific genes depending on the requirements of an organism Housekeeping genes are always switched on (vital life

More information

Control of Metabolic Processes

Control of Metabolic Processes Control of Metabolic Processes Harriet Wilson, Lecture Notes Bio. Sci. 4 - Microbiology Sierra College As described earlier, the metabolic processes occurring within living organisms (glycolysis, respiration,

More information

GENE EXPRESSSION. Promoter sequence where RNA polymerase binds. Operator sequence that acts as a switch (yellow) OPERON

GENE EXPRESSSION. Promoter sequence where RNA polymerase binds. Operator sequence that acts as a switch (yellow) OPERON GENE EXPRESSSION 1 GENE REGULATION IN PROKARYOTES Bacteria can turn genes on or off depending on their environment Prokaryotes have operons clusters of related genes and regulatory sequences Promoter sequence

More information

Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression

Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression Regulation of Metabolism Shuts off transcription Types of Feedback Negative feedback = body s response is to reduce the stimulus Ex: regulation of body temp, blood

More information

Prokaryotic Transcription

Prokaryotic Transcription Prokaryotic Transcription Transcription Basics DNA is the genetic material Nucleic acid Capable of self-replication and synthesis of RNA RNA is the middle man Nucleic acid Structure and base sequence are

More information

Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes

Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes The latest estimates are that a human cell, a eukaryotic cell, contains 20,000 25,000 genes. Some of these are expressed in all cells all the time. These so-called housekeeping

More information

From Gene to Protein

From Gene to Protein Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp

More information

Control of Eukaryotic Genes. AP Biology

Control of Eukaryotic Genes. AP Biology Control of Eukaryotic Genes The BIG Questions How are genes turned on & off in eukaryotes? How do cells with the same genes differentiate to perform completely different, specialized functions? Evolution

More information

Control of Eukaryotic Genes

Control of Eukaryotic Genes Control of Eukaryotic Genes 2007-2008 The BIG Questions How are genes turned on & off in eukaryotes? How do cells with the same genes differentiate to perform completely different, specialized functions?

More information

Chapter 11. How Genes Are Controlled. Lectures by Edward J. Zalisko

Chapter 11. How Genes Are Controlled. Lectures by Edward J. Zalisko Chapter 11 How Genes Are Controlled PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Essential Biology, Fifth Edition, and Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Fourth Edition Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, and

More information

Chapter 13 - Regulation of Gene Expression

Chapter 13 - Regulation of Gene Expression Chapter 13 - Regulation of Gene Expression 1. Describe the typical components of an operon in an E. coli (prokaryotic) cell. (p. 238-239) a. regulator gene - b. promoter - c. operator - d. structural gene

More information

Control of Eukaryotic Genes. AP Biology

Control of Eukaryotic Genes. AP Biology Control of Eukaryotic Genes The BIG Questions How are genes turned on & off in eukaryotes? How do cells with the same genes differentiate to perform completely different, specialized functions? Evolution

More information

7.1 The lac Operon 7-1

7.1 The lac Operon 7-1 7.1 The lac Operon The lac operon was the first operon discovered It contains 3 genes coding for E. coli proteins that permit the bacteria to use the sugar lactose Galactoside permease (lacy) which transports

More information

Control of Eukaryotic Genes. AP Biology

Control of Eukaryotic Genes. AP Biology Control of Eukaryotic Genes The BIG Questions How are genes turned on & off in eukaryotes? How do cells with the same genes differentiate to perform completely different, specialized functions? Evolution

More information

Lecture 9 Controlling gene expression

Lecture 9 Controlling gene expression Lecture 9 Controlling gene expression BIOLOGY Campbell, Reece and Mitchell Chapter 18 334- (352-356) Every cell in your body contains the same number of genes approximately 35, 000 DNA is wound around

More information

EUKARYOTIC GENE CONTROL

EUKARYOTIC GENE CONTROL EUKARYOTIC GENE CONTROL THE BIG QUESTIONS How are genes turned on and off? How do cells with the same DNA/ genes differentiate to perform completely different and specialized functions? GENE EXPRESSION

More information

Unit IX Problem 3 Genetics: Basic Concepts in Molecular Biology

Unit IX Problem 3 Genetics: Basic Concepts in Molecular Biology Unit IX Problem 3 Genetics: Basic Concepts in Molecular Biology - The central dogma (principle) of molecular biology: Information from DNA are transcribed to mrna which will be further translated to synthesize

More information

Gene Circuits -2. Shu-Ping Lin, Ph.D. Institute of Biomedical Engineering

Gene Circuits -2. Shu-Ping Lin, Ph.D. Institute of Biomedical Engineering Gene Circuits -2 Shu-Ping Lin, Ph.D. Institute of Biomedical Engineering E-mail: splin@dragon.nchu.edu.tw Website: http://web.nchu.edu.tw/pweb/users/splin/ Genes Flow of information in gene expression

More information

Unit 7. Genetic Regulation, Development, and Biotechnology. AP Biology

Unit 7. Genetic Regulation, Development, and Biotechnology. AP Biology Unit 7 Genetic Regulation, Development, and Biotechnology The BIG Questions How are genes turned on & off in eukaryotes and prokaryotes? How do cells with the same genes differentiate to perform completely

More information

Chapter 11: Regulation of Gene Expression

Chapter 11: Regulation of Gene Expression Chapter Review 1. It has long been known that there is probably a genetic link for alcoholism. Researchers studying rats have begun to elucidate this link. Briefly describe the genetic mechanism found

More information

Synthetic cells: do bacteria need all its genes? No.

Synthetic cells: do bacteria need all its genes? No. NO NEED TO REFER TO THE SLIDES. بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم Do we need all the non coding regions of the DNA? Two weeks ago, they discovered that the genome of a plant is very small (recall that plant genome

More information

Differences between prokaryotes & eukaryotes. Gene function

Differences between prokaryotes & eukaryotes. Gene function GENE REGULATION Differences between prokaryotes & eukaryotes Gene function Description of Prokaryotic Chromosome and E.coli Review Differences between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Chromosomes Four differences

More information

Molecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 09: Gene Expression in Prokaryotes

Molecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 09: Gene Expression in Prokaryotes Molecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 09: Gene Expression in Prokaryotes Question No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the following statements about gene expression in prokaryotes is correct? Question #1 (A) In prokaryotes,

More information

Transcription and Post Transcript Modification

Transcription and Post Transcript Modification Transcription and Post Transcript Modification You Should Be Able To 1. Describe transcription. 2. Compare and contrast eukaryotic + prokaryotic transcription. 3. Explain mrna processing in eukaryotes.

More information

Biotechnology Unit 3: DNA to Proteins. From DNA to RNA

Biotechnology Unit 3: DNA to Proteins. From DNA to RNA From DNA to RNA Biotechnology Unit 3: DNA to Proteins I. After the discovery of the structure of DNA, the major question remaining was how does the stored in the 4 letter code of DNA direct the and of

More information

AP Biology Day Wednesday, November 2, 2016 Friday, November 3, 2016

AP Biology Day Wednesday, November 2, 2016 Friday, November 3, 2016 AP Biology Day 30-31 Wednesday, November 2, 2016 Friday, November 3, 2016 Do-Now 1. With your neighbors, plan out your response and jot down your ideas for the 2016 short FRQ 2 Part (a) The primary transcript

More information

Chapter 2. An Introduction to Genes and Genomes

Chapter 2. An Introduction to Genes and Genomes PowerPoint Lectures for Introduction to Biotechnology, Second Edition William J.Thieman and Michael A.Palladino Chapter 2 An Introduction to Genes and Genomes Lectures by Lara Dowland Chapter Contents

More information

Nucleic acids and protein synthesis

Nucleic acids and protein synthesis THE FUNCTIONS OF DNA Nucleic acids and protein synthesis The full name of DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid. Every nucleotide has the same sugar molecule and phosphate group, but each nucleotide contains one

More information

Division Ave. High School AP Biology

Division Ave. High School AP Biology Control of Eukaryotic Genes 2007-2008 The BIG Questions n How are genes turned on & off in eukaryotes? n How do cells with the same genes differentiate to perform completely different, specialized functions?

More information

From Gene to Protein. Chapter 17. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for

From Gene to Protein. Chapter 17. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp

More information

Themes: RNA and RNA Processing. Messenger RNA (mrna) What is a gene? RNA is very versatile! RNA-RNA interactions are very important!

Themes: RNA and RNA Processing. Messenger RNA (mrna) What is a gene? RNA is very versatile! RNA-RNA interactions are very important! Themes: RNA is very versatile! RNA and RNA Processing Chapter 14 RNA-RNA interactions are very important! Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have many important differences. Messenger RNA (mrna) Carries genetic

More information

BCH 4054 Fall 2000 Chapter 31 Lecture Notes

BCH 4054 Fall 2000 Chapter 31 Lecture Notes BCH 4054 Fall 2000 Chapter 31 Lecture Notes 1 Chapter 31 Transcription and Regulation of Gene Expression 2 Messenger RNA Central Dogma (Francis Crick, 1958) DNA RNA Protein (Fig 31.1) Jacob-Monod Hypothesis:

More information

Matakuliah Genetika (BIO612206) Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Lampung. Priyambodo, M.Sc. staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo

Matakuliah Genetika (BIO612206) Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Lampung. Priyambodo, M.Sc. staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo Matakuliah Genetika (BIO612206) Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Lampung Priyambodo, M.Sc. staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo Prokariotik Eukariotik staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo Regulasi ekspresi gen pada

More information

Unit II Problem 3 Genetics: Summary of Basic Concepts in Molecular Biology

Unit II Problem 3 Genetics: Summary of Basic Concepts in Molecular Biology Unit II Problem 3 Genetics: Summary of Basic Concepts in Molecular Biology - The central dogma (principle) of molecular biology: Information from DNA are transcribed to mrna which will be further translated

More information

Biol 3301 Genetics Exam #2A October 26, 2004

Biol 3301 Genetics Exam #2A October 26, 2004 Biol 3301 Genetics Exam #2A October 26, 2004 This exam consists of 40 multiple choice questions worth 2.5 points each, for a total of 100 points. Good luck. Name SS# 1. Which of the following statements

More information

I. Prokaryotic Gene Regulation. Figure 1: Operon. Operon:

I. Prokaryotic Gene Regulation. Figure 1: Operon. Operon: I. Prokaryotic Gene Regulation Figure 1: Operon Operon: a) Regulatory Elements consist of an Operator that serves as the on-off switch for the genes of the operon. Also contains a promoter for the Structural

More information

Transcription. The sugar molecule found in RNA is ribose, rather than the deoxyribose found in DNA.

Transcription. The sugar molecule found in RNA is ribose, rather than the deoxyribose found in DNA. Transcription RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a key intermediary between a DNA sequence and a polypeptide. RNA is an informational polynucleotide similar to DNA, but it differs from DNA in three ways: RNA generally

More information

Gene Expression: Transcription, Translation, RNAs and the Genetic Code

Gene Expression: Transcription, Translation, RNAs and the Genetic Code Lecture 28-29 Gene Expression: Transcription, Translation, RNAs and the Genetic Code Central dogma of molecular biology During transcription, the information in a DNA sequence (a gene) is copied into a

More information

Chapter 19. Control of Eukaryotic Genome. AP Biology

Chapter 19. Control of Eukaryotic Genome. AP Biology Chapter 19. Control of Eukaryotic Genome The BIG Questions How are genes turned on & off in eukaryotes? How do cells with the same genes differentiate to perform completely different, specialized functions?

More information

Lecture Summary: Regulation of transcription. General mechanisms-what are the major regulatory points?

Lecture Summary: Regulation of transcription. General mechanisms-what are the major regulatory points? BCH 401G Lecture 37 Andres Lecture Summary: Regulation of transcription. General mechanisms-what are the major regulatory points? RNA processing: Capping, polyadenylation, splicing. Why process mammalian

More information

AP Biology Gene Expression/Biotechnology REVIEW

AP Biology Gene Expression/Biotechnology REVIEW AP Biology Gene Expression/Biotechnology REVIEW Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Gene expression can be a. regulated before transcription.

More information

Fig Ch 17: From Gene to Protein

Fig Ch 17: From Gene to Protein Fig. 17-1 Ch 17: From Gene to Protein Basic Principles of Transcription and Translation RNA is the intermediate between genes and the proteins for which they code Transcription is the synthesis of RNA

More information

(c) 2014 Dr. Alice Heicklen & Dr. Deborah Mowshowitz, Columbia University, New York, NY. Last update 02/26/ :57 PM

(c) 2014 Dr. Alice Heicklen & Dr. Deborah Mowshowitz, Columbia University, New York, NY. Last update 02/26/ :57 PM C2006/F2402 '14 OUTLINE OF LECTURE #11 (c) 2014 Dr. Alice Heicklen & Dr. Deborah Mowshowitz, Columbia University, New York, NY. Last update 02/26/2014 12:57 PM Handouts: 10C -- Typical Eukaryotic Gene,

More information

CH 17 :From Gene to Protein

CH 17 :From Gene to Protein CH 17 :From Gene to Protein Defining a gene gene gene Defining a gene is problematic because one gene can code for several protein products, some genes code only for RNA, two genes can overlap, and there

More information

M I C R O B I O L O G Y WITH DISEASES BY TAXONOMY, THIRD EDITION

M I C R O B I O L O G Y WITH DISEASES BY TAXONOMY, THIRD EDITION M I C R O B I O L O G Y WITH DISEASES BY TAXONOMY, THIRD EDITION Chapter 7 Microbial Genetics Lecture prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, University of Tennessee, Knoxville The Structure and Replication

More information

Big Idea 3C Basic Review

Big Idea 3C Basic Review Big Idea 3C Basic Review 1. A gene is a. A sequence of DNA that codes for a protein. b. A sequence of amino acids that codes for a protein. c. A sequence of codons that code for nucleic acids. d. The end

More information

AP Biology. The BIG Questions. Chapter 19. Prokaryote vs. eukaryote genome. Prokaryote vs. eukaryote genome. Why turn genes on & off?

AP Biology. The BIG Questions. Chapter 19. Prokaryote vs. eukaryote genome. Prokaryote vs. eukaryote genome. Why turn genes on & off? The BIG Questions Chapter 19. Control of Eukaryotic Genome How are genes turned on & off in eukaryotes? How do cells with the same genes differentiate to perform completely different, specialized functions?

More information

Chapter 4: How Cells Work

Chapter 4: How Cells Work Chapter 4: How Cells Work David Shonnard Department of Chemical Engineering 1 Presentation Outline: l l l l l Introduction : Central Dogma DNA Replication: Preserving and Propagating DNA Transcription:

More information

Chapter 4: How Cells Work

Chapter 4: How Cells Work Chapter 4: How Cells Work David Shonnard Department of Chemical Engineering 1 Presentation Outline: Introduction : Central Dogma DNA Replication: Preserving and Propagating DNA Transcription: Sending the

More information

REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION

REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION Each cell of a living organism contains thousands of genes. But all genes do not function at a time. Genes function according to requirements of the cell. Genes control the

More information

Resources. This lecture Campbell and Farrell's Biochemistry, Chapter 11

Resources. This lecture Campbell and Farrell's Biochemistry, Chapter 11 Transcription Resources This lecture Campbell and Farrell's Biochemistry, Chapter 11 2 Definition of a gene The entire nucleic acid sequence that is necessary for the synthesis of a functional polypeptide

More information

The Flow of Genetic Information

The Flow of Genetic Information Chapter 17 The Flow of Genetic Information The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins and of RNA molecules involved in protein synthesis. Proteins

More information

Chapter 14 Regulation of Transcription

Chapter 14 Regulation of Transcription Chapter 14 Regulation of Transcription Cis-acting sequences Distance-independent cis-acting elements Dissecting regulatory elements Transcription factors Overview transcriptional regulation Transcription

More information

Genetics Biology 331 Exam 3B Spring 2015

Genetics Biology 331 Exam 3B Spring 2015 Genetics Biology 331 Exam 3B Spring 2015 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) DNA methylation may be a significant mode of genetic regulation

More information

Differential Gene Expression

Differential Gene Expression Biology 4361 Developmental Biology Differential Gene Expression June 19, 2008 Differential Gene Expression Overview Chromatin structure Gene anatomy RNA processing and protein production Initiating transcription:

More information

Biotechnology. Chapter 20. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for

Biotechnology. Chapter 20. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Chapter 20 Biotechnology PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Copyright

More information

From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype

From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype 12 From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype 12.1 What Is the Evidence that Genes Code for Proteins? The gene-enzyme relationship is one-gene, one-polypeptide relationship. Example: In hemoglobin, each

More information

Student name ID # Second Mid Term Exam, Biology 2020, Spring 2002 Scores Total

Student name ID # Second Mid Term Exam, Biology 2020, Spring 2002 Scores Total Second Mid Term Exam, Biology 2020, Spring 2002 Scores 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Total 1 1. Matching (7 pts). Each answer is used exactly once Helicase

More information

I. Gene Expression Figure 1: Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

I. Gene Expression Figure 1: Central Dogma of Molecular Biology I. Gene Expression Figure 1: Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Central Dogma: Gene Expression: RNA Structure RNA nucleotides contain the pentose sugar Ribose instead of deoxyribose. Contain the bases

More information

REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION

REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION Each cell of a living organism contains thousands of genes. But all genes do not function at a time. Genes function according to requirements of the cell. Genes control the

More information

Ch. 10 From DNA to Protein. AP Biology

Ch. 10 From DNA to Protein. AP Biology Ch. 10 From DNA to Protein Protein Synthesis Metabolism and Gene Expression n Inheritance of metabolic diseases suggests that genes coded for enzymes n Diseases (phenotypes) caused by non-functional gene

More information

Lecture for Wednesday. Dr. Prince BIOL 1408

Lecture for Wednesday. Dr. Prince BIOL 1408 Lecture for Wednesday Dr. Prince BIOL 1408 THE FLOW OF GENETIC INFORMATION FROM DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Genes are expressed as proteins A gene is a segment of DNA that

More information

From Genes to Protein

From Genes to Protein From Genes to Protein Transcription and Translation Metabolism Teaches Us About Genes Metabolic defects studying metabolic diseases suggested that genes specified proteins alkaptonuria (black urine from

More information

DNA Function: Information Transmission

DNA Function: Information Transmission DNA Function: Information Transmission DNA is called the code of life. What does it code for? *the information ( code ) to make proteins! Why are proteins so important? Nearly every function of a living

More information

Genetics and Genes. Genetics the study of heredity

Genetics and Genes. Genetics the study of heredity Microbial Genetics Genetics and Genes Genetics the study of heredity The science of genetics explores: 1. Transmission of biological traits from parent to offspring 2. Expression and variation of those

More information

AP Biology

AP Biology Chapter 17. From Gene to Protein Metabolism teaches us about genes Metabolic defects studying metabolic diseases suggested that genes specified proteins alkaptonuria (black urine from alkapton) PKU (phenylketonuria)

More information

Transcription is the first stage of gene expression

Transcription is the first stage of gene expression Transcription is the first stage of gene expression RNA synthesis is catalyzed by RNA polymerase, which pries the DNA strands apart and hooks together the RNA nucleotides The RNA is complementary to the

More information

Differential Gene Expression

Differential Gene Expression Biology 4361 Developmental Biology Differential Gene Expression September 28, 2006 Chromatin Structure ~140 bp ~60 bp Transcriptional Regulation: 1. Packing prevents access CH 3 2. Acetylation ( C O )

More information

What is RNA? Another type of nucleic acid A working copy of DNA Does not matter if it is damaged or destroyed

What is RNA? Another type of nucleic acid A working copy of DNA Does not matter if it is damaged or destroyed RNA Section 3.1 What is RNA? Another type of nucleic acid A working copy of DNA Does not matter if it is damaged or destroyed Used to direct the production of proteins that determines an organisms characteristics

More information

Gene expression DNA RNA. Protein DNA. Replication. Initiation Elongation Processing Export. DNA RNA Protein. Transcription. Degradation.

Gene expression DNA RNA. Protein DNA. Replication. Initiation Elongation Processing Export. DNA RNA Protein. Transcription. Degradation. Gene expression DNA RNA Protein DNA DNA Degradation RNA Degradation Protein Replication Transcription Translation Initiation Elongation Processing Export Initiation Elongation Processing Targeting Chapter

More information

Coordinately Controlled Genes in Eukaryotes

Coordinately Controlled Genes in Eukaryotes Figure 18.11 Cell type specific transcription. Both liver cells and lens cells have the genes for making the proteins albumin and crystallin, but only liver cells make albumin (a blood protein) and only

More information

GENE REGULATION. Gene regulation occurs at the level of transcription or production of mrna

GENE REGULATION. Gene regulation occurs at the level of transcription or production of mrna GENE REGULATION Virtually every cell in your body contains a complete set of genes But they are not all turned on in every tissue Each cell in your body expresses only a small subset of genes at any time

More information

Transcriptional Regulation

Transcriptional Regulation Transcriptional Regulation Gene expression responds to environmental conditions. Some regulatory proteins are present at only 5 10 copies, whereas under certain conditions, the expression of these proteins

More information

B. Incorrect! Centromeric DNA is largely heterochromatin, which is inactive DNA.

B. Incorrect! Centromeric DNA is largely heterochromatin, which is inactive DNA. MCAT Biology - Problem Drill 06: Molecular Biology of Eukaryotes Question No. 1 of 10 1. Which type of DNA would have the highest level of expression? Question #01 (A) Heterochromatin. (B) Centromeric

More information

Name. Student ID. Midterm 2, Biology 2020, Kropf 2004

Name. Student ID. Midterm 2, Biology 2020, Kropf 2004 Midterm 2, Biology 2020, Kropf 2004 1 1. RNA vs DNA (5 pts) The table below compares DNA and RNA. Fill in the open boxes, being complete and specific Compare: DNA RNA Pyrimidines C,T C,U Purines 3-D structure

More information

Chapter 12 Packet DNA 1. What did Griffith conclude from his experiment? 2. Describe the process of transformation.

Chapter 12 Packet DNA 1. What did Griffith conclude from his experiment? 2. Describe the process of transformation. Chapter 12 Packet DNA and RNA Name Period California State Standards covered by this chapter: Cell Biology 1. The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions

More information

Chapter 19 Genetic Regulation of the Eukaryotic Genome. A. Bergeron AP Biology PCHS

Chapter 19 Genetic Regulation of the Eukaryotic Genome. A. Bergeron AP Biology PCHS Chapter 19 Genetic Regulation of the Eukaryotic Genome A. Bergeron AP Biology PCHS 2 Do Now - Eukaryotic Transcription Regulation The diagram below shows five genes (with their enhancers) from the genome

More information

TRANSCRIPTION AND PROCESSING OF RNA

TRANSCRIPTION AND PROCESSING OF RNA TRANSCRIPTION AND PROCESSING OF RNA 1. The steps of gene expression. 2. General characterization of transcription: steps, components of transcription apparatus. 3. Transcription of eukaryotic structural

More information

Molecular Genetics Quiz #1 SBI4U K T/I A C TOTAL

Molecular Genetics Quiz #1 SBI4U K T/I A C TOTAL Name: Molecular Genetics Quiz #1 SBI4U K T/I A C TOTAL Part A: Multiple Choice (15 marks) Circle the letter of choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. One mark for each correct

More information

This chapter is all about making different cells from equivalent DNA sequence...

This chapter is all about making different cells from equivalent DNA sequence... Bio 127 Section I Introduction to Developmental Biology Developmental Genetics Gilbert 9e Chapter 2 This chapter is all about making different cells from equivalent DNA sequence... 1. Every somatic cell

More information