BACTERIA. NO or membrane bound WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF PROKARYOTES? TYPES EUBACTERIA ARCHAEBACTERIA. bilayer embedded with

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1 Bacteria and Virus Notes WHAT ARE PROKARYOTES? ALWAYS organisms BACTERIA NO or membrane bound Very compared to cells WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF PROKARYOTES? TYPES EUBACTERIA ARCHAEBACTERIA MAJOR DIFFERENCES Thick cell wall Some are (Example: ) No in cell walls Different type of in cell membrane & ribosomal and BACTERIAL SHAPES used to bacteria Bacillus Coccus Spirrilum WHAT STRUCTURES MAKE-UP PROKARYOTIC CELLS? STRUCTURE FUNCTION MADE OF LOCATED WHICH BACTERIA HAVE IT? Cell Membrane _ what and the cell bilayer embedded with Around the between the and the Cytoplasm (Cytosol) The in the cell that the cell Mostly with dissolved particles,, and cell Inside the (all over the ) DNA the material form the that is arranged into a chromosome Floating in the _ in the of the cell Ribosome Site of (or, where are ) and Floating in the

2 Cell Wall (used to bacteria) Provides,, and (proteins and sugar) Around the of the Keeps the cell from Capsule Helps the bacteria to in its environment Protects the cell from being by white blood cells and the effects of A layer of sticky Surrounds the Pili Helps the cell to surfaces or be a _ between cells to swap plasmids Small, structures made of On the surface Flagella To the cell through its toward, food, or more Plasmid Stores genetic information form the that is arranged into a small chromosome Floating in the

3 METABOLISM IN PROKARYOTES HOW DO THEY GET THEIR ENERGY? Bacteria differ in the way they obtain and. Autotroph an organism that its own Photoautotroph gets energy from the () Chemoautotroph gets energy from (many ) Heterotroph an organism that must other to obtain and Most bacteria are that organic matter ( organisms or organic ) Some are that cause and Aerobes bacteria that require Anaerobes - Bacteria that need (use to obtain from ) Facultative Anaerobes can use but can without it REPRODUCTION IN PROKARYOTES Binary Fission o What happens? 1) Chromosome is 2) Cell 3) A new piece of and forms and the cells o Asexual reproduction produces genetically daughter cells o Can happen every minutes in conditions HOW DO BACTERIA INCREASE GENETIC DIVSERITY? Conjugation o Happens when bacteria to each other using and genetic information o Creates gene and among bacteria

4 BACTERIAL SURVIVAL SKILLS How do bacteria survive when conditions get rough? o Lack of o Extreme change o Lack of o Exposure to ( light) Endospore a cell that contains the cell s and a small amount of _ and can for long periods of time in environmental conditions o When conditions are again, a new bacterium from the endospore Rapid reproduction o Bacteria reproduce and can regrow a Mutations o errors in that leads to new forms of and sometimes new that help some bacteria and better than others BENEFITS OF BACTERIA Environment produce Convert into a form for all other (nitrogen ) Help dead organisms and return to the environment Medicine Genetically engineered produce many in bulk to reduce (Example: ) Some were originally made by Industry Help make/produce Produce Produce Used in and to clean up Used in_ treatment plants Research Important in Provide information about because: it s is reproduce with short so the species can quickly Less issues NORMAL FLORA the that live in and on our Most are with harmful bacteria and help prevent E. coli lives in your tract and makes that we need

5 BACTERIAL DISEASES Only a percentage of cause. Pathogen an agent that causes or to the host Your system is always working to and foreign invaders. identify the invaders. You only have antibodies to diseases that have been in your body before. bring invaders into the cell by and destroy them using their. How do bacteria cause diseases? quickly in one part of the body and faster than the system can them Secrete that / the host s so that the bacteria can use the How do contagious diseases spread? HOW DO WE TREAT DISEASE-CAUSING BACTERIA? ANTIBIOTIC a that is used to bacteria or their Only treat infections! Antibiotics do not treat! Some work by preventing from being which makes the cell easier to. Some work by blocking so that cannot be made. Some work by breaking the strand during and preventing its repair. What is the first antibiotic? Who discovered it? Antibiotic Resistance When was it discovered? What produced it? Some bacteria have that make them resistant to an These bacteria and better than others when antibiotics are present. Over time, the of bacteria _ to be resistant to antibiotics Why are bacteria more resistant today? Patients do not finish

6 How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics? VACCINE a form of a pathogen used to stimulate the to and the Can be used for and pathogens Why do you get sick after some vaccinations? Your body is to the pathogen as it would to a pathogen. The (fever, fatigue, ) are your bod

7 VIRUSES VIRUS an particle that consists of a enclosed in a shell ( ). VIRUS STRUCTURE ALL viruses have: Nucleic acid or Capsid Some have an envelope a that surrounds the _ Forms from the membrane or membrane of the cell Envelope proteins on the of the virus are from the host cell as the viruses Helps the virus detection and get into a new Bacteriophage infects Human Virus VIRAL REPLICATION Lytic Cycle 1. The virus its into the cell. 2. The viral DNA the cell and uses the cell s to make more virus 3. Once the cell has enough parts, the new viruses of the cell causing the to. 4. The new go and more cells and the begins _

8 Viral Replication Cycles LYTIC CYCLE LYSOGENIC CYCLE Lysogenic Cycle 1. The virus _ its into the cell. 2. The viral DNA is to the cell s. 3. The cell _ the every time the cell. 4. Virus are made. 5. The cell, but produces cells. triggers cause the virus to to the cycle. SO, ARE VIRUSES LIVING? WHICH CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE DO THEY LACK? VIRAL DISEASES Heredity Responsiveness Homeostasis Made of Cells Growth Metabolism Reproduction Can affect,, and, but are very A can only affect. Because viruses using the host s, it is difficult to make that will not the. Named by the cannot be _ and like living Once our _ have the virus under, its remains in the cells by the cycle (You get rid of a )