NON MENDELIAN GENETICS. DNA, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, MUTATIONS DUE DECEMBER 8TH
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1 NON MENDELIAN GENETICS. DNA, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, MUTATIONS DUE DECEMBER 8TH MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY 11/14 11/15 11/16 11/17 11/18 Non-Mendelian Genetics DNA Structure and Replication 11/28 HW CHECK Q 1-2 HW CHECK Q 3-5 THANKSGIVING BREAK NO SCHOOL 11/29 11/30 12/1 12/2 DNA Structure and Replication HW CHECK Q /5 12/6 Genetic Mutations HW CHECK Q Protein Synthesis: Transcription HW CHECK Q /7 12/8 TEST HW CHECK Q Protein Synthesis: Translation HW CHECK Q /9 12/12 Semester Final Review Unit Guide Due 12/13 12/14 12/15 Semester Final Review 12/16 Semester Final Exam Read: Chapters 7.2 and 8 UNIT TEST: December 8th Watch (Supplemental Resource): Amoeba sisters (monohybrids, and the punnett square) Crash Course Biology (DNA Structure and Replication) Bozeman science (Genetics, DNA, RNA Parts 1 and 2) Book online at : Use your username and password to get to the biology book or Username: beagles1 Password: gogreen! Coach Schrock s Website: What the state of Texas wants you to know! TEKS 3F: Research and describe the history of biology and contributions of scientists. TEKS 4B: Investigate and explain cellular processes, including the synthesis of new molecules. TEKS 6A: Identify components of DNA, and describe how information for specifying traits of an organism is carried in the DNA. TEKS 6B: Recognize that components that make up the genetic code are common to all organisms. Non-Mendelian Genetics, DNA, Protein Synthesis, and Mutations Unit Guide Page 1
2 TEKS 6C: Explain the purpose and process of transcription and translation using models of DNA and RNA. TEKS 6E: Identify and illustrate changes in DNA and evaluate the significance of these changes. TEKS 6F: Predict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses and non-mendelian inheritance Listen and Look Heredity = passing of traits from parents to offspring. Genome = all an organism s genetic material. Gene = specific region of DNA that codes for a particular protein. Alleles = any of the alternative forms of a gene that occurs at a specific place on a chromosome. Genotype = collection of all an organism s genetic information that codes for traits. Phenotype = collection of all of an organism s physical characteristics. Dominant = allele that is expressed when two different alleles are present in an organism s genotype. Recessive = allele that is not expressed unless two copies are present in an organism s genotype. Homozygous = characteristic of having two of the same alleles at the same spot on homologous pairs. Heterozygous = characteristic of having two different alleles that appear at the same spot on homologous pairs. Probability = likelihood that a particular event will happen. Punnett Square = model for predicting all possible genotypes resulting from a mating. Monohybrid cross = mating between organisms that involves only one pair of contrasting traits. Dihybrid cross = mating between organisms involving two pairs of contrasting traits. Incomplete dominance = heterozygous phenotype that is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes. Codominance = heterozygous genotype that equally expresses the traits from both alleles. Polygenic = trait that is produced by two or more genes. Nucleus: organelle composed of double membrane that acts as the storehouse for most of a cell s DNA. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid- molecule that stores genetic information in all organisms. RNA: Ribonucleic Acid-molecule that allows for transmission of genetic information and protein synthesis. Nucleotide: monomer that forms DNA and has a phosphate group, sugar and nitrogen-containing base. Double Helix: model that compares the structure of a DNA molecule, in which two strands wind around one another, to that of a twisted ladder. Replication: process by which DNA is copied. DNA polymerase: enzyme that makes bonds between nucleotides, forming an identical strand of DNA during replication. DNA strand: DNA side Complementary side/strand: either of the two sides that make up a double helix of DNA. Adenine: nitrogenous base found in DNA- matches with Thymine and Uracil. Guanine: nitrogenous base found in DNA- matches with Cytosine. Cytosine: nitrogenous base found in DNA- matches with Guanine. Non-Mendelian Genetics, DNA, Protein Synthesis, and Mutations Unit Guide Page 2
3 Thymine: nitrogenous base found in DNA- matches with Adenine. Uracil: nitrogenous base found in RNA- matches with Adenine Purine: Type of nitrogenous base, has two circular ring structures, A,G match with a pyrimidine. Pyrimidine: type of nitrogenous base, has one circular ring structure, C,T match with a purine. Ribosome: organelle that links amino acids together to form proteins. Transcription: process of copying a nucleotide sequence of DNA to form a complementary strand of mrna. Translation: process by which mrna is decoded and a protein is produced. RNA polymerase: enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template. Messenger RNA: form of RNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA: RNA that is in the ribosome and guides the translation of mrna into a protein; also used as a molecular clock. Transfer RNA: form of RNA that brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis. Codon or triplet codon: sequence of three nucleotides that codes for one amino acid. Anticodon: set of three nucleotides in a trna molecule that binds to a complementary mrna codon during translation. Amino Acid: molecule that makes up proteins, composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur. Protein: polymer composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; folds into a particular structure depending on bonds between amino acids. Non-Mendelian Genetics, DNA, Protein Synthesis, and Mutations Unit Guide Page 3
4 Recall and Review: ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS IN COMPLETE SENTENCES. Use the video and your textbook to help you answer the following questions in your binder. A. Section How is incomplete dominance expressed in a phenotype? 2-How is codominance expressed in a phenotype? B. Chapter 8 (Section 1) 3. Transform means to change. Predict why Griffith called the mystery material the transforming principle? 4. State three reasons Avery concluded that the mystery material was DNA, not protein. 5. Explain how Hershey and Chase s research with bacteriophages helped to confirm that DNA was the genetic material. C. Chapter 8 (Section 2) 6. Draw a nucleotide and label the phosphate group, the nitrogen-containing base, and the deoxyribose sugar. Non-Mendelian Genetics, DNA, Protein Synthesis, and Mutations Unit Guide Page 4
5 7. Describe how the four DNA nucleotides differ in structure. 8. Draw a DNA double helix. Label the sugar-phosphate backbone, the nitrogen-containing bases, and the hydrogen bonds. Non-Mendelian Genetics, DNA, Protein Synthesis, and Mutations Unit Guide Page 5
6 9. State which part of a DNA molecule carries the genetic instructions that are unique for each individual? Explain. D. Chapter 8 (Section 3) 10. State the end product of replication. 11. Explain. What does it mean that a DNA strand is used as a template in replication. 12. List two examples of how enzymes and other proteins help in the process of replication. 13. Infer. Why is it important that human chromosomes have many origins of replication? E. Chapter 8 (Section 4) 14. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. DNA Both RNA Non-Mendelian Genetics, DNA, Protein Synthesis, and Mutations Unit Guide Page 6
7 15. Explain why transcription occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotes. 16. Compare and contrast transcription and replication. Transcription Both Replication 17. Apply. If a DNA segment has the nucleotides AGCTTAT, predict the sequence of the mrna strand that results after transcription. F. Chapter 8 (Section 5) 18. Explain the relationship between a codon and an amino acid. 19. Calculate. Suppose an mrna molecule in the cytoplasm had 300 nucleotides. How many amino acids would be in the resulting protein? Explain 20. Explain the role of trna in translation. G. Chapter 8 (Section 7) 21. Differentiate between gene and chromosome mutations. Provide an example of each Non-Mendelian Genetics, DNA, Protein Synthesis, and Mutations Unit Guide Page 7
8 22. Explain the difference between a point and frameshift mutation. Point Mutation Frameshift Mutation 23. Describe one mutation that would not have an effect on an organism s phenotype. Practice EOC Questions 1. Who first proposed the double-helix structure of the DNA molecule? a. Pauling b. McClintock c. Watson and Crick d. Harris and Watkins 2. Scientists have developed a way to analyze and compare DNA sequences between humans. Using this genetic information would be most beneficial for a. Identifying individuals b. Dating the age of fossils c. Creating new gene sequences d. Determining proteins produced in skin cells 3. If the DNA strand sequence is ATCGATCGA, what is the complementary stand s sequence? a. ATCGATCGA b. TAGCTAGCT c. AUCGAUCGA d. GCTAGCYAG 4. Which of these shows the steps by which proteins are coded and synthesized? a. RNADNA protein b. DNARNA protein c. ProteinRNADNA d. ProteinDNARNA Non-Mendelian Genetics, DNA, Protein Synthesis, and Mutations Unit Guide Page 8
9 5. A cross of a white hen with a black rooster produces an offspring that shows a blending or mixing of the genotype. This type of inheritance is known as a. incomplete dominance b. polygenic inheritance c. codominance d. multiple allele 6. A heterozygous individual would have the genotype a. Hh b. hh c. HH d. Hornless 7. A change in the DNA of a gene is called a a. Gamete b. Trait c. Translation d. Mutation 8. The result of crossing a red flower with a white flower is all pink offspring. This demonstrates the principle of a. Incomplete dominance b. Multiple allele c. Mutation d. Crossing over 9. A trait that is carried on the X chromosome is considered a. An exception to the principle of codominance b. Sex-linked inheritance c. Lethal in female d. Autosomal inheritance 10. The process shown in the diagram is a. Cellular respiration b. Cellular reorganization c. Cellular transport d. Protein synthesis Non-Mendelian Genetics, DNA, Protein Synthesis, and Mutations Unit Guide Page 9
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