GCSE (9 1) Combined Science (Biology) A (Gateway Science) J250/08 Paper 8, B4 B6 and CS7 (PAGs B1 B5) (Higher Tier)

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1 Oxford Cambridge and RSA GCSE (9 1) Combined Science (Biology) A (Gateway Science) Paper 8, B4 B6 and CS7 (PAGs B1 B5) (Higher Tier) Year 11 Test Time allowed: 1 hour 10 minutes You must have: a ruler (cm/mm) You may use: a scientific or graphical calculator an HB pencil First name Last name Centre number Candidate number INSTRUCTIONS Use black ink. You may use an HB pencil for graphs and diagrams. Complete the boxes above with your name, centre number and candidate number. Answer all the questions. Write your answer to each question in the space provided. Additional paper may be used if required but you must clearly show your candidate number, centre number and question number(s). INFORMATION The total mark for this paper is 60. The marks for each question are shown in brackets [ ]. Quality of extended response will be assessed in the questions marked with an asterisk (*). This document consists of 20 pages. DC (KN) /4 OCR is an exempt Charity Turn over

2 2 SECTION A Answer all the questions. You should spend a maximum of 20 minutes on this section. 1 The gene for flower colour has two alleles. Purple (P) is dominant over white (p). A genetic cross between two plants, both Pp, produces 160 offspring. How many of these offspring would you expect to be purple? A 40 B 80 C 120 D 160 Your answer [1] 2 Which of the following does not fit with modern ideas on evolution? A B C D Characteristics that do not help organisms disappear from the population. Future generations contain organisms that are better suited to their environment. Offspring inherit characteristics from their parents. Organisms change during their lifetime and pass these changes on to their offspring. Your answer [1]

3 3 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria live inside root nodules of leguminous plants. Which type of interdependence is this an example of? 3 A B C D Decomposition Mutualism Parasitism Predation Your answer [1] 4 Which row in the table shows the correct number of chromosomes for each cell? Number of chromosomes Horse egg cell Horse eye cell Palisade cell Pollen cell A Haploid Diploid Haploid Diploid B Diploid Haploid Diploid Haploid C Haploid Diploid Diploid Haploid D Diploid Haploid Haploid Diploid Your answer [1] 5 Which row in the table shows the correct description of an example of variation? Example Continuous Discontinuous Genetic Environmental A Eye colour 3 3 B Blood group 3 3 C Height D Weight Your answer [1] Turn over

4 6 Angioplasty involves putting a wire mesh stent into partially blocked arteries to widen the artery. Which sentence about angioplasty is correct? 4 A B C D Angioplasty is a drug treatment used to treat cardiovascular disease. Angioplasty is a lifestyle treatment used to treat cardiovascular disease. Angioplasty is a surgical technique used to treat cardiovascular disease. Angioplasty is not used to treat cardiovascular disease. Your answer [1] 7 Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV co-infection is when people have both HIV and also TB infection. What happens during this co-infection? A B C D HIV infection and TB symptoms both decrease. HIV infection and TB symptoms both increase. HIV infection symptoms reduce and TB symptoms increase. HIV infection symptoms increase and TB symptoms decrease. Your answer [1] 8 Bacteria have important roles in cycling nitrogen in nature. Which of the following is the role of bacteria in decomposition? A B C D Converting nitrates into nitrites Converting nitrites into nitrates Converting nitrates into nitrogen Converting protein into ammonium compounds Your answer [1]

5 5 9 The graph shows the level of deforestation in the world between the years 1920 and Deforestation (million hectares) Year What is the percentage increase in deforestation between 1920 and 2000? A 25% B 50% C 75% D 100% Your answer [1] 10 Which reason explains why very few mutations affect the phenotype? A B C D Most mutations are dominant and both mutant alleles are often present. Most mutations are dominant and only one mutant allele is often present. Most mutations are recessive and both mutant alleles are often present. Most mutations are recessive and only one mutant allele is often present. Your answer [1] Turn over

6 6 SECTION B Answer all the questions. 11 The use of antibiotics has resulted in an increase in bacteria that are resistant to certain antibiotics. The table shows data for the percentage incidence of MRSA resistant bacteria. Year % Incidence (a) (i) Plot a graph to show the % incidence of MRSA over time. Draw a line of best fit. [4]

7 7 (ii) The percentage incidence for 1990 is missing from the table. Use the graph to predict the percentage incidence for Answer =... % [1] (iii) How does evidence in the graph support the theory of evolution through natural selection?... [3] (b) (i) Bacterial cells are different to animal cells because they contain plasmids. Write about two other ways bacterial cells are different [2] (ii) A single plasmid may contain information on resistance to many different antibiotics. In the last few decades, doctors have been asked to prescribe less antibiotics to avoid further resistance developing. Very few new drugs have been developed in the last few decades. Suggest two reasons why.... [2] Turn over

8 8 12 (a) The Human Genome Project (HGP) began in Scientists all over the world collaborated on this project and it was completed in (i) What is a genome?... [1] (ii)* Knowledge and analysis of an individual s genome may lead to many medical uses. There are also areas where this knowledge can cause difficulties for an individual. Discuss whether the Human Genome Project has been a big step forward in science or an ethical dilemma. To support your answer discuss the advantages and disadvantages of an individual s genome being identified.... [6]

9 9 (b) Insulin can be made by genetic engineering. The stages involved are listed but they are not in the correct order. A B C D Insulin gene is inserted into a plasmid using ligase enzymes. The plasmid is placed inside the bacterial cell. Bacterium reproduce, resulting in millions of identical bacteria that make human insulin. The gene for making insulin is cut from a length of human DNA using restriction enzymes. (i) Write the letters in the boxes to show the correct order of the stages. Start [2] (ii) The plasmid is used to transfer genetic material into the bacterium. What word describes something that is used to transfer genetic material into an organism?... [1] Turn over

10 10 13 A student conducts a field study on a rocky shore. The student finds differences between the distribution of two types of barnacles, stellate barnacles and rock barnacles. The diagram shows the distribution of stellate barnacles and rock barnacles. Highest tide Stellate barnacle Lowest tide Rock barnacle To measure the distribution of these two types of barnacle the student does a transect. (a) Describe how the student would complete a transect [2] (b) The student uses a transect instead of a grid and random numbers. A transect is more suitable for investigating the distribution of organisms. Explain why [2] (c) State two safety features the student must be aware of when completing the transect on the rocky shore [2]

11 11 (d) The student draws a kite diagram to show their results. Stellate barnacle Rock barnacle Distance from highest tide (m) (i) Suggest how the kite diagram shows abundance of stellate and rock barnacles.... [1] (ii) Rock barnacles find it hard to survive when their bodies dry out. Rock barnacles are better at feeding and attaching to rocks than stellate barnacles. Explain how evidence in the kite diagram supports the existence of these characteristics in stellate and rock barnacles.... [2] Turn over

12 12 14 Lactose is a sugar found in milk. (a) Lactase breaks down lactose into smaller carbohydrate molecules, glucose and galactose. Write down the name of one monomer in this reaction.... [1] (b) The diagram shows the breakdown of lactose. Lactose Lactase Galactose + Glucose H 2 O Explain how lactase breaks down lactose and why lactase is the only enzyme in the body that can do this. You may draw a diagram to help you [4]

13 (c) Congenital alactasia is a rare genetic disorder. It is caused by a recessive allele (n). 13 A pregnant woman is heterozygous for Congenital alactasia. The father of the baby is homozygous recessive. What is the probability of the baby having Congenital alactasia? Use a labelled genetic diagram to explain your answer.... [2] Turn over

14 14 (d) Lactase deficiency often develops in adults. It results from decreased lactase production. It is a common change as adults normally shift from a milk based diet in infancy to a non-milk based adult diet. However, people with a high dairy milk based diet will be affected more if they develop lactase deficiency. Many Northern Europeans use a lot of milk in their diet. Look at the table. Ethnic group or race % of adults with lactase deficiency Northern Europeans 4 11% Eastern and Southern Europeans 14 38% Southern and Eastern Indians 77% Hispanics 50 80% Africans 80% Asian and Native Americans % (i) A gene mutation occurred that leads to the ability to digest lactose even in adulthood. Use the data to suggest the part of the world where the mutation first occurred.... [1] (ii) Explain why the ability to digest lactose in adults is more common in some areas of the world than others. Use the information and ideas about natural selection in your answer.... [4]

15 15 BLANK PAGE Question 15 starts on page 16 Turn over

16 16 15 Cancer is a disease caused by malfunction of normal cell division. Once a cancer cell develops it continues to divide to form a tumour. The graph shows the development of a breast tumour. Number of cells mm Very Early Breast Cancer (undetectable) 0.5 cm 1 cm 2 cm 4 cm Clinical Breast Cancer 10 cm Number of cell doublings (a) At 1 cm diameter, the tumour has cells and is detectable. The graph shows that at 1 mm diameter the breast tumour has cells. By how many cells has the tumour increased from 1 mm in size until it is first detectable? Write your answer in standard form to 1 decimal place. Answer =... cells [3] (b) Cell doubling for breast cancer occurs approximately every 100 days. Breast tumours change the blood vessels in the breast causing a temperature change. This temperature change can be detected by a thermogram after 100 days. Mammograms can detect possible tumours as a mass of tissue when it is 1 cm in diameter. Suggest why thermograms might greatly reduce the number of deaths from breast cancer [1]

17 17 (c) Stem cells have been used in cancer therapy for many years. Scientists could also use gene technology to prevent or treat cancer. Compare the ethics of using gene technology with the use of stem cells [3] END OF QUESTION PAPER

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