GENETICS HOW HUMANS MANIPULATE GENES FOR THEIR OWN BENEFIT

Transcription

1 GENETICS HOW HUMANS MANIPULATE GENES FOR THEIR OWN BENEFIT

2

3 SELECTIVE BREEDING &HYBRIDIZATION CHOOSING ORGANISMS OF THE SAME SPECIES WITH THE BEST TRAITS TO MATE TOGETHER Examples: Purebred dogs, horses, crops MATING ORGANISMS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES TO GET FAVORABLE TRAITS; THE OFFSPRING ARE USUALLY INFERTILE Example: Mule strength/speed of a horse, coordination of a donkey, but infertile 1

4 Beefalo = Buffalo + Cow Grizzly Polar = Polar Bear + Brown Bear Liger = Lion + Tiger Zebroid = Zebra + Equine 2

5 FACT: code for Genes (DNA) Proteins QUESTION: If this is true, what happens if we put new DNA/genes into an organism? ANSWER: That organism can now create proteins that it couldn t before. WHO CARES: Now humans can use that protein for their own uses. 3

6 GENETIC ENGINEERING NOTES 4

7 5

8 1. What can humans make using the process of genetic engineering? 2. Why would humans want to make a protein using a bacteria? 6

9 CLONING Scientists take the egg from one organism and remove the haploid set of chromosomes. They take the diploid set of chromosomes out of the body cell and insert it into the egg. With a stimulating voltage, the egg cell will start the process of cleavage. The blastula will be implanted into a female s uterus. Eventually, an exact clone will be born. 7

10 DNA FINGERPRINTING/ GEL ELECTROPHORESIS Scientists cut the DNA into different sized pieces based on DNA sequence using enzymes. They put the pieces into the gel and create a charge field. The DNA is negative & repels the negative charge and makes its way down the gel. The shorter pieces travel faster than the longer ones and the DNA separates. They can compare the pattern to determine identity and paternity. 8

11 GEL ELECTROPHORESIS/DNA FINGERPRINTING PRACTICE QUESTION 9

12 NAME: GENETIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1. The diagram below represents a technique used in some molecular biology laboratories. This technique is a type of 1. chromatography 2. gel electrophoresis 3. direct harvesting 4. genetic engineering 2. The diagram below shows a normal gene sequence and three mutated sequences of a segment of DNA. Which row in the chart below correctly identifies the cause of each type of mutation? In some people, the lack of a particular enzyme causes a disease. Scientists are attempting to use bacteria to produce this enzyme for the treatment of people with the disease. Which row in the chart below best describes the sequence of steps the scientists would most likely follow?

13 NAME: 4. The diagram below represents the process used in 1996 to clone the first mammal, a sheep named Dolly. Which statement concerning Dolly is correct? 1. Gametes from sheep A and sheep B were united to produce Dolly. 2. The chromosome makeup of Dolly is identical to that of sheep A. 3. Both Dolly and sheep C have identical DNA. 4. Dolly contains genes from sheep B and sheep C. 5. For centuries, certain animals have been crossed to produce offspring that have desirable qualities. Dogs have been mated to produce Labradors, beagles, and poodles. All of these dogs look and behave very differently from one another. This technique of producing organisms with specific qualities is known as 1. gene replication 2. natural selection 3. random mutation 4. selective breeding 11

14 NAME: 6. The flounder is a species of fish that can live in very cold water. The fish produces an antifreeze protein that prevents ice crystals from forming in its blood. The DNA for this protein has been identified. An enzyme is used to cut and remove this section of flounder DNA that is then spliced into the DNA of a strawberry plant. As a result, the plant can now produce a protein that makes it more resistant to the damaging effects of frost. This process is known as 1. sorting of genes 2. genetic engineering 3. recombination of chromosomes 4. mutation by deletion of genetic material Base your answers to questions 7 & 8 on the diagram below. 7. This technique used to analyze DNA directly results in: 1. synthesizing large fragments of DNA 2. separating DNA fragments on the basis of size 3. producing genetically engineered DNA molecules 4. removing the larger DNA fragments from the samples 8. This laboratory technique is known as 1 gel electrophoresis 2 DNA replication 3 protein synthesis 4 genetic recombination 12

15 NAME: 9. Base your answer on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology. Search of a Low-Allergy Peanut Many people are allergic to substances in the environment. Of the many foods that contain allergens (allergy-inducing substances), peanuts cause some of the most severe reactions. Mildly allergic people may only get hives. Highly allergic people can go into a form of shock. Some people die each year from reactions to peanuts. A group of scientists is attempting to produce peanuts that lack the allergy-inducing proteins by using traditional selective breeding methods. They are searching for varieties of peanuts that are free of the allergens. By crossing those varieties with popular commercial types, they hope to produce peanuts that will be less likely to cause allergic reactions and still taste good. So far, they have found one variety that has 80 percent less of one of three complex proteins linked to allergic reactions. Removing all three of these allergens may be impossible, but even removing one could help. Other researchers are attempting to alter the genes that code for the three major allergens in peanuts. All of this research is seen as a possible long-term solution to peanut allergies. Explain how selective breeding is being used to try to produce commercial peanuts that will not cause allergic reactions in people. 13

16 GENETICS TARGET TRACKER I can 1 Please help me. I am clueless. I will come see you during RB 2 Shaky, I kind of understand but I would like some help. I will come see you during RB 3 I m good. I just need some more practice to solidify my understanding so I will do HW to practice. 4 I got this! Next topic please! Pgs. 1 & 2 Genetic Engineering Lab Pgs. 3-6 Pgs. 3-5 Pg. 6 & Genetic Engineering Lab Pg. 7 Pg. 8 & 9 Explain the purpose of and difference between selective breeding and hybridization.. Create and analyze a paper model to simulate the production of recombinant DNA and interpret diagrams depicting this same process. List the steps needed to create recombinant DNA using vocabulary such as: plasmid, enzyme, sticky ends and recombinant DNA). Articulate the uses of recombinant DNA (genetic engineering) in today s society such as creating insulin for people with diabetes, engineering better food, cleaning up waste and etc. Relay the steps used when a scientist attempts to clone an organism. Interpret gel electrophoresis (DNA fingerprinting) results.