Helps DNA put genetic code into action RNA Structure

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1 13.1 RNA

2 Helps DNA put genetic code into action RNA Structure Single Stranded Nucleotides building blocks to RNA Ribose (5C sugar) Phosphate Group Nitrogenous base: Adenine, Uracil Guanine, Cytosine Disposable DNA copy: performs work of DNA message AA to protein

3 Differences: DNA RNA Sugar: Deoxyribose Ribose Strand #: 2 1 N-base: Thymine Uracil Types: 1 (master plan) 3 (blue print)

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5 To make protein Types of RNA mrna: carries DNA s MESSAGE from nucleus rrna: in RIBOSOME assembly site for proteins trna: TRANSFERS amino acids to ribosome

6 A. Transcription Nucleus DNA gene transcribed to mrna complement RNA polymerase uses 1 DNA strand to assemble mrna nucleotide

7 B. Promoters Enzyme start region Has specific base sequences C. RNA Editing Introns: edited out sections of DNA Exons: remaining pieces spliced together form final mrna strand

8 A. Genetic Code Universal genetic rule of protein synthesis Based on mrna language Read 3 letters at 1 time = 1 word is 3 bases long 1 amino acid (AA) Codon: Each 3 mrna letters codes 1 AA UCG CCC => Serine Proline => Polypeptide chain of AA => Protein

9 4 diff bases in RNA = 64 possible 3-base codon Most AA specify by more than 1 codon

10 Start Codon = methionine (AUG) Start for protein synthesis mrna is then read 3 bases at 1 time til it reaches 1 out of the 3 stop codons Stop Codon ends translation; polypeptide (chains of AA complete)

11 Process of decoding mrna message into protein Steps in Translation 1. Cytoplasm (at rrna: ribosome) 2. mrna codon directs protein synthesis 3. trna (complimentary) anticodon brings AA: builds polypeptide chain DNA: TAC TTA GCC (gene) mrna: AUG AAU CGG (codon) trna: UAC UUA GCC (anticodon) Met - Asp - Arg (protein)

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13 All 3 RNA come ribosome mrna carries coded message; directs process trna delivers correct AA for mrna codon rrna helps hold ribosomal protein in place

14 Protein play key role in producing org s traits Microscopic tools designed to build/operate a component of living cell Molecular bio est.to explain living org at molecular level Uses DNA/RNA Central Dogma: info is transferred from DNA to RNA to protein Gene expression: DNA, RNA, & protein all invlived in putting genetic info into action w/in cells

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16 A. Types of Mutations Changes in DNA sequencing 1. Gene Mutations: changes in 1 or few nucleotide (point mutation) Usually occur during replication Passed on to every cell that dev from orginal cell a. Substitution: 1 base changed to diff base; may have no affect b. Insertion & Deletion: 1 base inserted or removed from DNA sequence; effects can be dramatic (also called frameshift mutation)

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18 Point Mutation Frameshift Single gene mutation

19 Changes in # or struct of chromosomes May change location of gene on chrom May change # of copies of gene 4 types of chromosomal mutations Deletion: loss of all or part of chrom Duplication: extra copy of all or part Inversion: reverses direction of parts of chrom Translocation: part of chrom breaks off & attaches another

20 1. Mutagens: mutation from chemical or physical agent in env t Chemical: pesticides, plant alkaloids, tobacco smoke & envt pollutants Physical: x-rays, UV light 2. Harmful & helpful Mutations Most mutations neutral; little to no effect on gene expression a. Harmful Change protein struct or gene activity Ex: cancer-prod of mutation; uncontrolled growth sickle cell anemia (pt mutation)

21 Can produce proteins w/new or altered funct that help in changing envt Ex: Mosquitos able to resist pesticides (bad for human) good for mosquito population Ex in Humans: mutation that increases bone strength & density, resistance to disease or viruses Breeders use good mutations increase desirable traits Ex: Polyploidy: org has extra set of chromosomes usually plants larger & stronger Tend to larger than normal diploid counterpart

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