DNA RNA PROTEIN. Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11 Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. unless otherwise noted

Transcription

1 DNA RNA PROTEIN Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11 Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. unless otherwise noted

2 DNA Molecule of heredity Contains all the genetic info our cells inherit Determines every aspect of cellular function Indirectly determines our outward physical appearance (which is determined by cellular functions) DNA --> RNA --> Protein 2

3 RNA Molecule built off DNA Carries genetic info from DNA to Rough ER Used to make proteins Chains of amino acids DNA --> RNA --> Protein 3

4 Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA are nucleic acids Long chains of nucleotide subunits Nucleotide = sugar + phosphate + base Base DNA --> RNA --> Protein 4

5 Nucleic Acids Nucleotides form a chain Sugar & phosphate form backbone Bases hang off the side DNA --> RNA --> Protein 5

6 Components of Nucleic Acids 2 possible sugars Deoxyribose Ribose Phosphate 5 possible bases Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Uracil (U) DNA --> RNA --> Protein 6

7 Components of Nucleic Acids DNA Sugar = deoxyribose Phosphate Bases Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine RNA Sugar = ribose Phosphate Bases Adenine Uracil Cytosine Guanine DNA --> RNA --> Protein 7

8 DNA Double-stranded molecule Bases pair to form cross links between strands A T C - G Entire molecule twists into alpha helix DNA --> RNA --> Protein 8

9 3 ways to Show DNA DNA --> RNA --> Protein 9

10 DNA Carries genetic info Chromosomes made of DNA + proteins DNA code is determined by the order of the bases DNA --> RNA --> Protein 10

11 DNA Replication Required before cell division Mitosis and meiosis Makes 2 exact copies of each chromosome Somatic cell division each daughter cell genetically identical DNA --> RNA --> Protein 11

12 DNA Replication Parent DNA unwinds New nucleotides pair with parent nucleotides A T, C G Enzymes bind nucleotides together Requires ATP Each strand builds its complement DNA --> RNA --> Protein 12

13 DNA Replication Replication several spots at once, then sections stitched together by enzymes Result is 2 identical daughter DNA molecules Each with half parent DNA (blue) and half new DNA (orange) DNA --> RNA --> Protein 13

14 How does DNA determine cell function? DNA serves as pattern for RNA RNA serves as pattern for proteins Protein shape determines protein function Protein function determines cell function Significant info is the base sequence DNA sequence RNA sequence amino acid sequence (protein) protein shape DNA --> RNA --> Protein 14

15 Cellular Factory DNA RNA Protein DNA is Chief Executive Officer CEO s office is nucleus RNA is from CEO to work force directing activities Protein is work force of cell DNA --> RNA --> Protein 15

16 Transcription DNA RNA Gene = section of DNA coding for protein DNA opens, exposes gene side with code for protein RNA bases pair with DNA bases DNA RNA A U T A C G G C RNA polymerase stitches bases together DNA --> RNA --> Protein 16

17 Transcription DNA --> RNA --> Protein 17

18 Transcription Results in 3 types RNA Messenger RNA (mrna) Ribosomal RNA (rrna) Transfer RNA (trna) DNA --> RNA --> Protein 18

19 Translation RNA Protein 3 types of RNA used to make proteins DNA --> RNA --> Protein 19

20 mrna Carries code for amino acid sequence 3 bases = codon for one amino acid Has start and stop codons DNA --> RNA --> Protein 20

21 mrna Codons DNA --> RNA --> Protein 21

22 DNA RNA Protein DNA --> RNA --> Protein 22

23 trna Brings in correct amino acid for mrna codon DNA --> RNA --> Protein 23

24 rrna Reads mrna codon to bring in correct trna DNA --> RNA --> Protein 24

25 HANDS ON MAKE DNA DNA MAKE DNA RNA DNA --> RNA --> Protein 25

26 Translation RNA Protein Initiation mrna binds to small ribosome subunit trna binds to start codon Large ribosomal subunit binds to small subunit DNA --> RNA --> Protein 26

27 Translation Elongation DNA --> RNA --> Protein 27

28 Translation Elongation DNA --> RNA --> Protein 28

29 Translation Elongation DNA --> RNA --> Protein 29

30 Translation Elongation DNA --> RNA --> Protein 30

31 Translation Termination Ribosome reads stop codon DNA --> RNA --> Protein 31

32 HANDS ON MAKE RNA PROTEIN DNA --> RNA --> Protein 32

33 Proteins Primary Structure Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure DNA --> RNA --> Protein 33

34 Proteins DNA --> RNA --> Protein 34

35 Proteins DNA --> RNA --> Protein 35

36 Proteins DNA --> RNA --> Protein 36

37 Proteins DNA --> RNA --> Protein 37

38 Proteins DNA --> RNA --> Protein 38