Should Embryonic Stem Cell Research be Permitted to Continue? Over the past few years a debate has been going on over the moral implications of
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1 Courtesy of Christopher Waits. Used with permission. Waits 1 Should Embryonic Stem Cell Research be Permitted to Continue? Over the past few years a debate has been going on over the moral implications of embryonic stem cell research and the proper funding for that research. When considering a topic of this importance, it is essential that one take a step back and review its merits as well as the alternatives, and ask what it is that those promoting it are trying to accomplish. Is the cure worse than the disease? In the case of embryonic stem cell research, the answer is yes. Embryonic stem cell research is immoral and should be stopped, as there are other more ethical alternatives available that are being ignored by scientists that are solely focused on embryonic stem cell research. To begin a discussion of stem cells, it is important to address the basic definitions surrounding the research in order to understand its significance. The most important distinction is between totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent stem cells. Each of these terms refers to the ability of the stem cell to create different kinds of cells. Totipotent stem cells are those that can grow into an entire organism (a blastomere is an example). Pluripotent stem cells aren t able to form a whole organism, but can become any cell in the body. Multipotent stem cells, however, can only become some types of cells, multipotent stem cells are often called unipotent as they usually only form one type of cell. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells that are obtained from the inner mass cells of an embryo. Adult stem cells on the other hand are mostly multipotent, undifferentiated cells that are found among different differentiated cells of a certain tissue. Differentiability refers to the cell s ability to produce other kinds of cells.
2 Waits 2 Differentiated cells are those cells that can only produce one particular type of cell, while undifferentiated cells can produce more than one type of cell. Before discussing the controversy at hand, it is also important to understand how it is that embryonic stem cells are formed, and how they differ from adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are obtained by fusing a patient s cell with an enucleated egg cell forming an embryo. The embryo is then allowed to grow for approximately five days until it is anywhere from a few tens of cells to 150 cells. The stem cells can then be extracted from the inner mass cells of the embryo, resulting in the destruction of the embryo. The stem cells are cultured, and they will grow and divide indefinitely creating a stem cell line of offspring sharing its genetic characteristics. Adult stem cells, however, are present in many different tissues, most notably in bone marrow, and are responsible for the daily production of certain specialized cells such as red blood cells. These cells are extracted from the patient, grown in culture and then reinjected into the same patient with no destructive effects to the tissue or the patient. The main advantage that embryonic stem cells have over adult stem cells is that the embryonic cells are totipotent. They have the ability to differentiate into every cell in the body, thus making them more attractive because their potential is not limited by the kinds of cells that they can become. Recent evidence proves that some adult stem cells can transform into several different forms, but no human adult stem cells have been found that are pluripotent. Embryonic stem cells have far fewer problems associated with their use, but the moral issue surrounding the destruction of the embryo is the heart of the issue. Some believe that life begins as soon as the embryo is formed and that if the embryo has the
3 Waits 3 potential to become a human, destruction of that embryo for any reason is killing a human being. Furthermore, embryonic stem cell research is significantly behind adult stem cell research and has not yet proven its efficacy, which begs the question: Why invest in controversial research that isn t guaranteed to work as well as a solution that already exists? This is one of the major advantages of using adult stem cells: they are already being used effectively for over one hundred diseases, while embryonic stem cells are still untested. Adult stem cells also have two other very powerful advantages: they are obtained from the patient so there are no moral issues surrounding their use, as the stem cells, first, are obtained with consent from the patient, and, second, the procedure does not harm the donor. Adult stem cells research is yielding some intriguing results. As mentioned earlier, some adult stem cells have been found that can transform into several different forms; one example is bone marrow stem cells which are able to transform into liver, nerve, muscle and kidney cells depending on what the body needs. Researchers have also extracted stem cells from skin which are able to differentiate into neurons, smooth muscle cells, and fat-cells. More surprisingly, some adult stem cells have been discovered in mice which are claimed to be pluripotent. With time, it may be found that adult stem cells exist in humans that are pluripotent, thus negating one of the biggest advantages embryonic stem cells have over adult stem cells. Adult stem cell research is not without problems, however. Adult stem cells are generally multipotent (though exceptions to this have been proven to exist), and can t give rise to all cells. Unlike embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells are often found in
4 Waits 4 minute quantities which can be difficult to isolate and purify. Also, adult stem cells may not have the same capacity to multiply as embryonic stem cells. Lastly, due to the length of time that adult stem cells have been present in the body, there is a higher risk for DNA abnormalities due to sunlight, toxins, and errors in DNA replication over the course of a lifetime. These abnormalities could be magnified when the stem cells are cultured and may not present as pure a sample of stem cells as embryonic stem cells would. Steps have been taken to curb embryonic stem cell research. Most notable is President Bush s Executive Order of 2001 concerning the use of federal funds for the research of embryonic stem cells. The President halted federal funding for the creation of new embryonic stem cell lines, and placed stringent criteria on the funding of existing cell lines. In order to receive federal funding the criteria that must be met include: 1) informed consent of the donors, 2) the lines must be from excess embryos created solely for reproductive purposes (In Vitro Fertilization), 3) no financial inducements made to the donors. Of the 72 embryonic cell lines that meet these criteria, only 22 are available for distribution due to complications with cryopreservation. In addition, many lines are contaminated with mouse feeder cells, which may hinder the FDA approval of their use in humans. There are several problems with this policy. The president, and most proponents of embryonic stem cell research, argue that the extra embryos created during in vitro fertilization are destroyed, but could be put to good use. The problem with this thought process is a fundamental rule of ethics: the ends can never justify the means. The destruction of human embryos is wrong, as it is a human life (or the potential to become a human being) that is being destroyed; but to benefit from their destruction is also wrong.
5 Waits 5 The other problem with the policy is the first point of the funding criteria, informed consent of the donor. If it is assumed that the embryo is a human life, or the potential to become a human life, are we saying that a parent can donate a child to science? Where will this volunteered sacrifice end, and who s in charge? This can quickly spiral. Who knows where it will end? Is it so far fetched to imagine a future,based on this foundation, where we can give consent for the termination of the elderly as well? Preventing funding for the creation of new cell lines was a step in the right direction, but it did not go far enough in that the President should have denied all embryonic stem-cellresearch funding where the destruction of a human embryo was involved. Many people disagree with this stance, citing all of the ways that embryonic stem cells can improve our lives. It is true that they have the potential to help, but few people realize how many alternatives there are to embryonic stem cells. Perhaps these alternatives are not being considered because so many are focused on embryonic stem cells, and haven t considered that there could be another option that would work better. Some of these options include: umbilical cord blood stem cells, adult stem cells, the use of Reversine, and altered nuclear transfer. Blood from the umbilical cord and placenta is a source of adult stem cells. In order to use them, the umbilical cord is removed and blood is extracted. The blood is then analyzed for infectious diseases and the tissue type is determined. This blood is frozen and when it is needed, it is thawed and injected through a vein of the patient. Cord blood stem cells have been used since 1988 to treat Gunther s Disease, Hunter syndrome, Hurler syndrome, and Acute lymphocytic leukemia as well as many more problems occurring mostly in children.
6 Waits 6 Adult Stem cells are being used in a number of surprising ways; the more research that is done, the more is discovered that was never known. Adult stem cells have been used to treat paralysis due to spinal cord injuries, Parkinson s disease and other illnesses. Injecting adult stem cells into the brains of rats has be successful in treating cancerous tumors. Adult stem cells have been shown to repair muscle damaged after heart attacks by injecting bone-marrow stem cells into mice that had heart attacks, causing 33% improvement in function of the heart, and damaged tissue regrew by 68%. Researchers were able to harvest stem cells from the brains of cadavers and were then able to get them to divide into valuable neurons. Scientists at the University of Toronto were able to form neural stem cells by using skin cells, showing that adult stem cells are not as unipotent as originally believed. In fact, in time of emergency, multipotent stem cells in the bone marrow change to become almost any type of cell responding to the body s needs. Finally, adult-derived stem cells are endowed with additional developmental instructions, which may cause them to be better suited for therapeutic purposes. Another breakthrough alternative to embryonic stem cells is Reversine, a small molecule identified by researchers from Scripps Research Institute which causes a cell to undergo dedifferentiation back to its own precursor cell. This precursor cell has the potential to become different cell types, and presents a tool for generating an unlimited supply of precursors which can be converted to other cell types such as bone or cartilage. The last, and one of the most promising alternatives is altered nuclear transfer. Altered nuclear transfer engineers a human egg that generates cells with full potential of embryonic stem cells without ever forming an actual embryo. This is accomplished by
7 Waits 7 turning off a gene in the donor DNA before it is fused with the enucleated egg. The gene that is turned off directs the formation of the trophectoderm, a layer of cells crucial in the first stages of development. All cells in the mass will eventually die, but scientists can still harvest embryonic-type stem cells from it. The important part of this process is that the mass is not an embryo so it won t be killing it by harvesting the stem cells (though the mass is destroyed, it is not a human embryo). Some of these steps have been demonstrated in mice, but the challenge will be silencing the gene and then turning it back on in the stem cells so they aren t flawed. The last hurtle for altered nuclear transfer will be to gain a consensus that the mass of cells is not a human embryo we must be able to distinguish between a damaged embryo and something that can not be considered an embryo at all. A professor of jurisprudence at Princeton said that in order to be considered not to be an embryo, it should not have integrated organization, it must not have the self-directed active disposition to become the next mature stage, and crucially, the genetic alteration must be made ab initio or from the beginning so it cannot be argued that the procedure merely creates a disabled embryo, [Cook]. All three of these criteria are met by altered nuclear transfer. These options show that a number of alternatives to embryonic stem cell research currently exist. Embryonic stem cell research is immoral; it exploits a life that cannot give its consent. Therefore, all embryonic stem cell research must stop, including research utilizing those stem cell lines already created. Continuing research on these lines of cells may open Pandora s box. If it has been decided that it is wrong to make new lines, what happens if a miracle cure in the existing lines? Will we just ignore the fact that it is wrong and open new lines to exploit the wonder cure? Where will it end?
8 Waits 8 As Michael Crichton wrote of the scientists in Jurassic Park: they were so caught up in whether they could that they never stopped to think if they should. There are other solutions that can benefit humanity without relying on immoral means to do so. We must acknowledge our responsibility to conduct the exploration into these solutions in an ethical manner. We must look deeper for a solution that balances the needs of humanity and the requirements of ethics.
9 Waits 9 Cook, Gareth. New Technique Eyed in Stem-cell Debate Boston Globe. 21 Nov 2004 Fact Sheet: Embryonic Stem Cell Research August 9, Aug Nov Scientific Experts Agree: Embryonic Stem Cells are Unnecessary for Medical Progress. 7 Mar Nov 2004 Stem Cell. 1 Dec Nov 2004
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