Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression. Barbara Nagle SEPUP Director NSTA Boston

Transcription

1 Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression Barbara Nagle SEPUP Director NSTA Boston 1

2 A Catalyst for Learning LAB-AIDS publishes a comprehensive line of innovative science kits and curricula from our home base on Long Island We offer more than 200 kits to support chemistry, biology, life & earth science, and more We offer a full line of professional development services to support our products We publish programs from SEPUP, EDC, and Ergopedia Our materials are used by students in urban, rural, and suburban school systems across the country Come experience science with us! 2

3 Science and Global Issues: Biology Barbara Nagle: sepuplhs.org LAB-AIDS: (800) Booth 1245

4 About SEPUP SEPUP is based at the Lawrence Hall of Science at the University of California, Berkeley SEPUP programs are issues-based, inquiryoriented, and support the Next Gen Science Framework SEPUP has developed a full line of science programs for middle and high schools SEPUP has been funded by NSF since 1987 and is published and distributed by LAB-AIDS Major funding for curriculum work from the National Science Foundation

5 The SEPUP Approach Teach science using real-world issues that connect with students Embed support for literacy throughout Use a approach to cooperative learning Use inquiry, because students learn by doing Make sure key concepts spiral throughout the curriculum Provide a nationally-acclaimed assessment system with formative and summative strategies

6 Issues as context for learning Can the earth s ecosystems sustain our current use of resources? What are the trade-offs of some disease interventions? How do different management strategies affect the sustainability of fisheries? What trade-offs are involved in selectively breeding a desirable strain of rice? How do humans alter the biodiversity of selected plants and animals?

7 SGI Project Overview National Science Foundation Curriculum Development Project Uses sustainability as the unifying context for studying important biological concepts Inquiry-based, Issue-oriented science... students talk, think, and discuss science content as it relates to personal, societal, and global issues students learn to use evidence in the decision-making process Embedded assessments & literacy strategies Research-based & extensively field-tested 7

8 Field Test Impact Data SGI Biology Field Test Pre/Post-Test Effect Size Effect size (Cohen's d) Ecology Cell Genetics Evolution Whole Caucasian males Caucasian females Underrepresented STEM

9 At a Glance...

10 Sustainability Introductory unit Frames the course by setting context Six activities (8 to 12 days to teach) Minimum suggested coverage is 3 lessons

11 Sustainability Sustainability in the context of human development can be defined as: Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. (UN Commission on World Economic Development, 1990)

12 Sustainability Another useful definition of sustainability: Improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems. (SEPUP, 2007)

13 Levels of Sustainability Sustainability can be examined through three perspectives - environmental, economic, and social All three levels must be attended to adequately for a situation to be sustainable Sustainability can also be viewed at three levels - personal, community, and global

14 Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression

15 Get Started Name at least four types of cells that can be found in a human. How are these cells similar? How are these cells different? If they all have the same DNA, what makes these cells have different proteins Activity 17: Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression

16 Get Started You have already learned... All cells in an individual organism have the same genes (DNA) in their nuclei: In other words, your liver, skin, muscle, nerve, and developing blood cells all have the same DNA. But, each type of specialized cell produces characteristic proteins. Activity 17: Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression

17 Introduction Read the introduction. Expressed genes are active. Gene expression is the activity of genes in a cell. Activity 17: Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression

18 Challenge How does the same set of genes direct the activities of 220 human cell types? Activity 17: Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression

19 Procedure Proteins Produced by Four cell types: Beta cells in the pancreas produce insulin. Developing red blood cells produce hemoglobin. Intestinal lining cells produce enzymes that contribute to digestion. Smooth muscle cells produce actin. Activity 17: Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression

20 Procedure Doing Part A: Steps 1 and 2 show the sample genes you will look at, on chromosomes 2 & 11 For Step 3, decide which person in your group of four will investigate each of the following cells: beta cell in pancreas, developing red blood cell, intestinal lining cell, or smooth muscle cell Review the table in Step 4 Complete Part A Activity 17: Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression

21 Procedure Discuss Part A: In your group of four, discuss: 1. Which genes are active in all four cells? Why? 2. Which genes are only active in some of the four cells? Why? 3. Which protein isn t made in any of the four cells? Why? Activity 17: Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression

22

23

24 Procedure Do Part B: Work with your group of four to: Conduct Steps Note that if a card says to remove activators or repressors and there are none there, you don t need to remove them Conduct Steps Activity 17: Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression

25 Procedure Do Part C: Case Study Activity 17: Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression

26 Follow Up Analysis 1 Compare the following in your group s four cell types: a. Chromosomes b. Genes c. Expression of the genes to produce proteins Activity 17: Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression

27 Follow Up Analysis 2 What kinds of genes were permanently inactivated in some cells? Why were these genes inactivated? Activity 17: Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression

28 Follow Up Analysis 5 For your cell explain how gene expression related to the cell s ability to perform its function in the body. Activity 17: Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression

29 Revisit the Challenge How does the same set of genes direct the activities of 220 human cell types? Activity 17: Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression

30 Key Vocabulary chromosome expressed (gene) gene expression repressed (gene) transcription factor Activity 17: Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression

31 Genetics Topics Basic genetic concepts Genotype and phenotype Punnett squares Mono- and dihybrid crosses Genes, alleles, chromosomes & DNA Mendel s work Mechanisms of inheritance Selective breeding Mitosis and meiosis Genetic modification Gene expression DNA structure & replication Protein synthesis

32 Student Book The student book guides investigations and provides related resources It features different activity types, designed to focus on concept and skill development...on-line student books available, too! Analysis questions call for students to apply or evaluate their knowledge

33 Teacher Guide Overview, suggested time Key content & process skills Materials & prep Teaching summary Background information Teaching suggestions Eliciting prior knowledge Conceptual flow Guiding discussions Sample student responses

34 Teacher Resources Course Essentials SEPUP approach, Unit Overviews, Lab Materials, solution preparation Strategies for Diverse Learners Eliciting and addressing Students Ideas, Addressing Conceptual Change, Differentiation Strategies, Facilitating Group Interaction, Science Skills Literacy Strategies Reading, Writing, Discussion, Understanding Concepts, Notebooks, Vocabulary Development Assessment SEPUP Formative Assessment System and Item Banks, Exemplars, Assessment Moderation 34

35 SGI: Biology Equipment 5 sections of 32=160 students/equipment package Micro-scale, less waste Color-coded labels on all chemicals Plastic tray inserts keep you organized Reduces your prep time Refurbishment for $6-7 per student/year Innovative P-glow activity and Electrophoresis chambers 35

36 Additional Resources ExamView Suite Web resources & simulations on SGI website CD-ROM PowerPoints for activities

37 Science and Global Issues: Biology SEPUP: Barbara Nagle Lab-Aids: Phone: (800) Booth 1245

38 Ecology Biomes, ecosystems, and invasive species Human and natural impacts on ecosystems, resiliency Population dynamics Food webs and energy pyramids, trophic roles Eutrophication, Carbon and nitrogen cycles Photosynthesis and cellular respiration Carrying capacity and limiting factors Symbiosis, commensalism, parasitism, amensalism and mutualism, predator-prey relationships

39 Cell Biology Cell structure and function Cell differentiation and Cell cycle Structure and function of cellular organelles Photosynthesis and respiration Roles of proteins Abnormal behavior of cells Viruses, stem cells Movement of materials across a membrane, homeostasis

40 Genetics and Heredity Sexual and asexual reproduction, mitosis and meiosis Genetic modification Genotype and phenotype Punnett squares and Mendel s work, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses Dominance, recessive, codominance, and incomplete dominance Genes, alleles, chromosomes, DNA structure and replication Gene expression and protein synthesis Selective breeding, genetic engineering

41 Evolution Biodiversity, Ecosystem services and human impact on species Natural and artificial selection, Darwin s work Fossil record, phylogeny and macroevolution Transitional forms, cladograms Biological species concept and speciation Reproductive and geographic isolation/barriers Gene flow and adaptive radiation Genetic variation due to mutation and recombination, adaptation Homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures

42 42