Introduction to the course

Transcription

1 8/19/08 Introduction to the course

2 FISH/CMBL 7660 Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Instructor: John Liu Tel edu

3 Why Molecular Genetics Capability to across species border Ability to introduce genetic variability Capability to change natural available pattern of gene expressions Ability to avoid possible gene interactions allow you to decisively select based on markers by marker-assisted selection

4 Classical genetics (Mendelian) Genomics Quantitative genetics Population genetics

5 What is Genomics? Classical genetics Quantitative genetics Gametes Organis m

6 Aquaculture Genomics Genome evolution Genome se equencin ng Production and Performance Traits Genome expression and function Genome structure and organization Genom me compos sition

7 G enom mics 1 Mapping Bulk Bulk Cloning Sequencing Bulk Functional Genomics

8 Many scientific disciplines contribute to biotechnology which generates a wide range of commercial products Molecular Microbiology Biochemistry Genetics Chemical biology engineering Cell biology Biotechnology Crops Drugs Vaccines Diagnostics Livestocks

9 Historical development of Biotechnology 1917 Karl Ereky coined the term Biotechnology 1943 Penicillin produced on an industrial scale 1944 Avery, MacLeod, and McCarthy demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material 1953 Watson and Crick determined the structure of DNA as double helix Decode the genetic material 1973 Boyer and Cohen established recombinant DNA technology: discovery of restriction enzymes 1975 First monoclonal antibody production 1977 DNA sequencing possible 1981 First automated DNA sequencer 1983 Engineered Ti plasmid used to transform plants 1986 PCR invented 1990 Human Genome project officially initiated as a 30-year project Detailed genetic and physical map of human produced 1996 First recombinant protein, erythropoietin, exceeds $1 billion in annual sales in the US 1996 First eukaryotic organism completely sequenced (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 1997 Nuclear cloning of a mammal, a sheep, with a differentiated cell nucleus 2000 Completion of the 30-year human genome project 2002 Several genomes sequenced including those of rice, zebrafish, Japanese puffer fish,

10 The Everchanging Concept of Biotechnology all lines of work by which products are produced from raw materials with the aid of living things ---by the Hungarian engineer, Karl Ereky, 1917 Raw material Upstream processing Fermentation and biotransformation Downstream processing Pure product Using inexpensive sugar beet (raw material) to feed pigs (biotransformation) Using inexpensive sugar beet (raw material) to feed pigs (biotransformation) for the production of pork (downstream processing)

11 The Everchanging Concept of Biotechnology The study of the industrial production goods and services by processes using biological organisms, systems, and processes ---Biotechnology... and Bioengineering, i i 1961

12 Commercialization of Biotechnology 1,500 Biotechnology companies in the U.S. 3,000 Biotechnology companies in the world $6 billion in 1986 and $30 billion in 1996, 60 billion in 2000.

13 Expectations for Biotechnology Significantly increase crop yields by creating plants resistant to insects, diseases, and environmental stresses Develop microorganisms that will produce chemicals, antibiotics, polymers, amino acids, enzymes and various food additives Develop livestocks with genetically improved performance traits Accurately diagnose and prevent or cure a wide range of infectious and genetic diseases F ilit t th l f ll t t d t t i l f th Facilitate the removal of pollutants and waste materials from the environment.

14 Concerns for Biotechnology will some genetically engineered organisms be harmful to other organisms and the environment? Will the development and use of genetically engineered organisms reduce natural genetic diversity? should humans be genetically engineered? will diagnostic procedures undermine individual privacy? Should genetically engineered organisms be patented? Will financial support for biotechnology constrain the development of other important technologies? Will the emphasis on commercial success mean that the benefits of biotechnology will be available only to the rich? Will agricultural biotechnology undermine traditional farming practices? ces Will therapies based on biotechnology supersede equally effective traditional treatment? Will the quest for patents inhibit the free exchange of ideas among scientists?

15 Model organisms for the study of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology

16 Eukaryotic Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yeast) Nematode C. elegans Zebrafish Arabidopsis thaliana Mouse/Rat

17 Prokaryotic E. Coli

18 Criteria for model organisms Small genome size Short life cycle High reproductivity Economic importance of its closest relatives Easy to grow and save money and spaces

19 Zebrafish Genome size 5 x 10 8 Life cycle: 3-4 months Reproduction: eggs can be collected daily (30-50 eggs per female) External fertilization and development Transparent egg suitable for developmental observations Small size so that large numbers can be raised in a small aquarium in the laboratory. However, polyploidy in some cases.

20 Arabidopsis Generation time: 5 weeks 10,000 seeds per plant Small size so that thousands of plants can be grown in a small laboratory room Self-fertile (so mutations are naturally made homozygous Susceptible to infection with Agrobacterium tumefaciens for gene transfer purposes

21 From Organism to Cells

22 What organism do you work with?

23 From Organism to Cells Organism tissues/organs cells Catfish Head kidney Head kidney cells Chestnut Citrus Leaf, root, flower Epidermal cells Bovine Liver Liver cells

24 Cell structures Cell Wall Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleolus

25 Cell structures Point of Point of interest

26 Chromosomes

27 The laws of genetics: why progenies look after their parents

28 Life cycle of Catfish Female 2n Male 2n eggs 1n (Gametes) sperms 1n Fertilization Young female and male catfish

29 Meiosis reduces the parental chromosome number E.g., 2n 1n

30 The Mendelian Laws Proposed in 1865, 143 years ago, by Gregory Mendel 1st law: Independent segregation; 2nd law: Independent assortment.

31 Independent segregation Mendel s 1st law

32 Co-do ominance

33 Mendel s 2nd law: I ndependent assortment