This alterations is most likely the result of. A) a substitution at base 2 B) a deletion of base 2 C) an insertion of base 3 D) a deletion of base 4

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1 1. The diagram below shows an alteration that occurred during the replication process of a portion of a gene. The numbers identify the locations of specific bases in the sequence This alterations is most likely the result of A) a substitution at base 2 B) a deletion of base 2 C) an insertion of base 3 D) a deletion of base 4 2. A DNA nucleotide may contain 7. The diagram below shows some of the steps in protein synthesis? A) deoxyribose, cytosine, and a lipid B) deoxyribose, thymine, and a phosphate group C) ribose, uracil, and a polypeptide D) ribose, adenine, and thymine 3. Which factor would cause two specialized tissues that contain identical chromosomes to function differently? A) Specific sections of DNA molecules in the chromosomes are activated. B) All of the sections of DNA molecules in the chromosomes are activated. C) Specific sections of the amino acid molecules in the cytoplasm are activated. D) All of the amino acid molecules in the cytoplasm are activated. 4. An alteration of genetic information is shown below. A-G-T-A-C-C-G-A-T A-G-T-G-A-T This type of alteration of the genetic information is an example of A) deletion B) insertion C) substitution D) recombination 5. The molecule represented below is found in living things. The section of DNA being used to make the strand of mrna is known as a A) carbohydrate B) gene C) ribosome D) chromosome 8. A characteristic of a DNA molecule that is not characteristic of a protein molecule is that the DNA molecule A) can replicate itself B) can be very large C) is found in cytoplasm D) is composed of subunits 9. Genes involved in the production of abnormal red blood cells have an abnormal sequence of A) ATP molecules B) amino acids C) sugars D) bases 10. With respect to normal base pairing, when a molecule of DNA replicates, thymine will most likely pair with A) adenine B) cytosine C) guanine D) uracil Which statement describes one characteristic of this molecule? A) It is the template for the replication of genetic information. B) Organic catalysts are made up of these molecules. C) It is different in each cell of an organism. D) Cell membranes contain many of these molecules. 6. DNA replication occurs in preparation for A) mitosis, only B) meiosis, only C) both mitosis and meiosis D) neither mitosis nor meiosis 11. Which event would most likely cause a change in a genetic sequence in an organism? A) eating certain foods high in saturated fats B) strenuous physical activity C) exposure to radiation D) a sudden exposure to cooler temperatures 12. A sudden change in the DNA of a chromosome can usually be passed on to future generations if the change occurs in a A) skin cell B) liver cell C) sex cell D) brain cell

2 13. In the portions of the DNA molecules below, X represents the base sequence of strand I in the original DNA molecule, and Y represents the base sequence of strand I in the newly formed DNA molecule. X: A T G C C A T A G Y: A T G C C A A T G The base sequence in Y is an example of A) polyploidy B) a chromosome deletion C) a gene mutation D) translocation 14. What is the complementary messenger-rna sequence for the DNA sequence shown below? A) C-A-A-G-G-U B) G-T-T-C-C-A C) G-U-U-C-C-A D) C-A-A-G-G-T Base your answers to questions 15 and 16 on the diagram below, which represents some components involved in cellular protein synthesis, and on your knowledge of Biology. 18. Which of the following nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides? A) DNA, only B) Messenger RNA, only C) Transfer RNA, only D) DNA, messenger RNA, and transfer RNA 19. Which nucleic acid carries instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm? A) DNA, only B) Messenger RNA, only C) Transfer RNA, only D) DNA, messenger RNA, and transfer RNA 20. The types of enzymes produced in a cell are regulated by the A) order of nucleotides in DNA molecules B) shape of DNA molecules C) size of nucleotides in DNA molecules D) location of DNA molecules 21. Genetic information is shown in the diagram below. This type of diagram is used to A) reveal chromosome disorders B) determine the number of genes in a human genotype C) detect sickle-cell anemia D) correct the disorder known as PKU 22. The chromosomes of a person with a genetic disorder are shown in the diagram below. 15. How many codons are located on the messenger RNA molecule in the diagram? A) 1 B) 6 C) 3 D) What does Structure B represent a molecule of? A) nuclear DNA B) cytoplasmic DNA C) ribosomal RNA D) transfer RNA 17. A sequence of three nitrogenous bases in a messenger-rna molecule is known as a A) codon B) gene C) polypeptide D) nucleotide This genetic disorder resulted from A) hybridization B) nondisjunction C) polyploidy D) segregation

3 Base your answers to questions 23 and 24 on the diagram below of a biochemical process and on your knowledge of biology. 23.Which amino acid would be transferred to the position of codon CAC? A) leucine B) glycine C) valine D) histidine 24. The synthesis of structure X occurred in the A) nucleus B) cytoplasm C) lysosome D) vacuole Base your answers to questions 25 through 27 on the diagram below, which contains arrows representing different processes occurring in a cell. 25. What is the product of process 3? A) a strand of DNA B) two complementary strands of DNA C) a strand of RNA D) a chain of amino acids 26. What is Process 1 known as? A) replication B) mutation C) nondisjunction D) translocation 27. Which processes occur in the nucleus? A) 1 and 2 B) 2 and 3 C) 3 and 4 D) 4 and Which term refers to the orderly series of events that distributes one chromosome from each pair of homologous chromosomes in a primary sex cell to the nucleus of a gamete? A) mitotic cell division B) meiotic cell division C) fission D) deletion 29. In humans, Down syndrome is often a result of A) disjunction of homologous chromosomes during meiotic cell division B) nondisjunction of chromosome number 21 in one of the parents C) combination of an egg and sperm, each carrying a recessive allele for this disorder D) fusion of two 2n gametes during fertilization

4 Base your answers to questions 30 and 31 on the diagram below, which represents some biochemical reactions involved in a cellular process. 30. What is the bond labeled 5 known as? A) a peptide bond B) a hydrogen bond C) an ionic bond D) a carboxyl bond 31. What is an example of a molecule produced by this type of process? A) glucose B) glycogen C) a fatty acid D) a protein 32. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below of the chromosomes from a human cell and on your knowledge of biology. 33. Which statement best describes the process of crossing-over? A) It takes place between homologous chromosomes and results in new gene combinations. B) It takes place between nonhomologous chromosomes and results in an increased gene mutation rate. C) It takes place between homologous chromosomes and results in an increased gene mutation rate. D) It takes place between nonhomologous chromosomes and results in new gene combinations. 34. Which change involves the loss of part of a chromosome? A) deletion B) addition C) base substitution D) gene mutation 35. Which change in chromosome structure involves the transfer of one section of a chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome? The chromosomes are arranged to show A) homologous pairs B) tetrads C) independent assortment D) nucleotides A) nitrogenous base substitution B) translocation C) crossing-over of linked genes D) gene mutation 36.A change in the sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA may result in A) a gene mutation B) sex linkage C) polyploidy D) nondisjunction

5 37. Base your answer to the following question on the information and chart below and on your knowledge of biology. In DNA, a sequence of three bases is a code for the placement of a certain amino acid in a protein chain. The table below shows some amino acids with their abbreviations and DNA codes. Which amino acid chain would be produced by the DNA base sequence below? C-A-A-G-T-T-A-A-A-T-T-A-T-T-G-T-G-A A) B) C) D) Base your answers to questions 38 and 39 on the list of genetic changes. Choose from the list below that is best described by that statement. Genetic Changes (1) Translocation (2) Addition (3) Deletion (4) Gene mutation 38. A chromosomal rearrangement is formed after a section breaks off from one chromosome and becomes attached to a nonhomologous chromosome. 42. Certain artificial sweeteners carry a warning label stating that they contain large amounts of the amino acid phenylalanine. This warning is important for individuals who have A) Tay-Sachs disease B) sickle-cell anemia C) PKU D) Down syndrome 43. Tay-Sachs is a genetic disorder characterized by a deterioration of the A) circulatory system B) nervous system C) excretory system D) endocrine system 44. A karyotype is shown in the diagram below. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) A random change in the base sequence of DNA results in an alteration of a polypeptide. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) A human genetic defect that affects a male by making him tall and sterile with underdeveloped testes is A) Turner's Syndrome B) Hemophilia C) Sickle Cell Anemia D) Phenylketonuria E) Klinefelter's Syndrome 41. A human genetic defect which makes an individual a short sterile female having underdeveloped ovaries and breasts and sex chromosomes X0 is A) Turner's Syndrome B) Down's Syndrome C) Klinefelter's Syndrome D) Hemophilia E) Sickle Cell Anemia Information in this karyotype indicates that the individual is a A) female with sickle-cell anemia B) male with Tay-Sachs disease C) female with Down syndrome D) male with phenylketonuria

6 45. Mutagenic agents are substances that A) increase the rate of gene mutations B) decrease the rate of gene mutations C) have no effect upon the rate of gene mutations D) cause gene mutations but not other chromosomal changes 46. Which statement best describes chromosomal mutations? A) They only involve changes in the chromosome number. B) They only involve changes in the chromosome structure. C) They involve changes in the chromosome number or the chromosome structure. D) They never involve changes in the chromosome number or the chromosome structure. 47. An analysis of chromosomes may show the loss of a portion of a chromosome. This type of chromosomal change is known as A) nondisjunction B) an addition C) translocation D) a deletion 48. The diagram below illustrates the results of random breakage and recombination of genetic material. 51. A single gene mutation results from A) a change in a base sequence in DNA B) recombination of traits C) the failure of chromosomes to separate D) blocked nerve messages 52. As a result of sexual reproduction, an organism can pass a gene mutation to its offspring if the mutation occurs in A) a body cell B) a gamete C) liver tissue D) white blood cells 53. Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome in the body cells of humans. This extra chromosome occurs in a gamete as a result of A) an error in the process of cloning B) an error in meiotic cell division C) a gene mutation D) replication of a single chromosome during mitosis 54. Even though identical twins have the same genetic material, they may develop slightly different characteristics because A) each twin receives different chromosomes from the egg B) one twin may only have genes from the father C) gene expression may be influenced by factors that switch genes on and off D) a gene mutation may have occurred before the zygote divided 55. An inherited metabolic disorder known as phenylketonuria (PKU) is characterized by severe mental retardation. This condition results from the inability to synthesize a single The process illustrated in the diagram is an example of A) a single gene mutation B) a chromosomal alteration C) synapsis D) segregation 49. A chromosomal alteration in which one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes fail to separate normally during meiotic cell division is known as A) an addition B) crossing-over C) nondisjunction D) translocation 50. Which scientists developed the molecular model represented below? A) enzyme B) hormone C) vitamin D) carbohydrate Base your answers to questions 56 and 57 on the following list of diseases. Choose the disease that best matches the statement below. Diseases (1) Phenylketonuria (PKU) (2) Sickle-cell anemia (3) Down's syndrome (4) Tay-Sachs disease 56. Fatty material accumulates because a specific enzyme cannot be synthesized, causing a deterioration of the nervous system. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) The formation of abnormal hemoglobin results in severe pain due to obstructed blood vessels. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) The inherited disease whereby a lack of an enzyme results in metabolic defects, mental retardation and death around age 20 is called A) Phenylketonuria (PKU) B) Amniocentesis C) Viviparity D) Turner's Syndrome E) Klinefelter's Syndrome 59. Genetic variability of a population begins with A) Mendel and Darwin B) Watson and Crick C) Lamarck and Weismann D) Miller and Fox A) gene flow B) genetic drift C) mutation D) selective pressure

7 60. A human genetic defect which makes an individual a short sterile female having underdeveloped ovaries and breasts, and XO for the sex chromosomes is A) Turner's Syndrome B) Down's Syndrome C) Klinefelter's Syndrome D) Hemophilia E) Sickle Cell Anemia 61. Which type of chromosomal mutation can be described as a mutation where segments of two non-homologous chromosomes are exchanged? A) Deletion B) Duplication C) Translocation D) Inversion E) Point 62. The chromosomal mutation by which the fragment reattaches to the original chromosome, but in a reversed orientation is called a(n): A) diversion B) deletion C) translocation D) duplication E) inversion 63. A change in the gene sequence DEFGHI... to DGFEHI... is called A) polyploidy B) deletion C) substitution D) frameshift mutation E) inversion 64. A change in the gene sequence DWPLART... to DWPLAART... is called A) polyploidy B) deletion C) substitution D) frameshift mutation E) inversion 65. Which of the following is a result of the defective separation of sister chromatids during meiosis? A) Synapsis B) Nondisjunction C) Mutation D) Translocation E) Deletion 66. Which mutation can result in a change in the reading frame? A) deletion B) inversion C) an adenine changing to guanine in a codon's third base D) substitution E) point 67. Which of the following scientists determined that DNA is the hereditary material in viruses (bacteriophages)? A) Hershey and Chase (1952) B) Griffith (1928) C) Watson and Crick (1953) D) Morgan (1950's) E) Meselson and Stahl (1950's) Base your answers to questions 68 through 70 on the choices below. Match the scientist to their contribution to the study of biology. (A) Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase (B) Rosalind Franklin (C) George Beadle & Edward Tatum (D) Frederick Griffith (E) Barbara McClintock 69. Discovered that molecules from the dead S strain of the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae had genetically transformed some of the living R strain bacteria into S strain bacteria 70. Based the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis on the study of nutritional mutants of Neurospora crassa, a red bread mold 71. Which of the following occurs in semiconservative DNA replication? A) Neither strand of the parent DNA is replicated. B) Only one strand of the double helix replicates. C) Each strand of the double helix serves as a template for the synthesis of its new partner. D) Pieces of parent and daughter DNA are mixed together in the new generation. E) The parent duplex is left intact and an entirely new double-stranded molecule is formed. 72. What is the function of DNA ligase? A) Bind nucleotides together during transcription B) Bind nucleotides together during translation C) Bring together the Okazaki fragments D) Unwind the double helix E) Cut and rejoin the helix 73. What is the role of DNA polymerase? A) Cut and rejoin the helix B) Unwind the double helix into two strands C) Bring together the Okazaki fragments D) Bind ribonucleotides together during transcription E) Bind DNA nucleotides together during transcription 74. Rosalind Franklin s pictures of the DNA double helix were taken using the technique known as A) bright field microscopy B) diffraction C) fluorescence D) transmission electron microscopy E) x-ray crystallography 75. DNA replication is a semiconservative process because in the double helix A) there are two strands, one from the template, and a new complementary strand B) the template molecule remains mostly intact C) there are four strands, each containing a mixture of old and new DNA D) there is only one origin of replication E) DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of a molecule thereby limiting mutations 76. A eukaryotic cell lacking helicase during DNA replication would A) be incapable of proofreading the newly synthesized strand B) be unable to terminate elongation C) be incapable of unwinding the DNA helix D) catalyze the DNA strand at incorrect locations E) not seal the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand 68. Discovered that DNA is the genetic material of a bacteriophage known as T2

8 77. All of the following are steps involved in protein synthesis EXCEPT A) transcription B) initiation C) replication D) elongation E) translation 78. During which process do two haploid cells fuse and form a diploid cell? A) Fertilization B) Gastrulation C) Blastulation D) Binary fission E) Budding 79. Meiosis is involved in which of the following life cycle events? A) Spermatogenesis B) Growth C) Cell regeneration D) The healing of wounds E) Development 80. During meiosis, crossing-over (gene exchange between chromosomes) may occur. Crossing-over usually results in A) overproduction of gametes B) fertilization and development C) the formation of identical offspring D) variation within the species

9 Answer Key Socrative Modern Genetics 1. D 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. A 11. C 12. C 13. C 14. C 15. C 16. D 17. A 18. D 19. B 20. A 21. A 22. B 23. D 24. A 25. D 26. A 27. A 28. B 29. B 30. A 31. D 32. A 33. A 34. A 35. B 36. A 37. C 38. A 39. D 43. B 44. C 45. A 46. C 47. D 48. B 49. C 50. B 51. A 52. B 53. B 54. C 55. A 56. D 57. B 58. A 59. C 60. A 61. C 62. E 63. E 64. D 65. B 66. A 67. A 68. A 69. D 70. C 71. C 72. C 73. E 74. E 75. A 76. C 77. C 78. A 79. A 80. D 40. E 41. A 42. C