Basics of Composting Penn State Mushroom Conference David M. Beyer Professor-Extension Specialist

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1 Basics of Composting 2009 Penn State Mushroom Conference David M. Beyer Professor-Extension Specialist

2 Mushroom substrate has developed from a hodge-podge of ingredients mixed with water, fed through a turner and mastered through trial and error Dr. Paul Wuest

3 Mushroom Nutrients Lignin-Humus Complex Lignin used during spawn run Humic compounds??? Complex Carbohydrates Complex Carbohydrates used later Some simple carbohydrates Proteins Microbial Phase II Fats and oils Microbial Phase II Rate and quantity of spawn growth Affects pinning Micronutrients Phosphorus, Selenium, Boron Bulk ingredients, Phase I and Spawn supplements Spawn/case supplements

4 Phase I Composting Goals Goals for Biology Chemistry Create Mushroom Nutrients need heat Microbial Activity to start heat Chemical Reactions occur at high temperatures Carbohydrates Concentrating (Complex) and Preserving Carbon Food for Phase II microbes and spawn

5 Charcoal (Darkening of Straw) H 2 O O C C OH C CH2 OH OH O C O C C C OH C H2 OH O H 2 O CO 2 C C C C C Complex Carbohydrates

6 Phase I Composting Goals Ammonification Change in quantity concentrating Change in type (quality) of Nitrogen Phase II microbes convert to food Increase Water Holding Capacity Soft but not too decomposed Longer the decomposition the lower the Water Holding Capacity

7 Lignin-Humus Complex Formed throughout Phase I and II Microbial Degradation Disrupts portion of lignin molecule which reacts with N Adsorption of N to lignin N content increases with length of treatment More rapidly Higher temperatures Higher ammonia concentrations

8 Gypsum, Water, Oxygen Horse manure, straw, hay, cobs, hulls, meals, seeds and grains Poultry manure, urea Carbohydrates including Sugars, Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Fats, oils and lipids Chemical Reactions Complex Carbohydrates CO2, H2O Energy as Heat Nitrogen Compounds Proteins, urea, amino and nucleic acids Phase I Microbes NH4(Ammonium Salt) NH3 (Ammonia) Phase 2 Microbes FOOD FOR THE MUSHROOM Nitrogen Incorporation Lignin Nitrogen Assimilation Nitrogen-rich, ligninhumus complex Lignin- Humus Complex

9 Finished Phase I Compost Formation of these mushroom food compounds Depends on conditions in compost: Oxygen Moisture Temperature Kind of material being decomposed Avoiding anaerobic conditions

10 Formulations Poultry Manure Know the source and nitrogen of your material Straight straw and poultry manure formulas work, but less forgiving Grains, seeds, meals, etc. Proteins include carbon in the compound balanced source of N More forgiving but $$$$$ Cottonseed hulls or corn cobs Slight difference in % carbon Often pre-mixed with some poultry and allowed to break down Pelletized limits amounts because of the fine particle size Urea Limited to 25 lbs/dry ton of ingredients add early Gypsum More is better than less (ash) ph should be above 7.5

11 Ingredients Important to have homogenous raw materials Wheat straw Hay Race Track HM Small Stable HM Screening or hammer mill lumpy poultry manure What to add and when? Poultry early and meals later Cottonseed hulls or corn cobs early to provide available carbohydrates for quick heat Cocoa hulls later oils for Phase II microbes Aerated compost most supplements added at the very beginning

12 Mixing/Blending Bulk Ingredients Essential component for successful composting Uniform mixing and wetting of bulk ingredients. Especially critical for aerated composting Compost is not mixed or handled as often Wheat Straw Bales Dunking and allowed to heat in bale, Bale wetting Physical shortening loss of structure Adjust number of turns for material, equipment and weather

13 Traditional Windrow/Rick Composting Cool Outside Zone Little to no composting Hot Aerobic Zone >70 o C, 155 o F Optimum composting Anaerobic (No Oxygen) Zone Poor composting Offensive odors produced

14 Maintain proper moisture for the degree of decomposition Avoid excessive leaching Anticipate the weather conditions Frequent turning Maintain compost structure and length

15

16 Over watering Over composting Residual Effects Low temperatures Slower composting Organic acids

17 Organic % concentration Uninoculated Control Fumaric Acid Lactic Acid Succinic Acid 0.5% 1.5% 1.5%

18 Composting Management Water Management Water use and application during turning/mixing Lagoon management all water contained on site Water Quality

19 Keep the sides tight for higher temperatures Rollers Speed of the turner Comb off drum

20 Monitor Temperatures

21 Addition of supplements and turning by temperatures Supplements added Pre-wet, Pre Conditioning Ammonia Turn or Flip

22 AERATED COMPOSTING Uniformity Consistency of seasons Need to anticipate change in bulk ingredients Reduce or elimination of anaerobic conditions Reduced Material Handling Less turning Reduced Labor Depends on system Rest period or re-inoculate with Phase II compost before filling Phase II tunnels, tray or beds

23 Rick Composting Diversity of conditions in rick Maintain range of microflora by temperature differences outside to inside Change in temperature by turning keeps organisms mixed in all compost Combination of aerated and rick composting

24 Phase II Objectives Pasteurization Selective compost Conditioning - (mushroom food) Eliminate all remaining simple sugars Create fats, oils and protein for the mushroom Conversion of ammonia to protein Ammonia elimination Phase I generated ammonia to proteins and other N sources

25 Temp C (F) Six Stages of Tray or Bed Phase II 65 (150) 60 (140) 54 (130) 49 (120) Pasteurization Leveling Post-pasteurization 5 Conditioning Cool Down 43 (110) 37 (100) (90) Heat Up 27 (80) Days 11 25

26 Temp C (F) Six Stages of Tunnel Phase II 65 (150) 60 (140) 54 (130) 49 (120) 43 (110) 37 (100) Leveling Pasteurization 4 Post-pasteurization Conditioning 5 Cool Down 6 30 (90) 27 (80) Heat Up/Blow out Days 26

27 Avoid missing lower temperature ranges Summer - last period of conditioning beds dropping slowly Winter - finish completely before starting to cool down. Thermophilic fungi penetrate the dense areas of compost.

28 Microbial Growth Patterns Area of conversion Thermophiles vs. Actinomycetes

29 Bottom Line Nutritionally Balanced Complex carbohydrates lignin-humus complex Structure and Moisture Good temperatures Not anaerobic Oxygen Anaerobic compost encourages Trichoderma green mold Complete conditioning in Phase II Low temperature ranges as important as higher temperatures

30 Composting may be harder than avoiding the swine flu! As the two friends wandered through the snow on their way home, Piglet grinned to himself, thinking how lucky he was to have a best friend like Pooh. Pooh thought to himself: If the pig sneezes he s dead

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