Genetics Lecture 22 Applications. Applications 4/25/2012
|
|
- Francis McKinney
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Genetics Lecture 22 Applications Applications Since the dawn of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s, scientists have harnessed genetic engineering not only for biological research, but also for applications in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. Genetic engineering refers to the alteration of an organism s genome and typically involves the use of recombinant DNA technologies to add a gene or genes to a genome, but it can also involve gene removal. The ability to manipulate DNA in vitro and to introduce genes into living cells has allowed scientists to generate new varieties of plants, animals, and other organisms with specific gene traits, and to manufacture cheaper and more effective therapeutic products. These new varieties of organisms are called genetically modified organisms, or GMOs. Industry analysts estimate that genetic engineering is worth over $55 billion. 2 Biotechnology is the use of living organisms to create a product or a process that helps improve the quality of life for humans or other organisms. Biotechnology as a modern industry began in earnest shortly after recombinant DNA technology developed. But biotechnology is actually a science dating back to ancient civilization and the use of microbes to make many important products, including beverages such as wine and beer, vinegar, breads, and cheeses. Modern biotechnology relies heavily on recombinant DNA technology, genetic engineering, and genomics applications Existing products and new developments that occur seemingly every day make the biotechnology industry one of the most rapidly developing branches of the workforce world wide, encompassing nearly 5000 companies in 54 countries. 3 1
2 Genetically Engineered Organisms Synthesize a wide range of biological and pharmaceutical products The most successful and widespread application of recombinant DNA technology has been production by the biotechnology industry of recombinant proteins as biopharmaceutical products particularly, therapeutic proteins to treat diseases. Prior to the recombinant DNA era, biopharmaceutical proteins such as insulin, clotting factors, or growth hormones were purified from tissues such as the pancreas, blood, or pituitary glands. Clearly, these sources were in limited supply, and the purification processes were expensive. In addition, products derived from these natural sources could be contaminated by disease agents such as viruses Now that human genes encoding important therapeutic proteins can be cloned and expressed in a number of nonhuman host cell types, we have more abundant, safer, and less expensive sources of biopharmaceuticals. 4 5 Insulin Production in Bacteria Many therapeutic proteins have been produced by introducing human genes into bacteria. In most cases, the human gene is cloned into a plasmid, and therecombinant vector is introduced into the bacterial host. Large quantities of the transformed bacteria are grown, and the recombinant human protein is recovered and purified from bacterial extracts. 6 2
3 The first human gene product manufactured by recombinant DNA technology was human insulin, called Humulin, which was licensed for therapeutic use in 1982 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA In 1977, scientists at Genentech, the San Francisco biotechnology company cofounded in 1976 by Herbert Boyer (one of the pioneers of using plasmids for recombinant DNA technology) and Robert Swanson isolated and cloned the gene for insulin and expressed it in bacterial cells. Genentech, short for genetic engineering technology, is also generally regarded as the world s first biotechnology company. Previously insulin was chemically extracted from the pancreas of cows and pigs obtained from slaughterhouses. Insulin is a protein hormone that regulates glucose metabolism. 7 8 Transgenic Animal Hosts and Pharmaceutical Products Although bacteria have been widely used to produce therapeutic proteins, there are some disadvantages in using prokaryotic hosts to synthesize eukaryotic proteins. One problem is that bacterial cells often cannot process and modify eukaryotic proteins. As a result, they frequently cannot add the carbohydrates and phosphate groups to proteins that are needed for full biological activity. In addition, eukaryotic proteins produced in prokaryotic cells often do not fold into the proper three dimensional configuration and are therefore inactive. To overcome these difficulties and increase yields, many biopharmaceuticals are now produced in eukaryotic hosts. A herd of goats or cows serve as very effective bioreactors or biofactories living factories that will continuously make milk containing the desired therapeutic protein that can then be isolated in a noninvasive way 9 3
4 Yeast are also valuable hosts for expressing recombinant proteins. Even insect cells are valuable for this purpose, through the use of a gene delivery system (virus) called baculovirus. Recombinant baculovirus containing a gene of interest is used to infect insect cell lines, which then express the protein at high levels. Baculovirus insect cell expression is particularly useful for producing human recombinant proteins that are heavily glycosylated. Regardless of the host, therapeutic proteins may then be purified from the host cells or when transgenic farm animals are used, isolated from animal products such as milk. 10 An example of a biopharmaceutical product synthesized in transgenic animals is the human protein 041 antitrypsin. A deficiency of the enzyme 041 antitrypsin is associated with the heritable form of emphysema, a progressive and fatal respiratory disorder common among people of European ancestry. To produce antitrypsin for use in treating this disease, the human gene was cloned into a vector at a site adjacent to a sheep promoter sequence that specifically activates transcription in milkproducing cells of the sheep mammary glands. Genes placed next to this promoter are expressed only in mammary tissue. This fusion gene was microinjected into sheep zygotes fertilized in vitro. The fertilized zygotes were transferred to surrogate mothers. The resulting transgenic sheep developed normally and produced milk containing high concentrations of functional human antitrypsin. 11 ln 2006, recombinant human antithrombin, an anticlotting protein, became the world s first drug extracted from the milk of farm animals to be approved for use in humans. Scientists at GTC Biotherapeutics of Framingham, Massachusetts, introduced the human antithrombin gene into goats. By placing the gene adjacent to a promoter for beta casein, a common protein in milk, GTC scientists were able to target antithrombin expression in the mammary gland. As a result, antithrombin protein is highly expressed in the milk. In one year, a single goat will produce the equivalent amount of antithrombin that in the past would have been isolated from ~90,000 blood collections. 12 4
5 Recombinant DNA Approaches for Vaccine Production and Transgenic Plants with Edible Vaccines One of the most promising applications of recombinant DNA technology for therapeutic purposes may be the production of vaccines. Vaccines stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against disease causing organisms and thereby confer immunity against specific diseases. Traditionally, i two types of vaccines have been used: inactivated i vaccines, which are prepared from killed samples of the infectious virus or bacteria; and attenuated vaccines, which are live viruses or bacteria that can no longer reproduce but can cause a mild form of the disease. Inactivated vaccines include the vaccines for rabies and influenza; vaccines for tuberculosis, cholera, and chickenpox are examples of attenuated vaccines. 13 Genetic engineering is being used to produce a relatively new type of vaccine called a subunit vaccine, which consists of one or more surface proteins from the virus or bacterium but not the entire virus or bacterium. This surface protein acts as an antigen that stimulates the immune system to make antibodies that act against the organism from which it was derived. One of the first subunit vaccines was made against the hepatitis B virus, which causes liver damage and cancer. The gene that encodes the hepatitis B surface protein was cloned into a yeast expression vector, and the cloned gene was expressed in yeast host cells. 14 In 2005, the FDA approved Gardasil, a subunit vaccine produced by the pharmaceutical company Merck and the first cancer vaccine to receive FDA approval. Gardasil targets four strains of human papillomavirus (HPV) that cause ~70 percent of cervical cancers. Approximately 70 percent of sexually active women will be infected by an HPV strain during their lifetime. Gardasil is designed to provide immune protection againsthpv prior to infectionbut is not effective against existing infections. You may have heard of Gardasil through media coverage of the legislation pending in several states that would require all adolescent school girls to receive a Gardasil vaccination regardless of whether or not they are sexually active. 15 5
6 Developing countries face serious difficulties in manufacturing, transporting, and storing vaccines. Most vaccines need refrigeration and must be injected under sterile conditions. In many rural areas, refrigeration and sterilization facilities are not available. In addition, in many cultures people are fearful of being injected with needles. To overcome these problems, scientists are attempting to develop vaccines that can be synthesized in edible food plants. These vaccines would be inexpensive to produce, would not require refrigeration, and would not have to be given under sterile conditions by trained medical personnel Plants offer several other advantages for expressing recombinant proteins. For instance, once a transgenic plant is made, it can easily be grown and replicated in a greenhouse or field, and it will provide a constant source of recombinant protein. 18 6
7 No recombinant proteins expressed in transgenic plants have yet been approved for use by the FDA as therapeutic proteins for humans, although about a dozen products are close to making it through final clinical trials. Some edible vaccines are now in clinical trials. For example, a vaccine against a bacterium that causes cholera has been produced in genetically engineered potatoes and used to successfully vaccinate human volunteers. 19 Genetic Engineering of Plants Has Revolutionized Agriculture For millennia, farmers have manipulated the genetic makeup of plants and animals to enhance food production. Until the advent of genetic engineering 30 years ago, these genetic manipulations were primarily restricted to selective breeding the selection and breeding of naturally occurring or mutagen induced variants. In the last 50 to l00 years, genetic improvement of crop plants through the traditional methods of artificial selection and genetic crosses has resulted in dramatic increases in productivity and nutritional enhancement. For example, maize yields have increased fourfold over the last 60 years, and more than half of this increase is due to genetic improvement by artificial selection and selective breeding. Modern maize has substantially larger ears and kernels than the predecessor crops, including hybrids from which it was bred
8 Recombinant DNA technology provides powerful new tools for altering the genetic constitution of agriculturally important organisms. Scientists can now identify isolate, and clone genes that confer desired traits, then specifically and efficiently introduce these into organisms. As a result, it is possible to quickly introduce insect resistance, herbicide resistance, or nutritional characteristics into farm plants and animals, a primary purpose of agricultural biotechnology. 22 Worldwide, over 150 million hectares have been planted with genetically engineered crops as of 2010, (the most recent date for which such data are available), particularly herbicide and pest resistant soybeans, corn, cotton, and canola; over 50 different transgenic crop varieties are available, including alfalfa, corn, rice, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, wheat, and cranberries These crops are planted by over 8 million farmers in 17 countries. Both industrialized and developing countries are taking advantage of transgenic crops. Since 1996, there has been a 4000 percent increase in GM crop acreage worldwide
9 Transgenic Animals Transgenic animals with genetically enhanced characteristics have the potential to serve important roles in biotechnology Although genetically engineered plants are major players in modern agriculture, commercial applications of transgenic animals are less widespread. 25 Makin a Transgenic Animal The method of creating transgenic animals is conceptually relatively simple, although there are species specific challenges associated with creating transgenics. Many of the prevailing techniques used to make transgenics were developed in mice. One method is to isolate newly fertilized eggs from a female mouse (or female of the desired danimal species) and to inject purified cloned DNA containing a vector and the transgene of interest into the nucleus of the egg. In a relatively small percentage of transgenic eggs, the transgenic DNA becomes inserted into the egg cell genome by recombination due to the action of naturally occurring DNA recombination enzymes. Newer approaches involving stem cells are also popular for creat ing transgenic animals
10 Examples 0f Transgenic Animals Oversize mice containing a human growth hormone trans gene were some of the first transgenic animals created. Attempts to create farm animals containing transgenic growth hormone genes have not been particularly successful, probably bbl because growth is a complex, multigene trait. One no table exception is the transgenic Atlantic salmon, bearing copies of a Chinook salmon growth hormone gene adjacent to a constitutive promoter Gene Therapy Although drug treatments are often effective in controlling symptoms of genetic disorders, the ideal outcome of medical treatment is to cure these diseases. In an effort to cure genetic diseases, scientists are actively investigating gene therapy a therapeutic technique that aims to transfer normal genes into a patient s cells
11 One key to gene therapy is having a delivery system to transfer genes into a patient. In many gene therapy trials, scientists often used genetically modified retroviruses as vectors. An example is a vector based on a mouse virus called Moloney murine leukemia virus (MLV). Disabled forms of adeno associated virus (AAV), which in its native form infects ~80 9O percent of the population during childhood, and nonviral methods are being used to transfer genes into cells include chemically assisted transfer of genes across cell membranes, and fusion of cells with artificial vesicles containing cloned DNA sequences. Retroviral vectors are created by removing a cluster of three genes from the virus and inserting a cloned human gene. 31 After being packaged in a viral protein coat, the recombinant vector is used to infect cells. Once inside a cell, the virus cannot replicate itself because of the missing viral genes. In the cell, the recombinant virus with the inserted human gene moves to the nucleus, integrates into a site on a chromo some, and becomes part of the genome. If the inserted gene is expressed, it produces a normal gene product that may be able to correct the mutation carried by the affected individual. In initial attempts at gene therapy, several heritable disorders, including severe combined immunodehciency (SCID), familial hypercholesterolemia, and cystic fibrosis were treated. 32 Human gene therapy began in 1990 with the treatment of a young girl named Ashanti, who has a heritable disorder called severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Individuals with SCID have no functional immune system and usually die from what htwould normally be minor infections. Ashanti has an autosomal form of SCID caused by a mutation in the gene encoding the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA). Her gene therapy began when clinicians isolated some of her white blood cells, called T cells
12 34 To date, gene therapy has successfully restored the health of about 20 children affected by SCID. Although gene therapy was originally developed as a treatment for single gene (monogenic) inherited diseases, the technique was quickly adapted for the treatment of acquired diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, and infectious diseases, such as HIV In the case of HIM scientists are exploring ways to deliver immune system stimulating genes that could make individuals resistant to HIV infection or cripple the virus in HIV positive persons. There are nearly 1000 gene therapy trials activelyunderway inthe United States alone. Over a 10 year period, from 1990 to 1999, more than 4000 people underwent gene therapy for a variety of genetic disorders. These trials often failed and thus led to a loss of confidence in gene therapy
Microbial Biotechnology agustin krisna wardani
Microbial Biotechnology agustin krisna wardani 1. The Structure of Microbes Microbes (microorganisms) are tiny organisms that are too small to be seen individually by the naked eye and must be viewed with
More informationDNA Technology. B. Using Bacteria to Clone Genes: Overview:
DNA Technology A. Basic Vocabulary: is DNA from 2 different sources that is combined. is the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes. literally means or in a test tube or flask. is the manipulation
More informationNOTES - CH 15 (and 14.3): DNA Technology ( Biotech )
NOTES - CH 15 (and 14.3): DNA Technology ( Biotech ) Vocabulary Genetic Engineering Gene Recombinant DNA Transgenic Restriction Enzymes Vectors Plasmids Cloning Key Concepts What is genetic engineering?
More informationChapter 8 Recombinant DNA Technology. 10/1/ MDufilho
Chapter 8 Recombinant DNA Technology 10/1/2017 1 MDufilho The Role of Recombinant DNA Technology in Biotechnology Biotechnology? Recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology Intentionally modifying
More informationCHAPTER 08: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY Pearson Education, Inc.
CHAPTER 08: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY The Role of Recombinant DNA Technology in Biotechnology Biotechnology the use of microorganisms to make practical products Recombinant DNA technology Intentionally
More informationGenetic Modification in Our World. By: Paisley, Michael, Blake, and Elyse
Genetic Modification in Our World By: Paisley, Michael, Blake, and Elyse Biopharming Genetically Modified Foods BIoremediation process of genetically modifying plants and animals to produce substances
More informationGenetics and Biotechnology Chapter 13
1 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter 13 Selective breeding is used to produce organisms with desired traits. I. Applied Genetics A. Selective Breeding 1. Definedthe process by which desired traits of certain
More informationTHE BENEFITS AND USES OF MICROBES
MODULE 4 MICROBES AND MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY U N I T 2 THE BENEFITS AND USES OF MICROBES A. MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 1 Read What is biotechnology? and decide which of the words below can be used instead
More information9.4. Genetic Engineering. Entire organisms can be cloned. Web
9.4 Genetic Engineering VOCABULARY clone genetic engineering recombinant DNA plasmid transgenic gene knockout 3D, 3D evaluate the impact of scientific research on society and the environment and 6H describe
More informationA Level. A Level Biology. DNA Technology Questions. AQA, OCR, Edexcel. Name: Total Marks: Page 1
AQA, OCR, Edexcel A Level A Level Biology DNA Technology Questions Name: Total Marks: Page 1 Q1.(a) (i) A mutation of a tumour suppressor gene can result in the formation of a tumour. Explain how.........(2)
More informationChapter 9 Genetic Engineering
Chapter 9 Genetic Engineering Biotechnology: use of microbes to make a protein product Recombinant DNA Technology: Insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins Genetic engineering: manipulation
More informationRecombinant DNA Technology. The Role of Recombinant DNA Technology in Biotechnology. yeast. Biotechnology. Recombinant DNA technology.
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R 8 Recombinant DNA Technology The Role of Recombinant DNA Technology in Biotechnology Biotechnology?
More informationthebiotutor.com 5C Genetic Modification Time: 34 minutes Total marks available: 34 Total marks achieved: Andy Todd
thebiotutor.com 5C Genetic Modification Time: 34 minutes Total marks available: 34 Total marks achieved: Q1. The picture shows a sheep that has been genetically modified to contain a human gene for making
More informationChapter 8. Genetic Engineering: Transcription, Translation, and Genetically Modified Organisms. 8.1 Genetic Engineers
Chapter 8 Genetic Engineering: Transcription, Translation, and Genetically Modified Organisms 8.1 Genetic Engineers Genetic engineers The manipulation that they perform include changing a gene, changing
More informationGenetics Lecture 21 Recombinant DNA
Genetics Lecture 21 Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA In 1971, a paper published by Kathleen Danna and Daniel Nathans marked the beginning of the recombinant DNA era. The paper described the isolation of
More informationINTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY Zahra Naz [1] [1] Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Biotechnology, as the word suggests, is combination of
More information2 Gene Technologies in Our Lives
CHAPTER 15 2 Gene Technologies in Our Lives SECTION Gene Technologies and Human Applications KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: For what purposes are genes and proteins manipulated?
More informationREGISTRATION DOCUMENT FOR RECOMBINANT DNA RESEARCH
EHRS Date Received: Reg. Doc. No.: REGISTRATION DOCUMENT FOR RECOMBINANT DNA RESEARCH Principal Investigator: Penn ID#: Position Title: School: Department: Mailing Address: Mail Code: Telephone: FAX: E-mail:
More informationCHAPTER 20 DNA TECHNOLOGY AND GENOMICS. Section A: DNA Cloning
Section A: DNA Cloning 1. DNA technology makes it possible to clone genes for basic research and commercial applications: an overview 2. Restriction enzymes are used to make recombinant DNA 3. Genes can
More informationViruses and Bacteria Notes
Viruses and Bacteria Notes A. Virus Structure: Viruses are in contrast to bacteria. Viruses are (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a coat called a. Also some viruses have a that helps them infect their host. These
More informationBiotechnology. Chapter 13
Biotechnology Chapter 13 Genetic Changes Humans have been changing the genetics of other species for thousands of years Artificial selection of plants and animals Tomato plants look nothing like their
More informationChapter 7 Agricultural Biotechnology
Chapter 7 Agricultural Biotechnology Outline: 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Plant tissue culture 7.3 Genetically Modified Plant 7.4 Animal cloning 7.5 Genetically modified animal 2 Learning outcomes: Describe the
More informationGenetic Engineering 1
Genetic Engineering 1 1952 First animal cloned Northern Leapord Frog Robert Briggs and Thomas King 2 1996 Dolly The first sheep to be cloned from ADULT cells is born. 3 4 5 The possibility that through
More informationUnderstand biotechnology in livestock animals. Objective 5.04
Understand biotechnology in livestock animals. Objective 5.04 Biotechnology and Ethical Issues Biotechnology- technology concerning the application of biological and engineering techniques to microorganisms,
More information2054, Chap. 14, page 1
2054, Chap. 14, page 1 I. Recombinant DNA technology (Chapter 14) A. recombinant DNA technology = collection of methods used to perform genetic engineering 1. genetic engineering = deliberate modification
More informationBiotechnology. Chapter 17 section 1 (only)
Biotechnology Chapter 17 section 1 (only) 5-16-16 Learning Goals for Today: Explain how DNA profiling can identify individuals Interpret data from DNA electrophoresis Discuss genetically modified organisms
More informationCHAPTER 21 DNA AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER 21 DNA AND BIOTECHNOLOGY BEHAVIORAL OBJECTIVES 1. Describe the structure of DNA including the components of nucleotides, which parts of the nucleotides are covalently bonded to form DNA, and the
More information3. INHERITED MUTATIONS
THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF BIOLOGY 1. DNA B4.2 The genetic information encoded in DNA molecules provides instructions for assembling protein molecules. Genes are segments of DNA molecules. Inserting, deleting,
More informationPractice Test #3. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Practice Test #3 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. An application of using DNA technology to help environmental scientists would be _. a.
More informationTable of Contents. Chapter: Heredity. Section 1: Genetics. Section 2: Genetics Since Mendel. Section 3: Biotechnology
Table of Contents Chapter: Heredity Section 1: Genetics Section 2: Genetics Since Mendel Section 3: Biotechnology 1 Genetics Inheriting Traits Eye color, nose shape, and many other physical features are
More informationIntroduction to Biotechnology
Introduction to Biotechnology Biotechnology Biotechnology helps to meet our basic needs. Food, clothing, shelter, health and safety Biotechnology Improvements by using science Science helps in production
More informationGenetic Engineering Challenge How can scientists develop a type of rice that could prevent vitamin A deficiency? 1
Genetic Engineering Challenge How can scientists develop a type of rice that could prevent vitamin A deficiency? 1 Vitamin A deficiency can result in blindness, severe infectious diseases, and even death,
More informationBiotechnology: Unlocking Nature s Secrets
Course Syllabus Biotechnology: Unlocking Nature s Secrets Course Code: EDL052 Course Description How is technology changing the way we live? Is it possible nature can provide all the answers to some of
More informationAP Biology Gene Expression/Biotechnology REVIEW
AP Biology Gene Expression/Biotechnology REVIEW Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Gene expression can be a. regulated before transcription.
More informationUNIT 3: GENETICS Chapter 9: Frontiers of Biotechnology
CORNELL NOTES Directions: You must create a minimum of 5 questions in this column per page (average). Use these to study your notes and prepare for tests and quizzes. Notes will be stamped after each assigned
More information3. A student performed a gel electrophoresis experiment. The results are represented in the diagram below.
Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the statement below and on your knowledge of biology. Scientists have found a gene in the DNA of a certain plant that could be the key to increasing the amount
More informationWhat is Biotechnology?
What is Biotechnology? Biotechnology is a modern technology that makes use of organisms (or parts thereof) to: make or modify products; improve and develop microorganisms, plants or animals; or develop
More informationAGRO/ANSC/BIO/GENE/HORT 305 Fall, 2016 Overview of Genetics Lecture outline (Chpt 1, Genetics by Brooker) #1
AGRO/ANSC/BIO/GENE/HORT 305 Fall, 2016 Overview of Genetics Lecture outline (Chpt 1, Genetics by Brooker) #1 - Genetics: Progress from Mendel to DNA: Gregor Mendel, in the mid 19 th century provided the
More informationthebiotutor.com 5D Cloning Time: 54 minutes Total marks available: 54 Total marks achieved: Andy Todd
thebiotutor.com 5D Cloning Time: 54 minutes Total marks available: 54 Total marks achieved: Q1. The photograph shows a Siberian tiger. Siberian tigers are very rare and are in danger of becoming extinct.
More informationViruses 11/30/2015. Chapter 19. Key Concepts in Chapter 19
Chapter 19 Viruses Dr. Wendy Sera Houston Community College Biology 1406 Key Concepts in Chapter 19 1. A virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. 2. Viruses replicate only in host
More informationWorld Congress on Industrial Biotechnology May, 2014
World Congress on Industrial Biotechnology May, 2014 1 The Value Proposition Leader in precision gene editing RTDS Non transgenic, non GMO platform RTDS Broadly applicable across many organisms Significant
More informationAsexu. Figure 6 A small glass tube, called a micropipette, is used to remove the nucleus from a cell and later introduce a new nucleus.
While plant cloning experiments were being conducted, Robert Briggs and Thomas King were busy investigating nuclear transplants in frogs. Working with the common grass frog, the scientists extracted the
More informationBIOTECHNOLOGY OLD BIOTECHNOLOGY (TRADITIONAL BIOTECHNOLOGY) MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY.
BIOTECHNOLOGY Biotechnology can be defined as the use of micro-organisms, plant or animal cells or their components or enzymes from organisms to produce products and processes (services) useful to human
More informationIBC protocol Risk Assessment and Determination of NIH Guidelines
IBC protocol Risk Assessment and Determination of NIH Guidelines The following are points to consider when reviewing all protocols for risk, recommended containment conditions, and determine applicable
More informationRegents Biology REVIEW 5: GENETICS
Period Date REVIEW 5: GENETICS 1. Chromosomes: a. Humans have chromosomes, or homologous pairs. Homologous: b. Chromosome pairs carry genes for the same traits. Most organisms have two copies of the gene
More informationGenetically Modified Organisms II. How are transgenic plants generated? The components of T DNA transfer. Plants
Genetically Modified Organisms II Plants How are transgenic plants generated? The bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a pathogen of plants that causes crown gall tumors. Crown gall tumor Agrobacterium
More informationMutations. What is a mutation? a mutation is a change in the sequence of bases in DNA mutations may result in the production of defective proteins
Mutations What is a mutation? a mutation is a change in the sequence of bases in DNA mutations may result in the production of defective proteins Mutations What environmental factors may cause mutations
More informationLecture 3 (FW) January 28, 2009 Cloning of DNA; PCR amplification Reading assignment: Cloning, ; ; 330 PCR, ; 329.
Lecture 3 (FW) January 28, 2009 Cloning of DNA; PCR amplification Reading assignment: Cloning, 240-245; 286-87; 330 PCR, 270-274; 329. Take Home Lesson(s) from Lecture 2: 1. DNA is a double helix of complementary
More informationb. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. To demonstrate student understanding of
b. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. To demonstrate student understanding of this concept, make sure you can explain: Electrophoresis
More informationSuggest a technique that could be used to provide molecular evidence that all English Elm trees form a clone. ... [1]
1 Molecular evidence E Ulmus procera, form a genetically isolated clone. English Elms developed from a variety of elm brought to Britain from Rome in the first century A.D. Although English Elm trees make
More information15.1 Selective Breeding
15.1 Selective Breeding Lesson Objectives Explain the purpose of selective breeding. Explain how people increase genetic variation. Lesson Summary Selective Breeding Through selective breeding, humans
More informationWhere are we with gene therapy?
Where are we with gene therapy? Session 9: Gene Based Therapies Professor Alan Boyd PFPM 7 th February 2018 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Medicine, Royal Colleges of Physicians, UK Topics to be covered Gene
More informationImmune System. Viruses vs. Bacteria
Immune System Viruses vs. Bacteria Concept Map Section 19-1 Bacteria are classified into the kingdoms of Eubacteria Archaebacteria include a variety of lifestyles such as live in harsh environments such
More informationBIO1PS 2012 Plant Science Topic 4 Lectures 2 and 3 Introduction to Plant Biotechnology
BIO1PS 2012 Plant Science Topic 4 Lectures 2 and 3 Introduction to Plant Biotechnology Dr. Michael Emmerling Department of Botany Room 410 m.emmerling@latrobe.edu.au Some Key Words Agrobacterium Ti plasmid
More informationQ. Importing better varieties of plants from outside and acclimatizing i them to local l environment is 1. Selection 2. Cloning 3. Introduction 4. Het
CET BIOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY II Q. Importing better varieties of plants from outside and acclimatizing i them to local l environment is 1. Selection 2. Cloning 3. Introduction 4. Heterosis Q. Bagging is done
More informationBiosafety and the NIH Guidelines
Biosafety and the NIH Guidelines This section will explore: Why the NIH Guidelines are important The definition of recombinant or synthetic nucleic acid research Content of the NIH Guidelines Section III
More informationIntroducing new DNA into the genome requires cloning the donor sequence, delivery of the cloned DNA into the cell, and integration into the genome.
Key Terms Chapter 32: Genetic Engineering Cloning describes propagation of a DNA sequence by incorporating it into a hybrid construct that can be replicated in a host cell. A cloning vector is a plasmid
More informationGREAT STRIDES IN SCIENCE WHAT ABOUT ACCESS? Marlene E. Haffner, MD, MPH 2nd IRDiRC Conference Shenzhen, China November 8, 2014
GREAT STRIDES IN SCIENCE WHAT ABOUT ACCESS? Marlene E. Haffner, MD, MPH 2nd IRDiRC Conference Shenzhen, China November 8, 2014 1982 WHAT HAS HAPPENED SINCE IN TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND. US Orphan Drug
More informationDNA & DNA Replication
DNA & DNA Replication DNA Structure How did Watson and Crick contribute to our understanding of genetics? Watson and Crick developed the double helix model for DNA DNA Structure What is a double helix?
More informationSafe Operating Procedure
Safe Operating Procedure RECOMBINANT OR SYNTHETIC NUCLEIC ACIDS IBC AND OTHER REVIEW REQUIREMENTS (For assistance, please contact EHS at (402) 472-4925, or visit our web site at http://ehs.unl.edu/) (Revised
More informationMCDB /15/13 Working with DNA and Biotechnology
Part I: Working with DNA MCDB 1041 3/15/13 Working with DNA and Biotechnology You work in a clinic doing prenatal testing and genetic counseling. You use PCR analysis combined with restriction enzyme digests
More informationBIOTECHNOLOGY TIM DOSEN BIOLOGI FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA 2013
BIOTECHNOLOGY TIM DOSEN BIOLOGI FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA 2013 BIOTECHNOLOGY DEFINITION HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY TYPES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY GENERAL DEFINITION
More informationBio 101 Sample questions: Chapter 10
Bio 101 Sample questions: Chapter 10 1. Which of the following is NOT needed for DNA replication? A. nucleotides B. ribosomes C. Enzymes (like polymerases) D. DNA E. all of the above are needed 2 The information
More informationSTUDY GUIDE ARE GMOS GOOD OR BAD? KEY TERMS: genes DNA genetically-modified
STUDY GUIDE ARE GMOS GOOD OR BAD? KEY TERMS: NOTE-TAKING COLUMN: Complete this section during the video. Include definitions and key terms. genes DNA genetically-modified seeds Monsanto How long have humans
More informationViruses. Chapter 19. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for
Chapter 19 Viruses PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Copyright
More informationA Level. A Level Biology. Cells, Microscopes, Cell Cycle and Immunity Questions. AQA, OCR, Edexcel. Name: Total Marks: Page 1
AQA, OCR, Edexcel A Level A Level Biology Cells, Microscopes, Cell Cycle and Immunity Questions Name: Total Marks: Page 1 Q1.The diagram shows a eukaryotic cell. (a) Complete the table by giving the letter
More informationGMO Research and Controversy. In 1935 a Russian Scientist, Andrei Nikolaevitch Belozersky, was the first to isolate pure
Michael Piazzini GMO Research and Controversy In 1935 a Russian Scientist, Andrei Nikolaevitch Belozersky, was the first to isolate pure DNA. DNA is a string of sophisticated molecules that make up a genetic
More informationBiotechnology. terms. terms. Exam 2 In two weeks! Tuesday Nov. 3 rd. Genetic Engineering & molecular techniques
Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering Review sessions wt Jackie: 3-5PM Thursdays, room 8 Illick Previous: www.esf.edu/efb/powell/gen_l8_3.pdf www.esf.edu/efb/powell/gen_l8_6.pdf www.esf.edu/efb/powell/gen_l9_3.pdf
More informationUnderstanding Molecular Biotechnology
Lesson B4 5 Understanding Molecular Biotechnology Unit B. Animal Science and the Industry Problem Area 4. Understanding Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Lesson 5. Understanding Molecular Biotechnology
More informationWisconsin Briefs. from the Legislative Reference Bureau GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS. Brief December 2012
Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau Wisconsin Briefs from the Legislative Reference Bureau Brief 12-10 December 2012 GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS INTRODUCTION The development of genetically modified (GM)
More informationRegulatory Pathways for Rare Diseases
Regulatory Pathways for Rare Diseases Celia M. Witten, Ph.D., M.D. Deputy Director, FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Emerging Technologies for Rare Diseases: Clinical and Regulatory Case
More informationCROP PRODUCTION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY: Successes and Challenges SUMMARY
CROP PRODUCTION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY: Successes and Challenges SUMMARY Background Different scientists have defined the term biotechnology. These definitions reflect the particular perspective of the scientists.
More informationHow Do You Clone a Gene?
S-20 Edvo-Kit #S-20 How Do You Clone a Gene? Experiment Objective: The objective of this experiment is to gain an understanding of the structure of DNA, a genetically engineered clone, and how genes are
More informationDNA & Protein Synthesis UNIT D & E
DNA & Protein Synthesis UNIT D & E How this Unit is broken down Chapter 10.1 10.3 The structure of the genetic material Chapter 10.4 & 10.5 DNA replication Chapter 10.6 10.15 The flow of genetic information
More informationUnit 2 Biology subject content
Unit 2 Biology subject content 4.5 Homeostasis and response Cells in the body can only survive within narrow physical and chemical limits. They require a constant temperature and ph as well as a constant
More informationGCSE (9 1) Combined Science (Biology) A (Gateway Science) J250/08 Paper 8, B4 B6 and CS7 (PAGs B1 B5) (Higher Tier)
Oxford Cambridge and RSA GCSE (9 1) Combined Science (Biology) A (Gateway Science) Paper 8, B4 B6 and CS7 (PAGs B1 B5) (Higher Tier) Year 11 Test Time allowed: 1 hour 10 minutes You must have: a ruler
More informationLearning Objectives :
Learning Objectives : Understand the basic differences between genomic and cdna libraries Understand how genomic libraries are constructed Understand the purpose for having overlapping DNA fragments in
More informationE. Rehbinder M. Engelhard K. Hagen R. B. Jorgensen R. Pardo-Avellaneda A. Schnieke F. Thiele
E. Rehbinder M. Engelhard K. Hagen R. B. Jorgensen R. Pardo-Avellaneda A. Schnieke F. Thiele Pharming Promises and risks of biopharmaceuticals derived from genetically modified plants and animals 4ü Springer
More informationTransgenic plants: A new biopharmaceutical manufacturing platform
Transgenic plants: A new biopharmaceutical manufacturing platform Rachel K. Chikwamba 1, Hugh S. Mason 1, Richard Mahoney 2 and Charles J. Arntzen 1 1 - Center for Infectious Disease and 2 - Vaccinology
More informationGENETICALLY MODIFIED (GM) CROPS AND BIOSAFETY** Prof S.Kannaiyan*
1 GENETICALLY MODIFIED (GM) CROPS AND BIOSAFETY** Prof S.Kannaiyan* Introduction: Biotechnology is emerging as one of the most innovative achievements in the life sciences and influencing almost every
More informationOverview of Biologics Testing and Evaluation: Regulatory Requirements and Expectations. Audrey Chang, PhD, Senior Director Development Services
Overview of Biologics Testing and Evaluation: Regulatory Requirements and Expectations Audrey Chang, PhD, Senior Director Development Services Definition of Biologics: PHS Act, section 351 Virus, therapeutic
More informationPLTW Biomedical Science Medical Interventions Course Outline
Follow the fictitious Smith family as you learn about the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. Play the role of biomedical professionals to analyze case information and diagnose and treat your
More informationFDA Oversight of Gene Therapy
FDA Oversight of Gene Therapy Celia M. Witten, Ph.D., M.D. Deputy Director, FDA CBER Rare Disease and Orphan Products Breakthrough Summit NORD October 17, 2016 Hyatt Regency Crystal City Crystal City,
More informationMolecular Genetics Student Objectives
Molecular Genetics Student Objectives Exam 1: Enduring understanding 3.A: Heritable information provides for continuity of life. Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Hamed Al Zoubi
number 3 Done by Neda a Baniata Corrected by Waseem Abu Obeida Doctor Hamed Al Zoubi Note: it is important to refer to slides. Bacterial genetics *The main concepts we will talk about in this lecture:
More informationName Block Desk # BACTERIA AND VIRUSES. 1. What are prokaryotes? They are -celled organisms with no
Name Block Desk # BACTERIA AND VIRUSES Identifying Bacteria: 1. What are prokaryotes? They are -celled organisms with no - bound organelles. 2. True or false: prokaryotes are much larger that eukaryotes.
More informationCourse Descriptions. BIOL: Biology. MICB: Microbiology. [1]
Course Descriptions BIOL: Biology http://www.calendar.ubc.ca/vancouver/courses.cfm?code=biol [1] BIOL 112 (3) Biology of the Cell The principles of cellular and molecular biology using bacterial and eukaryotic
More informationBIOTECHNOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS BIOTECHNOLOGY:
BIOTECHNOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS BIOTECHNOLOGY: Biotechnology is the use of micro- organisms, animal or plant cells or their components to generate products and services useful to human
More information17.1 Variation, 17.2 Chromosomes and DNA, 17.3 Monohybrid Inheritance, 17.4 Selection, 17.5 Genetic Engineering SYLLABUS CHECKLIST
Topic 17 INHERITANCE 17.1 Variation, 17.2 Chromosomes and DNA, 17.3 Monohybrid Inheritance, 17.4 Selection, 17.5 Genetic Engineering SUFEATIN SURHAN BIOLOGY MSPSBS 2010 SYLLABUS CHECKLIST Candidates should
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Microorganisms are involved in each of the following processes EXCEPT 1) A) infection.
More informationGenetic engineering and the food we eat*
Genetic engineering and the food we eat* Prof. Daniel Chamovitz Tel Aviv University *and the clothes we wear, and the medicines we take, and gasoline we burn Problem #1: World Population is exploding 2011
More informationGenetic Engineering Methods
Genetic Engineering Methods Outline Why do it? Research examples: poplar trees Plant gene transfer concepts and methods Getting genes ready for transfer (recombinant DNA/plasmids) Analysis of transgenic
More informationViruses. Chapter 19. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for
Chapter 19 Viruses PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Copyright
More information