Week 7 - Natural Selection and Genetic Variation for Allozymes
|
|
- Dwain Harper
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Week 7 - Natural Selection and Genetic Variation for Allozymes Introduction In today's laboratory exercise, we will explore the potential for natural selection to cause evolutionary change, and we will study genetic differences among individuals. Both processes are fundamental to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Under natural selection, individuals that possess certain combinations of traits have a greater lifetime reproductive success (usually measured as survival, mating success, or fecundity), than those that possess other combinations of traits. To determine whether natural selection has occurred, one usually measures features of the population before the selective event and then again after it. The strength of selection is inferred from the difference in the characteristics of the population before versus after selection. Natural selection is not sufficient to produce evolutionary change. Populations change only when the differences among individuals are heritable, i.e. when they can be passed onto the next generation. Differences among individuals can also arise from the environment that an individual experiences. Biologists have learned that heritable, or genetic variation for important traits is widespread in natural populations. The presence of this heritable variation is what causes the population to change in response to a selective event. In today's lab, we will first view a videotape that describes one case where evolution by natural selection has been demonstrated. As you will see, the selective forces can vary from one year to the next, so that features that are favored at one time may be disadvantageous later on. After the film, we will examine the results of enzyme electrophoresis for populations of a Californian leaf beetle (Chrysomela aeneicollis). The banding pattern on the gels is produced by one genetic locus with multiple alleles. We will calculate allele frequencies in the population, based on the genotype frequencies that we observe. Activity 1: Watching the video 'What Darwin Never Saw.' Introduction: This film describes the story of evolutionary change in Darwin's finches, which inhabit the Galapagos Islands. Listen to the film carefully. After the film, discuss the following questions with your lab partner(s) and then write your responses below. You will be asked to explain responses to the rest of the class. You will also develop a question of your own to pose to the class for discussion. 1a. What is the main feature that distinguishes the thirteen species of finches found on the Galapagos Islands? 1b. What are the two fundamental elements of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, as described in the film? 1c. What effect did the drought of 1977 have on bird populations?
2 1d. Which kind of seeds became much less abundant during the drought of e. What effect did the shift in seed abundance have on the finch populations?1f. Which seeds became relatively more abundant during the subsequent El Niño event? 1g. How did the finch populations evolve 1) in response to the drought of 1977 and 2) in response to the El Niño event? 1h. Your own question for discussion by the group. Activity 2: Interpreting genetic variation at allozyme loci Introduction Mutations can cause changes in amino acid sequences. Individuals may therefore possess different forms of enzymes. These different forms (allozymes) occur at the same frequency in a population as the genes that code for them (unless there is a mutation that does not affect the mobility of the enzyme). One can use enzyme electrophoresis to study variation in allozymes. A tissue extract is placed into a medium (such as a gel or a cellulose acetate sheet) and an electric field is placed over the medium. After electrophoresis, the enzymes can be located by placing the gel into a staining solution. This solution contains the compounds that the enzymes need to function, plus a coloring agent. Over time, bands appear, which indicate the regions where the enzyme is located. If these bands are in different positions, then the enzymes that produced them must have differed in amino acid structure, indicating that genetic differences among individuals exist. The enzymes that can be seen on a gel are called electromorphs. If a population has more than one electromorph, the enzyme is said to be polymorphic. This indicates that at least two alleles exist for the gene that codes for the enzyme. Many enzymes are polymorphic in natural populations of organisms. We can use the variation in enzyme frequencies to study genetic variation in natural populations. These enzymes can therefore be used as markers of genetic variation. An important advantage of these markers is that they are codominant (the phenotype of the heterozygote includes that of both homozygotes). Because of their codominance, it is easy to score all genotypes in a natural population (homozygotes and heterozygotes). Examples of allozyme gels We will look at two examples of the banding pattern produced on a gel. Samples from beetles were loaded at the bottom of the gel, and the enzymes moved upwards towards the top. We can
3 name these enzymes in alphabetical order, with the fastest moving allele labeled 'F' (fast), and the slowest moving allele labelled 'S' (slow). Generally we name the most common allele 'M' for medium. Individuals with only one band are homozygous (e.g. MM), and those with multiple bands are heterozygous (e.g. FM, FS). This is because the heterozygote will produce two different enzymes that move at different rates through the starch medium when an electric current is passed over them Monomeric enzymes are those that function with only one subunit. When there are two or more alleles in a population, a heterozygote will possess two bands, and a homozygote will possess a single band. In this kind of codominance, the heterozygote shows bands only in the same locations as the homozygotes. The picture shows a gel stained for the enzyme phosphoglucomutase. The banding pattern for 10 beetles is shown. Four alleles are evident in the population (F, H, M, S). Some of the genotypes are filled in the scoring sheet. Fill in the missing genotypes below. 1., 2. _FM_, 3 _FS_, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 _MS_ Dimeric enzymes function with two subunits. If there are two or more alleles in a population, then the subunits may come together three different ways. The faster-moving form may combine with itself or with the slower moving form. The slower moving form may also combine with itself or the faster moving form. A heterozygote will therefore possess three bands, and in this kind of codominance, you see bands in the same position as the homozygotes, but there is also an extra band in the middle. The picture shows a gel stained for the enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase. The banding pattern for 12 beetles is shown. Three alleles are evident in the population (F, M, S). Some of the genotypes are filled in the scoring sheet. Fill in the missing genotypes below. 1. _FM_, 2., 3 _MM_, 4, 5 _MS_, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 Part 1: Interpreting electrophoretic variation at a monomeric enzyme. You will work in groups of four Each group will receive a picture of a gel that shows the enzyme banding pattern of about 30 insects. You will also receive scoring sheets to identify the electromorph phenotypes on that gel. You need to interpret these banding patterns. This will require the determination of the electromorph
4 phenotype of each individual and counting the number of individuals that possess the genotype that corresponds to each electromorph. Ask your instructor for help in your interpretation. Name the electromorph phenotypes (= genotypes) in your sample How many different alleles were present in the population? Part 2: Interpreting variation at a dimeric enzyme. For the dimeric enzyme, you will receive a second picture of a gel that shows the enzyme banding pattern of about 30 insects. You need to interpret these banding patterns as above for the monomeric enzyme. Ask your instructor for help in your interpretation. Name the electromorph phenotypes (= genotypes) in your sample How many different alleles were present in the population? Part 3- Calculating observed genotype and allele frequencies for a dimeric enzyme 3a. Determine the number of individuals with each genotype and fill these values into column two of Table 1. 3b. Divide the values in column 2 by the total number of individuals to obtain the genotypic frequencies. Table 1- Genotype numbers and frequencies. Genotype Genotype (number of individuals) frequency (# individuals) (total # in population) Total Calculate allele frequencies. First, you need to obtain the number of copies of each allele in the population. Remember that each homozygous individual has two copies of each allele, while a heterozygote has one copy of two different alleles.
5 Column1 Col 2 Col 3 Col 4 Col 5 Col 6 Number of Number of Number of Total allele Allele heterozygot homozygote heterozygot number frequency e alleles e alleles individuals Allele Number of homozygote individuals with this allele with this allele 2 * Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 + Col 4 Col 5 (2 * # individuals) Total
Summary Genes and Variation Evolution as Genetic Change. Name Class Date
Chapter 16 Summary Evolution of Populations 16 1 Genes and Variation Darwin s original ideas can now be understood in genetic terms. Beginning with variation, we now know that traits are controlled by
More informationREVIEW 5: EVOLUTION UNIT. A. Top 10 If you learned anything from this unit, you should have learned:
Period Date REVIEW 5: EVOLUTION UNIT A. Top 10 If you learned anything from this unit, you should have learned: 1. Darwin s Principle of Natural Selection a. Variation individuals within a population possess
More informationThe Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection in Humans
POPULATION GENETICS, SELECTION, AND EVOLUTION INTRODUCTION A common misconception is that individuals evolve. While individuals may have favorable and heritable traits that are advantageous for survival
More informationConservation Genetics Population Genetics: Diversity within versus among populations
Conservation Genetics : Diversity within versus among populations Exercise James Gibbs Reproduction of this material is authorized by the recipient institution for nonprofit/non-commercial educational
More informationPopulation genetics. Population genetics provides a foundation for studying evolution How/Why?
Population genetics 1.Definition of microevolution 2.Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 3.Hardy-Weinberg equation where it comes from and what it means 4.The five conditions for equilibrium in more
More informationAP Biology Laboratory 8 Population Genetics Virtual Student Guide
AP Biology Laboratory 8 Population Genetics Virtual Student Guide http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/index.html Introduction The Hardy-Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium provides a
More informationPopulation Genetics (Learning Objectives)
Population Genetics (Learning Objectives) Define the terms population, species, allelic and genotypic frequencies, gene pool, and fixed allele, genetic drift, bottle-neck effect, founder effect. Explain
More informationPOPULATION GENETICS: The study of the rules governing the maintenance and transmission of genetic variation in natural populations.
POPULATION GENETICS: The study of the rules governing the maintenance and transmission of genetic variation in natural populations. DARWINIAN EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION Many more individuals are born
More informationThe Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection in Humans
OVERVIEW POPULATION GENETICS, SELECTION, AND EVOLUTION This hands-on activity, used in conjunction with the short film The Making of the Fittest: (http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/making-fittest-natural-selection-humans),
More informationPOPULATION GENETICS Winter 2005 Lecture 18 Quantitative genetics and QTL mapping
POPULATION GENETICS Winter 2005 Lecture 18 Quantitative genetics and QTL mapping - from Darwin's time onward, it has been widely recognized that natural populations harbor a considerably degree of genetic
More informationThe Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation Allele and phenotype frequencies in rock pocket mouse populations
The Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation Allele and phenotype frequencies in rock pocket mouse populations Name: Per. Introduction The tiny rock pocket mouse weighs just 15 grams, about
More informationMapping and Mapping Populations
Mapping and Mapping Populations Types of mapping populations F 2 o Two F 1 individuals are intermated Backcross o Cross of a recurrent parent to a F 1 Recombinant Inbred Lines (RILs; F 2 -derived lines)
More informationAP BIOLOGY Population Genetics and Evolution Lab
AP BIOLOGY Population Genetics and Evolution Lab In 1908 G.H. Hardy and W. Weinberg independently suggested a scheme whereby evolution could be viewed as changes in the frequency of alleles in a population
More informationThe Modern Synthesis. Causes of microevolution. The Modern Synthesis. Microevolution. Genetic Drift. Genetic drift example
The Modern Synthesis Populations are the units of evolution Natural selection plays an important role in evolution, but is not the only factor Speciation is at the boundary between microevolution and macroevolution
More informationThe Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation
ALLELE AND PHENOTYPE FREQUENCIES IN ROCK POCKET MOUSE POPULATIONS INTRODUCTION The tiny rock pocket mouse weighs just 15 grams, about as much as a handful of paper clips. A typical rock pocket mouse is
More information11.1. A population shares a common gene pool. The Evolution of Populations CHAPTER 11. Fill in the concept map below.
SECTION 11.1 GENETIC VARIATION WITHIN POPULATIONS Study Guide KEY CONCEPT A population shares a common gene pool. VOCABULARY gene pool allele frequency MAIN IDEA: Genetic variation in a population increases
More informationLesson 3 Gel Electrophoresis of Amplified PCR Samples and Staining of Agarose Gels
Lesson 3 Gel Electrophoresis of Amplified PCR Samples and Staining of Agarose Gels What Are You Looking At? Before you analyze your PCR products, let s take a look at the target sequence being explored.
More information3. A student performed a gel electrophoresis experiment. The results are represented in the diagram below.
Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the statement below and on your knowledge of biology. Scientists have found a gene in the DNA of a certain plant that could be the key to increasing the amount
More informationLAB ACTIVITY ONE POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017
OVERVIEW In this lab you will: 1. learn about the Hardy-Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium, and 2. study the relationship between evolution and changes in allele frequency by using your class to represent
More informationBean Bunny Evolution Modeling Gene Frequency Change (Evolution) in a Population by Natural Selection
Modeling Gene Frequency Change (Evolution) in a Population by Natural Selection In this activity, you will examine natural selection in a small population of wild rabbits. Evolution, on a genetic level,
More informationPOPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
AP BIOLOGY EVOLUTION ACTIVITY # NAME DATE HOUR POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION INTRODUCTION In 908 G. H. Hardy and W. Weinberg independently suggest a scheme whereby evolution could be viewed as changes
More informationReview. Molecular Evolution and the Neutral Theory. Genetic drift. Evolutionary force that removes genetic variation
Molecular Evolution and the Neutral Theory Carlo Lapid Sep., 202 Review Genetic drift Evolutionary force that removes genetic variation from a population Strength is inversely proportional to the effective
More informationWe can use a Punnett Square to determine how the gametes will recombine in the next, or F2 generation.
AP Lab 7: The Mendelian Genetics of Corn Objectives: In this laboratory investigation, you will: Use corn to study genetic crosses, recognize contrasting phenotypes, collect data from F 2 ears of corn,
More information1a. What is the ratio of feathered to unfeathered shanks in the offspring of the above cross?
Problem Set 5 answers 1. Whether or not the shanks of chickens contains feathers is due to two independently assorting genes. Individuals have unfeathered shanks when they are homozygous for recessive
More informationPopulation Genetics. Lab Exercise 14. Introduction. Contents. Objectives
Lab Exercise Population Genetics Contents Objectives 1 Introduction 1 Activity.1 Calculating Frequencies 2 Activity.2 More Hardy-Weinberg 3 Resutls Section 4 Introduction Unlike Mendelian genetics which
More informationLINKAGE AND CHROMOSOME MAPPING IN EUKARYOTES
LINKAGE AND CHROMOSOME MAPPING IN EUKARYOTES Objectives: Upon completion of this lab, the students should be able to: Understand the different stages of meiosis. Describe the events during each phase of
More informationEVOLUTION/HERDEDITY UNIT Unit 1 Part 8A Chapter 23 Activity Lab #11 A POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
AP BIOLOGY EVOLUTION/HERDEDITY UNIT Unit Part 8A Chapter Activity Lab # A NAME DATE PERIOD POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION In 908 G. H. Hardy and W. Weinberg independently suggest a scheme whereby evolution
More informationConifer Translational Genomics Network Coordinated Agricultural Project
Conifer Translational Genomics Network Coordinated Agricultural Project Genomics in Tree Breeding and Forest Ecosystem Management ----- Module 3 Population Genetics Nicholas Wheeler & David Harry Oregon
More informationObserving Patterns in Inherited Traits. Chapter 11
Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits Chapter 11 Impacts, Issues: The Color of Skin Like most human traits, skin color has a genetic basis; more than 100 gene products affect the synthesis and deposition
More informationBiology 40S: Course Outline Monday-Friday Slot 1, 8:45 AM 9:45 AM Room 311 Teacher: John Howden Phone:
The course is designed to help students develop and demonstrate an understanding of the biological concepts of genetics and biodiversity through scientific inquiry, problem solving, personal reflection
More informationThe Evolution of Populations
Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationVideo Tutorial 9.1: Determining the map distance between genes
Video Tutorial 9.1: Determining the map distance between genes Three-factor linkage questions may seem daunting at first, but there is a straight-forward approach to solving these problems. We have described
More informationConcepts: What are RFLPs and how do they act like genetic marker loci?
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) -1 Readings: Griffiths et al: 7th Edition: Ch. 12 pp. 384-386; Ch.13 pp404-407 8th Edition: pp. 364-366 Assigned Problems: 8th Ch. 11: 32, 34, 38-39 7th
More informationHardy-Weinberg Principle
Name: Hardy-Weinberg Principle In 1908, two scientists, Godfrey H. Hardy, an English mathematician, and Wilhelm Weinberg, a German physician, independently worked out a mathematical relationship that related
More informationSTUDY OF VNTR HUMAN POLYMORPHISMS BY PCR
STUDY OF VNTR HUMAN POLYMORPHISMS BY PCR Ref. PCR1 1. OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT The objective of this experiment is to introduce students to the principles and practice of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
More informationBiol Lecture Notes
Biol 303 1 Evolutionary Forces: Generation X Simulation To launch the GenX software: 1. Right-click My Computer. 2. Click Map Network Drive 3. Don t worry about what drive letter is assigned in the upper
More informationUsing molecular marker technology in studies on plant genetic diversity Protein-based technologies Isozymes
Using molecular marker technology in studies on plant genetic diversity Protein-based technologies Isozymes Copyright: IPGRI and Cornell University, 2003 Isozymes 1 Contents! Detecting isozymes Methodology
More informationPopulation and Community Dynamics. The Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Population and Community Dynamics The Hardy-Weinberg Principle Key Terms Population: same species, same place, same time Gene: unit of heredity. Controls the expression of a trait. Can be passed to offspring.
More informationLACTASE PERSISTENCE: EVIDENCE FOR SELECTION
LACTASE PERSISTENCE: EVIDENCE FOR SELECTION OVERVIEW This activity focuses on the genetic changes that gave rise to lactase persistence an example of recent human evolution. Students explore the evidence
More informationExam 1 Answers Biology 210 Sept. 20, 2006
Exam Answers Biology 20 Sept. 20, 2006 Name: Section:. (5 points) Circle the answer that gives the maximum number of different alleles that might exist for any one locus in a normal mammalian cell. A.
More informationPOPULATION GENETICS. Evolution Lectures 4
POPULATION GENETICS Evolution Lectures 4 POPULATION GENETICS The study of the rules governing the maintenance and transmission of genetic variation in natural populations. Population: A freely interbreeding
More informationLecture 10 Molecular evolution. Jim Watson, Francis Crick, and DNA
Lecture 10 Molecular evolution Jim Watson, Francis Crick, and DNA Molecular Evolution 4 characteristics 1. c-value paradox 2. Molecular evolution is sometimes decoupled from morphological evolution 3.
More informationUsing Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) to Predict Bitter Tasting Ability
Using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) to Predict Bitter Tasting Ability Part II:! Digestion and Analysis of an Amplified Region of the Bitter Taste Receptor TAS2R38 Gene In The Last Lab:! You sampled
More informationMAS refers to the use of DNA markers that are tightly-linked to target loci as a substitute for or to assist phenotypic screening.
Marker assisted selection in rice Introduction The development of DNA (or molecular) markers has irreversibly changed the disciplines of plant genetics and plant breeding. While there are several applications
More informationHow about the genes? Biology or Genes? DNA Structure. DNA Structure DNA. Proteins. Life functions are regulated by proteins:
Biology or Genes? Biological variation Genetics This is what we think of when we say biological differences Race implies genetics Physiology Not all physiological variation is genetically mediated Tanning,
More informationNON-RANDOM MATING AND GENE FLOW. February 3 rd 2016
NON-RANDOM MATING AND GENE FLOW February 3 rd 2016 SHAPE OF THE DAY Go through our anti-biotics worksheet Sexual selection/non-random mating Gene flow Studying tips and strategies Making test questions
More informationGene Flow and Paternity Analysis. Oct 6, 2006
Gene Flow and Paternity Analysis Oct 6, 2006 Last Time Variation among populations: F- statistics Indirect estimates of gene flow Today Lab recap More about indirect measures of gene flow Direct measures
More informationMichelle Wang Department of Biology, Queen s University, Kingston, Ontario Biology 206 (2008)
An investigation of the fitness and strength of selection on the white-eye mutation of Drosophila melanogaster in two population sizes under light and dark treatments over three generations Image Source:
More informationLS50B Problem Set #7
LS50B Problem Set #7 Due Friday, March 25, 2016 at 5 PM Problem 1: Genetics warm up Answer the following questions about core concepts that will appear in more detail on the rest of the Pset. 1. For a
More informationFrequency of Keyword Totals - (All LE Regents Exams)
Frequency of Keyword Totals - (All LE Regents Exams) KEYWORD COUNT KEYWORD COUNT ecosystem 58 DNA 48 energy pyramid 19 graph 19 scientific method 19 photosynthesis 43 decomposer 18 human impact 42 clone
More informationInheritance Biology. Unit Map. Unit
Unit 8 Unit Map 8.A Mendelian principles 482 8.B Concept of gene 483 8.C Extension of Mendelian principles 485 8.D Gene mapping methods 495 8.E Extra chromosomal inheritance 501 8.F Microbial genetics
More informationObserving Patterns In Inherited Traits
Observing Patterns In Inherited Traits Ø Where Modern Genetics Started/ Gregor Mendel Ø Law of Segregation Ø Law of Independent Assortment Ø Non-Mendelian Inheritance Ø Complex Variations in Traits Genetics:
More informationSeed Dispersal in Tropical Forests
INTRODUCTION The goal of this activity is to use concepts of plant dispersal mechanisms to better understand how plants are distributed. A second goal is to make predictions about how forest fragmentation
More informationAP Biology Chapter 14 Notes Mendel and the Gene Idea
AP Biology Chapter 14 Notes Mendel and the Gene Idea I. Chapter 14.1: Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance. II. Chapter 14.2: The Laws of Probability Govern Mendelian
More informationRandom Allelic Variation
Random Allelic Variation AKA Genetic Drift Genetic Drift a non-adaptive mechanism of evolution (therefore, a theory of evolution) that sometimes operates simultaneously with others, such as natural selection
More informationMolecular Markers CRITFC Genetics Workshop December 9, 2014
Molecular Markers CRITFC Genetics Workshop December 9, 2014 Molecular Markers Tools that allow us to collect information about an individual, a population, or a species Application in fisheries mating
More informationChapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea
Chapter 4: Mendel and the Gene Idea. The Experiments of Gregor Mendel 2. Beyond Mendelian Genetics 3. Human Genetics . The Experiments of Gregor Mendel Chapter Reading pp. 268-276 TECHNIQUE Parental generation
More information7.014 Quiz III 4/22/05. Write your name on this page and your initials on all the other pages in the space provided.
7.014 Quiz III 4/22/05 Your Name: TA's Name: Write your name on this page and your initials on all the other pages in the space provided. This exam has 10 pages including this coversheet. Check that you
More informationChp 10 Patterns of Inheritance
Chp 10 Patterns of Inheritance Dogs, one of human s longest genetic experiments Over 1,000 s of years, humans have chosen and mated dogs with specific traits. A process called -artificial selection The
More informationGenetic variation, genetic drift (summary of topics)
Bio 1B Lecture Outline (please print and bring along) Fall, 2007 B.D. Mishler, Dept. of Integrative Biology 2-6810, bmishler@berkeley.edu Evolution lecture #11 -- Hardy Weinberg departures: genetic variation
More informationBiology Genetics Practice Quiz
Biology Genetics Practice Quiz Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The table above shows information related to blood types. What genotype(s)
More informationGene Linkage and Genetic. Mapping. Key Concepts. Key Terms. Concepts in Action
Gene Linkage and Genetic 4 Mapping Key Concepts Genes that are located in the same chromosome and that do not show independent assortment are said to be linked. The alleles of linked genes present together
More informationSNP calling and VCF format
SNP calling and VCF format Laurent Falquet, Oct 12 SNP? What is this? A type of genetic variation, among others: Family of Single Nucleotide Aberrations Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) Single Nucleotide
More informationch03 Student: If a phenotype is controlled by the genotypes at two different loci the interaction of these genes is called
ch03 Student: 1. Which of the following is not a phenotypic description of allele interactions affecting the expression of traits? incomplete dominance codominance polymorphic multifactorial E. pleiotrophic
More informationLecture 8: Sequencing and SNP. Sept 15, 2006
Lecture 8: Sequencing and SNP Sept 15, 2006 Announcements Random questioning during literature discussion sessions starts next week for real! Schedule changes Moved QTL lecture up Removed landscape genetics
More informationMendel and the Gene Idea
Chapter 4 Mendel and the Gene Idea PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan
More informationRead each question, and write your answer in the space provided. 2. How did Mendel s scientific work differ from the work of T. A. Knight?
Name Date Class CHAPTER 8 DIRECTED READING Mendel and Heredity Section 8-1: The Origins of Genetics Mendel and Others Studied Garden-Pea Traits 1. What did T. A. Knight discover? 2. How did Mendel s scientific
More informationManitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth
Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth SENIOR 4 BIOLOGY 40S Student Specific Learning Outcomes DRAFT / Unedited Version April 2005 Demonstrating Understanding Cluster 0: Biology Skills and Attitudes
More informationGen e e n t e i t c c V a V ri r abi b li l ty Biolo l gy g Lec e tur u e e 9 : 9 Gen e et e ic I n I her e itan a ce
Genetic Variability Biology 102 Lecture 9: Genetic Inheritance Asexual reproduction = daughter cells genetically identical to parent (clones) Sexual reproduction = offspring are genetic hybrids Tendency
More informationEvolution of species range limits. Takuji Usui (Angert Lab) BIOL Nov 2017
Evolution of species range limits Takuji Usui (Angert Lab) BIOL 509 28 Nov 2017 Range limits often occur on continuous ecological gradients Range maps modified from Sheth et al. (2014). J Biogeogr., 41,
More informationBio 6 Natural Selection Lab
Bio 6 Natural Selection Lab Overview In this laboratory you will demonstrate the process of evolution by natural selection by carrying out a predator/prey simulation. Through this exercise you will observe
More informationhomology - implies common ancestry. If you go back far enough, get to one single copy from which all current copies descend (premise 1).
Drift in Large Populations -- the Neutral Theory Recall that the impact of drift as an evolutionary force is proportional to 1/(2N) for a diploid system. This has caused many people to think that drift
More information1. For each of these genetic traits which is the dominant allele and which is the recessive allele:
Biology 114 Name: Lab Section Prelab questions for Lab 8 1. For each of these genetic traits which is the dominant allele and which is the recessive allele: being a tongue roller having attached earlobes
More informationChapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea
Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea Name Period If you have completed a first-year high school biology course, some of this chapter will serve as a review for the basic concepts of Mendelian genetics.
More informationAdvanced Plant Technology Program Vocabulary
Advanced Plant Technology Program Vocabulary A Below you ll find a list of words (and their simplified definitions) that our researchers use on a daily basis. Abiotic stress (noun): Stress brought on by
More informationPTC PCR II: Restriction Enzymes & Gel Electrophoresis
PTC PCR II: Restriction Enzymes & Gel Electrophoresis Objective To apply what we ve learned about genetics, molecular biology, and recombinant DNA to a specific human genetic trait. Background Mammals
More informationLecture 12: Effective Population Size and Gene Flow. October 5, 2012
Lecture 12: Effective Population Size and Gene Flow October 5, 2012 Last Time Interactions of drift and selection Effective population size Today Effective population size calculations Historical importance
More informationGENETIC ALGORITHMS. Narra Priyanka. K.Naga Sowjanya. Vasavi College of Engineering. Ibrahimbahg,Hyderabad.
GENETIC ALGORITHMS Narra Priyanka K.Naga Sowjanya Vasavi College of Engineering. Ibrahimbahg,Hyderabad mynameissowji@yahoo.com priyankanarra@yahoo.com Abstract Genetic algorithms are a part of evolutionary
More informationGenetic load. For the organism as a whole (its genome, and the species), what is the fitness cost of deleterious mutations?
Genetic load For the organism as a whole (its genome, and the species), what is the fitness cost of deleterious mutations? Anth/Biol 5221, 25 October 2017 We saw that the expected frequency of deleterious
More informationGenetics II: Linkage and the Chromosomal Theory
Genetics II: Linkage and the Chromosomal Theory An individual has two copies of each particle of inheritance (gene). These two copies separate during the formation of gametes and come together when the
More information1/21/ Exploring Mendelian Genetics. What is the principle of independent assortment? Independent Assortment. Biology.
Biology 1 of 31 11-3 Exploring Mendelian Exploring Genetics Mendelian Genetics 2 of 31 What is the principle of independent assortment? 3 of 31 1 The principle of independent assortment states that genes
More informationB.6.F predict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses and non Mendelian inheritance
B.6.F predict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses and non Mendelian inheritance Gregor Mendel Austrian monk * Studied science and mathematics
More informationPCR Techniques. By Ahmad Mansour Mohamed Alzohairy. Department of Genetics, Zagazig University,Zagazig, Egypt
PCR Techniques By Ahmad Mansour Mohamed Alzohairy Department of Genetics, Zagazig University,Zagazig, Egypt 2005 PCR Techniques ISSR PCR Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSRs) By Ahmad Mansour Mohamed Alzohairy
More informationThe neutral theory of molecular evolution
The neutral theory of molecular evolution Objectives the neutral theory detecting natural selection exercises 1 - learn about the neutral theory 2 - be able to detect natural selection at the molecular
More informationMethods Available for the Analysis of Data from Dominant Molecular Markers
Methods Available for the Analysis of Data from Dominant Molecular Markers Lisa Wallace Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark ST, Vermillion, SD 57069 Email: lwallace@usd.edu
More informationQuantitative Genetics
Quantitative Genetics Polygenic traits Quantitative Genetics 1. Controlled by several to many genes 2. Continuous variation more variation not as easily characterized into classes; individuals fall into
More informationBiology 3201 Grading Standards June 2005
Biology 3201 Grading Standards June 2005 Pre-Marking Appraisal The June 2005 biology exam was considered a fair exam, well designed, and of reasonable length and difficulty For item #4, both (B) and (C)
More informationGenetic drift. 1. The Nature of Genetic Drift
Genetic drift. The Nature of Genetic Drift To date, we have assumed that populations are infinite in size. This assumption enabled us to easily calculate the expected frequencies of alleles and genotypes
More informationAn introduction to genetics and molecular biology
An introduction to genetics and molecular biology Cavan Reilly September 5, 2017 Table of contents Introduction to biology Some molecular biology Gene expression Mendelian genetics Some more molecular
More informationConifer Translational Genomics Network Coordinated Agricultural Project
Conifer Translational Genomics Network Coordinated Agricultural Project Genomics in Tree Breeding and Forest Ecosystem Management ----- Module 2 Genes, Genomes, and Mendel Nicholas Wheeler & David Harry
More informationTETRAZOLIUM OXIDASE POLYMORPHISM IN RAINBOW TROUT
TETRAZOLIUM OXIDASE POLYMORPHISM IN RAINBOW TROUT STEPHEN D. CEDEREiAUMl AND AKIRA YOSHIDA Departments of Medicine and Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Manuscript received May 15,
More informationGenetics module. DNA Structure, Replication. The Genetic Code; Transcription and Translation. Principles of Heredity; Gene Mapping
Genetics module Lectures DNA Structure, Replication The Genetic Code; Transcription and Translation Principles of Heredity; Gene Mapping Controlling Gene Expression Mutation and Cancer Textbook: Introduction
More informationMendelian Genetics. What is Gregor Mendel known for and what organism did he use? When did Mendel conduct most of his work?
Mendelian Genetics What is Gregor Mendel known for and what organism did he use? When did Mendel conduct most of his work? What Mendel called particles are actually Define the following: Trait- Heredity-
More informationPopulations and Ecosystems Unit Map Grade 7
Populations and Ecosystems Unit Map Grade 7 Course Goal and Description: In Populations and Ecosystems learners analyze populations of organisms that interact within ecosystems and begin to decipher the
More informationHeredity: The process in which characteristics or traits pass from parents to offspring. Think, Pair, Share some characteristics that you have in
Genetics Grade 7 1 Heredity: The process in which characteristics or traits pass from parents to offspring. Think, Pair, Share some characteristics that you have in common with either parent 2 Tracking
More informationMolecular markers in plant breeding
Molecular markers in plant breeding Jumbo MacDonald et al., MAIZE BREEDERS COURSE Palace Hotel Arusha, Tanzania 4 Sep to 16 Sep 2016 Molecular Markers QTL Mapping Association mapping GWAS Genomic Selection
More informationAnswers to additional linkage problems.
Spring 2013 Biology 321 Answers to Assignment Set 8 Chapter 4 http://fire.biol.wwu.edu/trent/trent/iga_10e_sm_chapter_04.pdf Answers to additional linkage problems. Problem -1 In this cell, there two copies
More information