Genetic Variation. Genetic Variation within Populations. Population Genetics. Darwin s Observations
|
|
- Samson Blair
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Genetic Variation within Populations Population Genetics Darwin s Observations Genetic Variation Underlying phenotypic variation is genetic variation. The potential for genetic variation in individuals of a population is unlimited Unlimited genetic variation, in the form of new alleles and new combinations of alleles, increases the chance that a population will survive future environmental changes. How do new alleles arise in a population? 1
2 Natural Selection & Evolution Natural selection is differential survival and reproduction. Populations (not individuals) evolve. Populations are defined as a group of interbreeding individuals of a single species that share a common geographic area. Evolution is measured as the change in relative proportions of heritable variation in a population over a succession of generations. Population Genetics 1. Integrates Darwin s Theory of Natural Selection with Mendelian Genetics 2. Genes/alleles and their relative abundance (frequency) within and among populations. 3. How/why do allele frequencies change? 4. Microevolution 5. Assessing genetic variation using molecular techniques. The life cycle of an imaginary population of mice 2
3 Hardy-Weinberg Principle If: 1) Mating is random across the entire population. 2) All genotypes (individuals) have equal success at surviving or reproducing (no selection). 3) There is no migration/emigration of individuals (gene flow). 4) There is no mutation. 5) Population is large enough so that the allele frequencies do not change from generation to generation just by chance alone (random genetic drift). Then: allele frequencies will not change from one generation to the next and the population is said to be in Hardy-Weinberg equillibrium A gene pool with allele frequencies of 0.6 for allele A and 0.4 for allele a. Allele and genotype frequencies throughout the life cycle in a numerical simulation 3
4 When the adults in our model mouse population make gametes, they produce a gene pool in which the allele frequencies are identical to the ones we started with a generation ago Hardy-Weinberg Calculations If frequency of the dominant allele (A) in the population is p, and the frequency of the recessive allele (a) is q, then p + q = 1 Frequency of heterozygotes (Aa), dominant homozygotes (AA) and recessive homozygotes (aa) is: p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 AA Aa aa 4
5 Hardy -Weinberg If p+q=1.0 (allele frequencies) Then p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1.0 (genotype frequencies) If you know the allele frequencies, you can predict the genotype frequencies: Selection can cause allele frequencies to change across generations (1) Persistent selection can produce substantial changes in allele frequencies over time (2)Each curve shows the change in allele frequency over time under a particular selection intensity. 5
6 Frequencies of the Adh F allele in four populations of fruit flies over 50 generations Red + orange dots = flies reared on food spiked with ethanol Macrophage 6
7 What accounts for this variation? Random? Past epidemics (plague, smallpox)? What will happen to this variation in the future? Will Δ32 allele increase in frequency? Selection will increase the frequency of Δ32 allele Selection is relatively weak The favored allele is recessive and the favored genotype is very rare The change in allele frequency (response to selection) will be relatively slow Industrial Melanism Classic example of natural selection Kettlewell (1959) conducted experiments to measure the survival of different genotypes Calculated change in frequency of dark and light individuals 7
8 Battling malaria: natural selection is fast! DDT developed in 1942, used in India in late 1940 s 10 years later, nearly useless due to resistant mosquito strains 95% effective initially but 16 months later only 20% effective Mutation is a weak mechanism of evolution 8
9 Mutation causes variation e.g. Sickle cell anemia Hemoglobin gene DNA sequence containing a specific mutation in the nucleotide sequence causes a hydrophilic amino acid, glutamine, to be substituted by a hydrophobic amino acid, valine. Profound effects on the folding pattern of the hemoglobin, altering its functionality. Normal Homozygotes Homozygous individuals, AA Healthy In the A allele, the 6th codon is CTC = glutamine Sickle-cell Homozygotes In the a allele, the 6th codon has mutated to CAC = valine causes distortion in shape of red blood corpuscles 80% of homozygous (aa) individuals die before reproducing why still around? 9
10 Effect of Migration and Small Population size Gene Flow - the gradual exchange of genes/alleles between two populations brought about by the dispersal of gametes or the migration of individuals. Genetic Drift - random variation in allele frequency from generation to generation. Most often observed in small populations. Migration can alter allele and genotype frequencies 10
11 Population size and drift Small populations vary more in allele frequencies due to sampling effects from one generation to the next variance in frequency of an allele with frequency depends on population size, N Smaller N => more variance, more drift Genetic Drift Random sampling/variation in allele frequency from generation to generation Occurs when the number of reproducing individuals in a population is too small to ensure that all the alleles in the gene pool will be passed to the next generation in their existing frequencies Chance events (Genetic Drift) can alter allele and genotype frequencies 11
12 Flip a coin Observe 10 sets of 20 coin tosses and 10 sets of 4000 coin tosses On average all sets would have 50% heads and tails But it is more likely to flip 12 heads : 8 tails in the small population than 2400 heads : 1600 tails in the large population Bottlenecks Populations may go through a bottleneck in size Out of many individuals, only a few contribute to the next generation A special type of bottleneck is the reduction in population size associated with colonization - founder effect Genetic Bottleneck 12
13 Small Populations & The Founder Effect The establishment of a new population by a few original founders (in an extreme case, by a single fertilized female) that carry only a small fraction of the total genetic variation of the parental population. (Mayr, 1963) The Amish Small group of Germans began the Amish community in Pennsylvania 1 possessed an allele for polydactylism (more than five fingers or toes on a limb). After 200 years of reproductive isolation the number of cases among the Amish population exceeds the number of cases occurring in the entire world s population Inbreeding alters genotype frequencies 13
14 Inbreeding Self-fertilization Sewell Wright: Inbreeding Coefficient (F) F quantifies the probability that the two alleles of a given gene in an individual are identical because they are descended from the same single copy of the allele in an ancestor. If F =1 all individuals in the population are homozygous, and both alleles in every individual are derived from the same ancestral copy. If F=0 no individual has two alleles derived from a common ancestral copy Inbreeding Sewell Wright: Inbreeding Coefficient (F) Based on the inverse relationship between inbreeding and the frequency of heterozygotes As inbreeding increases, heterozygosity decreases F= H e - H o /H e H e = expected heterozygosity H o = observed heterozygosity In a completely randon mating population the expected and Observed levels of heterozygosity will be equal so F=0 14
15 Inbreeding Depression Inbred populations often have a lowered mean fitness. Inbreeding depression is a measure of the loss of fitness caused by inbreeding Inbreeding results in higher levels of homozygosity Some recessive alleles are deleterious 15
16 16
Population genetics. Population genetics provides a foundation for studying evolution How/Why?
Population genetics 1.Definition of microevolution 2.Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 3.Hardy-Weinberg equation where it comes from and what it means 4.The five conditions for equilibrium in more
More informationAP BIOLOGY Population Genetics and Evolution Lab
AP BIOLOGY Population Genetics and Evolution Lab In 1908 G.H. Hardy and W. Weinberg independently suggested a scheme whereby evolution could be viewed as changes in the frequency of alleles in a population
More informationPopulation and Community Dynamics. The Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Population and Community Dynamics The Hardy-Weinberg Principle Key Terms Population: same species, same place, same time Gene: unit of heredity. Controls the expression of a trait. Can be passed to offspring.
More informationLAB ACTIVITY ONE POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017
OVERVIEW In this lab you will: 1. learn about the Hardy-Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium, and 2. study the relationship between evolution and changes in allele frequency by using your class to represent
More informationThe Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection in Humans
POPULATION GENETICS, SELECTION, AND EVOLUTION INTRODUCTION A common misconception is that individuals evolve. While individuals may have favorable and heritable traits that are advantageous for survival
More information1) Genetic Drift. Genetic Drift - population with stable size ~ 10
1) Genetic Drift Flip a coin 1000 times 700 heads and 300 tails very suspicious. Flip a coin 10 times 7 heads and 3 tails well within the bounds of possibility. 700 7 300 3 The smaller the sample, the
More informationPopulation Genetics and Evolution
Population Genetics and Evolution Forces of Evolution DETERMINISTIC: direction of change predictable Mutation Migration Natural Selection STOCHASTIC: direction of change unknowable (none exp.) Genetic
More informationConifer Translational Genomics Network Coordinated Agricultural Project
Conifer Translational Genomics Network Coordinated Agricultural Project Genomics in Tree Breeding and Forest Ecosystem Management ----- Module 3 Population Genetics Nicholas Wheeler & David Harry Oregon
More informationRandom Allelic Variation
Random Allelic Variation AKA Genetic Drift Genetic Drift a non-adaptive mechanism of evolution (therefore, a theory of evolution) that sometimes operates simultaneously with others, such as natural selection
More informationREVIEW 5: EVOLUTION UNIT. A. Top 10 If you learned anything from this unit, you should have learned:
Period Date REVIEW 5: EVOLUTION UNIT A. Top 10 If you learned anything from this unit, you should have learned: 1. Darwin s Principle of Natural Selection a. Variation individuals within a population possess
More informationPopulation Genetics (Learning Objectives)
Population Genetics (Learning Objectives) Define the terms population, species, allelic and genotypic frequencies, gene pool, and fixed allele, genetic drift, bottle-neck effect, founder effect. Explain
More informationThe Modern Synthesis. Causes of microevolution. The Modern Synthesis. Microevolution. Genetic Drift. Genetic drift example
The Modern Synthesis Populations are the units of evolution Natural selection plays an important role in evolution, but is not the only factor Speciation is at the boundary between microevolution and macroevolution
More informationPrinciples of Population Genetics
Principles of Population Genetics Leo P ten Kate, MD, PhD Em. Prof. of Clinical Genetics VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, the Netherlands Training Course in Sexual and Reproductive Health Research
More information11.1. A population shares a common gene pool. The Evolution of Populations CHAPTER 11. Fill in the concept map below.
SECTION 11.1 GENETIC VARIATION WITHIN POPULATIONS Study Guide KEY CONCEPT A population shares a common gene pool. VOCABULARY gene pool allele frequency MAIN IDEA: Genetic variation in a population increases
More informationAP Biology Laboratory 8 Population Genetics Virtual Student Guide
AP Biology Laboratory 8 Population Genetics Virtual Student Guide http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/index.html Introduction The Hardy-Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium provides a
More informationThe Evolution of Populations
Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationSummary Genes and Variation Evolution as Genetic Change. Name Class Date
Chapter 16 Summary Evolution of Populations 16 1 Genes and Variation Darwin s original ideas can now be understood in genetic terms. Beginning with variation, we now know that traits are controlled by
More informationLab 8: Population Genetics and Evolution. This may leave a bad taste in your mouth
Lab 8: Population Genetics and Evolution This may leave a bad taste in your mouth Pre-Lab Orientation Recall that the Hardy-Weinberg Equation helps us identify allele frequencies throughout a population.
More informationPOPULATION GENETICS. Evolution Lectures 4
POPULATION GENETICS Evolution Lectures 4 POPULATION GENETICS The study of the rules governing the maintenance and transmission of genetic variation in natural populations. Population: A freely interbreeding
More informationHARDY WEIBERG EQUILIBRIUM & BIOMETRY
1 HARDY WEIBERG EQUILIBRIUM & BIOMETRY DR. KOFI OWUSU-DAAKU POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION LECTURE V Hardy- Weinberg Law The Hardy-Weinberg Law is a basic concept in the population genetics developed
More informationGenetic variation, genetic drift (summary of topics)
Bio 1B Lecture Outline (please print and bring along) Fall, 2007 B.D. Mishler, Dept. of Integrative Biology 2-6810, bmishler@berkeley.edu Evolution lecture #11 -- Hardy Weinberg departures: genetic variation
More informationcan be found from OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man),
Lectures 4 & 5 Wednesday, October 5, 2011 & Friday, October 7, 2011 Forces causing gene frequency change Mutation Random mating does not cause allele frequencies to change, but other forces do. Mutation
More informationGenetic Drift Lecture outline. 1. Founder effect 2. Genetic drift consequences 3. Population bottlenecks 4. Effective Population size
Genetic Drift Lecture outline. Founder effect 2. Genetic drift consequences 3. Population bottlenecks 4. Effective Population size Odd populations Deer at Seneca Army Depot Cheetah Silvereyes (Zosterops
More informationChapter 8. An Introduction to Population Genetics
Chapter 8 An Introduction to Population Genetics Matthew E. Andersen Department of Biological Sciences University of Nevada, Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4004 Matthew Andersen received his B.A. in
More informationPopulation Genetics. Lab Exercise 14. Introduction. Contents. Objectives
Lab Exercise Population Genetics Contents Objectives 1 Introduction 1 Activity.1 Calculating Frequencies 2 Activity.2 More Hardy-Weinberg 3 Resutls Section 4 Introduction Unlike Mendelian genetics which
More informationThe Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection in Humans
OVERVIEW POPULATION GENETICS, SELECTION, AND EVOLUTION This hands-on activity, used in conjunction with the short film The Making of the Fittest: (http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/making-fittest-natural-selection-humans),
More informationThe Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation Allele and phenotype frequencies in rock pocket mouse populations
The Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation Allele and phenotype frequencies in rock pocket mouse populations Name: Per. Introduction The tiny rock pocket mouse weighs just 15 grams, about
More informationHow about the genes? Biology or Genes? DNA Structure. DNA Structure DNA. Proteins. Life functions are regulated by proteins:
Biology or Genes? Biological variation Genetics This is what we think of when we say biological differences Race implies genetics Physiology Not all physiological variation is genetically mediated Tanning,
More informationGenotype AA Aa aa Total N ind We assume that the order of alleles in Aa does not play a role. The genotypic frequencies follow as
N µ s m r - - - - Genetic variation - From genotype frequencies to allele frequencies The last lecture focused on mutation as the ultimate process introducing genetic variation into populations. We have
More informationThe Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation
ALLELE AND PHENOTYPE FREQUENCIES IN ROCK POCKET MOUSE POPULATIONS INTRODUCTION The tiny rock pocket mouse weighs just 15 grams, about as much as a handful of paper clips. A typical rock pocket mouse is
More informationBio 6 Natural Selection Lab
Bio 6 Natural Selection Lab Overview In this laboratory you will demonstrate the process of evolution by natural selection by carrying out a predator/prey simulation. Through this exercise you will observe
More informationEVOLUTION/HERDEDITY UNIT Unit 1 Part 8A Chapter 23 Activity Lab #11 A POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
AP BIOLOGY EVOLUTION/HERDEDITY UNIT Unit Part 8A Chapter Activity Lab # A NAME DATE PERIOD POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION In 908 G. H. Hardy and W. Weinberg independently suggest a scheme whereby evolution
More informationPOPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
AP BIOLOGY EVOLUTION ACTIVITY # NAME DATE HOUR POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION INTRODUCTION In 908 G. H. Hardy and W. Weinberg independently suggest a scheme whereby evolution could be viewed as changes
More informationBiol Lecture Notes
Biol 303 1 Evolutionary Forces: Generation X Simulation To launch the GenX software: 1. Right-click My Computer. 2. Click Map Network Drive 3. Don t worry about what drive letter is assigned in the upper
More informationLecture 12: Effective Population Size and Gene Flow. October 5, 2012
Lecture 12: Effective Population Size and Gene Flow October 5, 2012 Last Time Interactions of drift and selection Effective population size Today Effective population size calculations Historical importance
More informationPOPULATION GENETICS: The study of the rules governing the maintenance and transmission of genetic variation in natural populations.
POPULATION GENETICS: The study of the rules governing the maintenance and transmission of genetic variation in natural populations. DARWINIAN EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION Many more individuals are born
More informationLaboratory. Hardy-Weinberg Population Genetics
Laboratory 10 Hardy-Weinberg Population Genetics Biology 171L SP18 Lab 10: Hardy-Weinberg Population Genetics Student Learning Outcomes 1. Calculate allele and genotype frequencies 2. Use phenotypes to
More informationMichelle Wang Department of Biology, Queen s University, Kingston, Ontario Biology 206 (2008)
An investigation of the fitness and strength of selection on the white-eye mutation of Drosophila melanogaster in two population sizes under light and dark treatments over three generations Image Source:
More informationWe can use a Punnett Square to determine how the gametes will recombine in the next, or F2 generation.
AP Lab 7: The Mendelian Genetics of Corn Objectives: In this laboratory investigation, you will: Use corn to study genetic crosses, recognize contrasting phenotypes, collect data from F 2 ears of corn,
More informationConcepts: What are RFLPs and how do they act like genetic marker loci?
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) -1 Readings: Griffiths et al: 7th Edition: Ch. 12 pp. 384-386; Ch.13 pp404-407 8th Edition: pp. 364-366 Assigned Problems: 8th Ch. 11: 32, 34, 38-39 7th
More informationHardy-Weinberg Principle
Name: Hardy-Weinberg Principle In 1908, two scientists, Godfrey H. Hardy, an English mathematician, and Wilhelm Weinberg, a German physician, independently worked out a mathematical relationship that related
More informationwheat yield (tonnes ha 1 ) year Key: total yield contribution to yield made by selective breeding Fig. 4.1
1 Wheat is an important food crop in many European countries. Developments in farming allowed the yield of wheat produced by farms in the UK to increase rapidly in the second half of the 20th century.
More informationGENETICS: BIOLOGY HSA REVIEW
GENETICS: BIOLOGY HSA REVIEW HSA Review A. Matching: On the lines provided, write the letter of the definition of each term. a. genetics f. gamete b. trait g. probability c. hybrid h. Punnett square d.
More informationReview. Molecular Evolution and the Neutral Theory. Genetic drift. Evolutionary force that removes genetic variation
Molecular Evolution and the Neutral Theory Carlo Lapid Sep., 202 Review Genetic drift Evolutionary force that removes genetic variation from a population Strength is inversely proportional to the effective
More informationAP BIOLOGY. Investigation #2 Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg. Slide 1 / 35. Slide 2 / 35. Slide 3 / 35. Investigation #2: Mathematical Modeling
New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning Slide 1 / 35 Progressive Science Initiative This material is made freely available at www.njctl.org and is intended for the non-commercial use of students and
More informationPOPULATION GENETICS Winter 2005 Lecture 18 Quantitative genetics and QTL mapping
POPULATION GENETICS Winter 2005 Lecture 18 Quantitative genetics and QTL mapping - from Darwin's time onward, it has been widely recognized that natural populations harbor a considerably degree of genetic
More informationLAB 19 Population Genetics and Evolution II
LAB 19 Population Genetics and Evolution II Objectives: To use a data set that reflects a change in the genetic makeup of a population over time and to apply mathematical methods and conceptual understandings
More informationAdvanced Placement Biology
Advanced Placement Lab 2 EDVO-Kit # Population Genetics and Evolution Storage: Store entire experiment at room temperature. EXPERIMENT OBJECTIVE The objective of this experiment module is to use the Hardy-Weinberg
More informationThe neutral theory of molecular evolution
The neutral theory of molecular evolution Objectives the neutral theory detecting natural selection exercises 1 - learn about the neutral theory 2 - be able to detect natural selection at the molecular
More informationMendel and the Gene Idea
Chapter 4 Mendel and the Gene Idea PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan
More informationReproduction, Heredity, & Molecular Genetics. A. lipids B. amino acids C. nucleotides D. polysaccarides
Name: Date: 1. A strand of DNA consists of thousands of smaller, repeating units known as A. lipids B. amino acids C. nucleotides D. polysaccarides 2. Which two bases are present in equal amounts in a
More informationGenetic load. For the organism as a whole (its genome, and the species), what is the fitness cost of deleterious mutations?
Genetic load For the organism as a whole (its genome, and the species), what is the fitness cost of deleterious mutations? Anth/Biol 5221, 25 October 2017 We saw that the expected frequency of deleterious
More informationIntroduction to population genetics. CRITFC Genetics Training December 13-14, 2016
Introduction to population genetics CRITFC Genetics Training December 13-14, 2016 What is population genetics? Population genetics n. In culture: study of the genetic composition of populations; understanding
More informationObserving Patterns in Inherited Traits. Chapter 11
Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits Chapter 11 Impacts, Issues: The Color of Skin Like most human traits, skin color has a genetic basis; more than 100 gene products affect the synthesis and deposition
More informationCS273B: Deep Learning in Genomics and Biomedicine. Recitation 1 30/9/2016
CS273B: Deep Learning in Genomics and Biomedicine. Recitation 1 30/9/2016 Topics Genetic variation Population structure Linkage disequilibrium Natural disease variants Genome Wide Association Studies Gene
More informationGenetic drift. 1. The Nature of Genetic Drift
Genetic drift. The Nature of Genetic Drift To date, we have assumed that populations are infinite in size. This assumption enabled us to easily calculate the expected frequencies of alleles and genotypes
More informationHauptvorlesung Evolutionsbiologie
Hauptvorlesung Evolutionsbiologie Prof. Dieter Ebert & Prof. Walter Salzburger dieter.ebert@unibas.ch Departement Umweltwissenschaften, Zoologie Script download @ http://www.evolution.unibas.ch/teaching/index.htm
More informationQuantitative Genetics
Quantitative Genetics Polygenic traits Quantitative Genetics 1. Controlled by several to many genes 2. Continuous variation more variation not as easily characterized into classes; individuals fall into
More informationLecture 10 Molecular evolution. Jim Watson, Francis Crick, and DNA
Lecture 10 Molecular evolution Jim Watson, Francis Crick, and DNA Molecular Evolution 4 characteristics 1. c-value paradox 2. Molecular evolution is sometimes decoupled from morphological evolution 3.
More informationDr. Ramesh. GRU2L10.1 Codominance and Incomplete Dominance
Dr. Ramesh GRU2L10.1 Codominance and Incomplete Dominance Do Now! Directions: Answer the following questions. The trait for brown eyes is dominant to the trait for blue eyes. A man who is heterozygous
More informationBiology 40S: Course Outline Monday-Friday Slot 1, 8:45 AM 9:45 AM Room 311 Teacher: John Howden Phone:
The course is designed to help students develop and demonstrate an understanding of the biological concepts of genetics and biodiversity through scientific inquiry, problem solving, personal reflection
More informationHeredity and DNA Assignment 1
Heredity and DNA Assignment 1 Name 1. Which sequence best represents the relationship between DNA and the traits of an organism? A B C D 2. In some people, the lack of a particular causes a disease. Scientists
More informationChapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea
Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea Name Period If you have completed a first-year high school biology course, some of this chapter will serve as a review for the basic concepts of Mendelian genetics.
More informationHARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM
29 HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM Objectives Understand the Hardy-Weinberg principle and its importance. Understand the chi-square test of statistical independence and its use. Determine the genotype and allele
More information1/21/ Exploring Mendelian Genetics. What is the principle of independent assortment? Independent Assortment. Biology.
Biology 1 of 31 11-3 Exploring Mendelian Exploring Genetics Mendelian Genetics 2 of 31 What is the principle of independent assortment? 3 of 31 1 The principle of independent assortment states that genes
More informationAnswers to additional linkage problems.
Spring 2013 Biology 321 Answers to Assignment Set 8 Chapter 4 http://fire.biol.wwu.edu/trent/trent/iga_10e_sm_chapter_04.pdf Answers to additional linkage problems. Problem -1 In this cell, there two copies
More informationAP Genetics/Population Genetics Exam
Name Part A: Multiple choice. Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by suggested answers or completions. Select the answer that is best in each case and enter the appropriate
More informationNon Mendelian Genetics
Non Mendelian Genetics TEKS 6 Science concepts. The student knows the mechanisms of genetics, including the role of nucleic acids and the principles of Mendelian Genetics. The student is expected to: 6F
More informationhomology - implies common ancestry. If you go back far enough, get to one single copy from which all current copies descend (premise 1).
Drift in Large Populations -- the Neutral Theory Recall that the impact of drift as an evolutionary force is proportional to 1/(2N) for a diploid system. This has caused many people to think that drift
More informationExam 1 Answers Biology 210 Sept. 20, 2006
Exam Answers Biology 20 Sept. 20, 2006 Name: Section:. (5 points) Circle the answer that gives the maximum number of different alleles that might exist for any one locus in a normal mammalian cell. A.
More information"Genetics in geographically structured populations: defining, estimating and interpreting FST."
University of Connecticut DigitalCommons@UConn EEB Articles Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 9-1-2009 "Genetics in geographically structured populations: defining, estimating and interpreting
More informationMendel & Inheritance. SC.912.L.16.1 Use Mendel s laws of segregation and independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance.
Mendel & Inheritance SC.912.L.16.1 Use Mendel s laws of segregation and independent assortment Mendel s Law of Segregation: gene pairs separate when gametes (sex cells) are formed; each gamete as only
More informationDeme Anton E. Weisstein BioQUEST Curriculum Consortium
Deme 1.0 2004 Anton E. Weisstein BioQUEST Curriculum Consortium Summary Deme (pronounced "deem") is an Excel workbook that simulates the population genetics of a single gene with two alleles. The user
More informationConservation Genetics Population Genetics: Diversity within versus among populations
Conservation Genetics : Diversity within versus among populations Exercise James Gibbs Reproduction of this material is authorized by the recipient institution for nonprofit/non-commercial educational
More informationGenotypes, Phenotypes and Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium. Biostatistics 666 Lecture II
Genotyes, Phenotyes and Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium Biostatistics 666 Lecture II Previously: Refresher on Genetics DNA sequence Human Genome Inheritance of genetic information Sequence variation VNTRs,
More informationEOC Review Reporting Category 2 Mechanisms of Genetics
EOC Review Reporting Category 2 Mechanisms of Genetics The student will demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of genetics. Langham Creek High School 2012-2013 By PresenterMedia.com TEK 6A Identify
More informationLinkage Disequilibrium. Adele Crane & Angela Taravella
Linkage Disequilibrium Adele Crane & Angela Taravella Overview Introduction to linkage disequilibrium (LD) Measuring LD Genetic & demographic factors shaping LD Model predictions and expected LD decay
More informationAn introduction to genetics and molecular biology
An introduction to genetics and molecular biology Cavan Reilly September 5, 2017 Table of contents Introduction to biology Some molecular biology Gene expression Mendelian genetics Some more molecular
More informationDetecting selection on nucleotide polymorphisms
Detecting selection on nucleotide polymorphisms Introduction At this point, we ve refined the neutral theory quite a bit. Our understanding of how molecules evolve now recognizes that some substitutions
More informationGen e e n t e i t c c V a V ri r abi b li l ty Biolo l gy g Lec e tur u e e 9 : 9 Gen e et e ic I n I her e itan a ce
Genetic Variability Biology 102 Lecture 9: Genetic Inheritance Asexual reproduction = daughter cells genetically identical to parent (clones) Sexual reproduction = offspring are genetic hybrids Tendency
More informationMapping and Mapping Populations
Mapping and Mapping Populations Types of mapping populations F 2 o Two F 1 individuals are intermated Backcross o Cross of a recurrent parent to a F 1 Recombinant Inbred Lines (RILs; F 2 -derived lines)
More informationLACTASE PERSISTENCE: EVIDENCE FOR SELECTION
LACTASE PERSISTENCE: EVIDENCE FOR SELECTION OVERVIEW This activity focuses on the genetic changes that gave rise to lactase persistence an example of recent human evolution. Students explore the evidence
More information! Allele Interactions
Chapter 4!Extensions to Mendelian Genetics! Allele Interactions 1 INTRODUCTION Mendelian inheritance describes inheritance patterns that obey two laws Law of segregation Law of independent assortment Simple
More informationBiology 3201 Grading Standards June 2005
Biology 3201 Grading Standards June 2005 Pre-Marking Appraisal The June 2005 biology exam was considered a fair exam, well designed, and of reasonable length and difficulty For item #4, both (B) and (C)
More informationUser Manual for Mendel s Accountant
User Manual for Mendel s Accountant Last updated on October 22, 2008 Contents: Welcome MENDEL s Basic Principles of Operation Computer Requirements Downloading Instructions Opening and operating MENDEL
More informationSOLUZIONE DEL LEARN BY DOING
Sadava, Hillis, Heller, Berenbaum La nuova biologia.blu SOLUZIONE DEL LEARN BY DOING Di seguito sono riportate le soluzioni degli esercizi delle sezioni Learn by doing, esercizi con approccio CLIL dei
More informationCBA #4 Practice Exam Genetics. 1) (TEKS 5A) Which of the diagrams below shows the process of transcription:
CBA #4 Practice Exam Genetics 1) (TEKS 5A) Which of the diagrams below shows the process of transcription: 2) (TEKS 5C) All of the following are true statements about cell differentiation EXCEPT A. Cell
More informationInheritance Biology. Unit Map. Unit
Unit 8 Unit Map 8.A Mendelian principles 482 8.B Concept of gene 483 8.C Extension of Mendelian principles 485 8.D Gene mapping methods 495 8.E Extra chromosomal inheritance 501 8.F Microbial genetics
More informationNON-RANDOM MATING AND GENE FLOW. February 3 rd 2016
NON-RANDOM MATING AND GENE FLOW February 3 rd 2016 SHAPE OF THE DAY Go through our anti-biotics worksheet Sexual selection/non-random mating Gene flow Studying tips and strategies Making test questions
More informationVideo Tutorial 9.1: Determining the map distance between genes
Video Tutorial 9.1: Determining the map distance between genes Three-factor linkage questions may seem daunting at first, but there is a straight-forward approach to solving these problems. We have described
More informationChapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea
Chapter 4: Mendel and the Gene Idea. The Experiments of Gregor Mendel 2. Beyond Mendelian Genetics 3. Human Genetics . The Experiments of Gregor Mendel Chapter Reading pp. 268-276 TECHNIQUE Parental generation
More informationLecture #8 2/4/02 Dr. Kopeny
Lecture #8 2/4/02 Dr. Kopeny Lecture VI: Molecular and Genomic Evolution EVOLUTIONARY GENOMICS: The Ups and Downs of Evolution Dennis Normile ATAMI, JAPAN--Some 200 geneticists came together last month
More informationIntroduction to quantitative genetics
8 Introduction to quantitative genetics Purpose and expected outcomes Most of the traits that plant breeders are interested in are quantitatively inherited. It is important to understand the genetics that
More information