Chapter 12. DNA TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION

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1 Chapter 12 DNA TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION

2 12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis WARM UP What are proteins? Where do they come from?

3 From DNA to RNA to Protein DNA in our cells carry the instructions for making proteins in order for our cells to function. These instructions are found on our genes sections of DNA that control the production of proteins within the cell.

4 How an Organism s Genotype Determines Its Phenotype An organism s genotype is its genetic makeup, the sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA. The phenotype is the organism s physical traits, which arise from the actions of a wide variety of proteins.

5 Central Dogma of Biology DNA specifies the synthesis of proteins in two stages: 1. transcription, the transfer of genetic information from DNA into an RNA molecule 2. translation, the transfer of information from RNA into a protein.

6 Central Dogma TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION Gene mrna Polypeptide DNA

7 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Bioflix Animation: Protein Synthesis

8 Figure DNA Nucleus Cytoplasm

9 Figure DNA TRANSCRIPTION RNA Nucleus Cytoplasm

10 Figure DNA TRANSCRIPTION RNA Nucleus Cytoplasm TRANSLATION Protein

11 RNA Overview RNA = ribonucleic acid (ribose sugar) Instead of THYMINE, RNA has URACIL Single strand

12 3 Types of RNA mrna = messanger RNA trna = transfer RNA rrna = ribosomal RNA

13 3 Types of RNA mrna = messanger RNA made by transcription of the original DNA molecule a messanger from the DNA to the rest of the cell.

14 3 Types of RNA trna = transfer RNA interpreter, converts the language in mrna into the language of proteins (amino acid monomers)

15 3 Types of RNA rrna = ribosomal RNA rrna is combined with proteins to form a ribosome, which is the site of protein synthesis coordinate the functions of mrna and trna

16 Figure 10.10a DNA strand TRANSCRIPTION RNA TRANSLATION Codon Polypeptide Amino acid

17 DNA to mrna Problems Given the DNA sequence, construct an mrna for the following pieces of DNA. TTCAGCGATACCGTAGGA TACCCCGTATTGGAAATT AAACCGGCAAAATTGCTC

18 The role of a master plan in a building is similar to the role of which molecule? a. messenger RNA b. DNA c. transfer RNA d. ribosomal RNA

19

20 The nucleic acid responsible for bringing individual amino acids to the ribosome is a. transfer RNA. b. DNA. c. messenger RNA. d. ribosomal RNA.

21 Transcription: From DNA to RNA Transcription makes mrna from a DNA template, substitutes uracil (U) for thymine (T). uses a process that resembles the synthesis of a DNA strand during DNA replication Lets take a closer look at this process!!!

22 Transcription: From DNA to RNA THE BIG PICTURE Transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA resembles the process of DNA replication! Only 1 strand of DNA is used as a template for mrna synthesis. RNA nucleotides are linked by the transcription enzyme RNA polymerase. End result is mrna!!!

23 Figure 10.13a RNA polymerase RNA nucleotides Newly made RNA Template strand of DNA (a) A close-up view of transcription

24 Transcription The start transcribing signal is a nucleotide sequence on DNA called a promoter located in the DNA sequence at the beginning of the gene which is being transcribed. a specific place where RNA polymerase attaches.

25 Figure 10.13b RNA polymerase DNA of gene Promoter DNA 1 Initiation Terminator DNA RNA 2 Elongation 3 Termination Growing RNA Completed RNA (b) Transcription of a gene RNA polymerase

26 The Processing of Eukaryotic RNA So we now have an RNA strand.now what? Prokaryotic cells RNA transcribed from a gene immediately functions as messenger RNA (mrna), the molecule that is translated into protein. Eukaryotic cells localizes transcription in the nucleus (because they have one!!) modifies, or processes, the RNA transcript in the nucleus before it move to the cytoplasm for translation by a ribosome.

27 The Processing of Eukaryotic RNA RNA processing includes removing introns (noncoding regions of the RNA) RNA splicing, joining exons (the parts of the gene that are expressed) together to form messenger RNA (mrna).

28 A region of a DNA molecule that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA is the a. intron. b. exon. c. promoter. d. codon.

29 The Genetic Code How does a piece of mrna now make a protein? The genetic code is the language of mrna instructions that are translated by rrna into the language of proteins. The code is written using four letters A (adenine) U (uracil) C (cytosine) G (guanine)

30 The Genetic Code Proteins are made by joining amino acids together in long chains called polypeptides (like beads on a string!!) Each polypeptide contains a combination of any or all of the 20 different amino acids. The property of each protein is determined by the order in which the amino acids are joined together.

31 The Genetic Code

32 The Genetic Code An mrna strand is read three nucleotides at a time. A three nucleotide sequence is called a codon. Each codon specifies a particular amino acid (monomer of protein)

33 The Genetic Code mrna sequence UCGCACGGU will be read 3 letters at a time UCG-CAC-GGU Each codon (three letter sequence) represents and amino acid. UCG CAC- GGU Serine-Histidine-Glycine

34 The Genetic Code

35 A codon typically carries sufficient information to specify a(an) a. single base pair in RNA. b. single amino acid. c. entire protein. d. single base pair in DNA.

36 Translation Translation is the decoding of an mrna message into a polypeptide chain (protein). Translation takes place on ribosomes. During translation, the cell uses information from messenger RNA (mrna) to produce proteins. trna carry specific amino acids based on the mrna message.

37 Translation Each trna molecule only carries 1 amino acid. trna also has 3 unpaired bases called anticodons, which are complementary to 1 mrna codon.

38 Steps of Translation 1. mrna leaves the nucleus via nuclear pore. 2. mrna attaches to a ribosome 3. The ribosome reads the first codon (3 letter sequence) 4. trna brings the proper amino acid into the ribosome 5. The ribosome moves down the mrna and reads the 2 nd codon 6. trna brings the proper amino acid into the ribosome 7. The ribosome forms a bond between the first and second amino acid. 8. The first trna is released from the ribosome. 9. The ribosome continues down the mrna reading each codon and trna brings in the amino acid and the polypeptide chain grows. 10.The polypeptide chain grown until the ribosome reaches a STOP codon on the mrna molecule, at which point it releases the newly formed protein and mrna.

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