Chapter 12.1 Mendelian Genetics

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1 Colonie High A Biology Chater 12.1 Mendelian Genetics Gregor Mendel Modern genetics began in the mid-1800s in an abbey garden, where a monk named Gregor Mendel documented inheritance in eas used eerimental method used quantitative analysis collected data & counted them ecellent eamle of scientific method Mendel s work Bred ea lants cross-ollinated true breeding arents () raised seed & then observed traits in hybrids (F 1 ) filial allowed offsring to cross-ollinate & observed net (F 2 ) Mendel collected data for 7 different ea traits, each with two different versions and roughly got the same 3:1 ratio every time! What did this mean Looking closer at Mendel s work arents () 1 st (F 1 hybrids) 2 nd (F 2 ) urle-flower eas 75% urle-flower eas X urle-flower eas self-ollinate white-flower eas white-flower eas henotye 3:1 What did Mendel s findings mean Some traits mask others urle & white flower colors are searate traits that do not blend urle white light urle urle masked white dominant allele fully eressed recessive allele no noticeable effect the gene makes a non-functional rotein

2 Colonie High A Biology What did Mendel s findings mean Traits come in alternative versions urle vs. white flower color alleles different alleles vary in the sequence of nucleotides at the secific locus of a gene urle-flower allele & white-flower allele are 2 DNA variations at flower-color locus Traits are inherited as discrete units For each characteristic, a diloid organism inherits 2 alleles, 1 from each arent diloid organism inherits 2 sets of chromosomes, 1 from each arent homologous chromosomes like having 2 editions of encycloedia Encycloedia Britannica Encycloedia Americana different versions of gene on homologous chromosomes revalence of Dominance Because an allele is dominant does not mean it is better it is more common olydactyly Individuals are born with etra fingers or toes! Is dominant to the recessive allele for 5 digits olydactyly: dominant allele Recessive allele far more common than dominant. 399 individuals out of 400 have only 5 digits most eole are homozygous recessive (aa) Hound Dog Taylor Genotye vs. henotye difference between how an organism looks & its genetics henotye descrition of an organism s trait genotye descrition of an organism s genetic makeu Elain Mendel s results using henotye & genotye dominant & recessive F 1

3 female / eggs Colonie High A Biology Making crosses using reresentative letters flower color alleles or urle-flower eas white-flower eas Looking closer at Mendel s work F 1 (hybrids) self-ollinate F 2 urle-flower eas X urle-flower eas white-flower eas 75% 3:1 urle-flower eas white-flower eas 3:1 henotye unnett squares male / serm % genotye 50% 1:2:1 % henotye 75% 3:1 Genotyes Homozygous = same alleles =, Heterozygous = different alleles = homozygous dominant heterozygote (hybrid) homozygous recessive henotye vs. genotye 2 organisms can have the same henotye but have different genotyes Dominant henotyes It is not ossible to determine the genotye of an organism with a dominant henotye by looking at it. urle urle homozygous dominant heterozygous

4 Colonie High A Biology Test cross Cross-breed the dominant henotye and unknown genotye with a homozygous recessive () to determine the identity of the unknown allele Test cross is it or 50%:50% 1:1 Mendel s laws of heredity (#1) Law of segregation when gametes are roduced during meiosis, homologous chromosomes searate from each other each allele for a trait is ackaged into a searate gamete Law of Segregation What meiotic event creates the law of segregation Meiosis 1 Monohybrid cross Some of Mendel s eeriments followed the inheritance of single characters flower color seed color monohybrid crosses Dihybrid cross Other of Mendel s eeriments followed the inheritance of 2 different characteristics dihybrid crosses seed color and seed shae

5 Colonie High A Biology Dihybrid cross yellow, eas YYRR Y = yellow R = yyrr green, wrinkled eas y = green r = wrinkled What s going on here How are the alleles for different traits handed out together or searately F 1 (hybrids) self-ollinate yellow, eas F 2 9/16 yellow eas 3/16 green eas 3/16 1/16 yellow green wrinkled wrinkled eas eas 9:3:3:1 YR yr YR Yr yr yr Dihybrid cross YR Yr yr yr 9/16 YR Yr yr yr YYRR YYRr YyRR YYRr YYrr Yyrr YyRR yyrr yyrr Yyrr yyrr yyrr yellow 3/16 green 3/16 yellow wrinkled 1/16 green wrinkled Mendel s laws of heredity (#2) Law of indeendent assortment each air of alleles segregates into gametes indeendently 4 classes of gametes are roduced in equal amounts YR, Yr, yr, yr only true for genes on searate chromosomes Yr Yr yr yr YR YR yr yr Law of Indeendent Assortment What meiotic event creates the law of indeendent assortment Meiosis 1 The chromosomal basis of Mendel s laws Trace the genetic events through meiosis, gamete formation & fertilization to offsring!

6 Colonie High A Biology Review: Mendel s laws of heredity Law of segregation monohybrid cross single trait each allele segregates into searate gametes established by Meiosis 1 Law of indeendent assortment dihybrid (or more) cross 2 or more traits each air of alleles for genes on searate chromosomes segregates into gametes indeendently established by Meiosis 1 Mendel chose eas wisely ea lants are good for genetic research available in many varieties with distinct heritable features with different variations flower color, seed color, seed shae, etc. Mendel had strict control over which lants mated with which each ea lant has male & female structures ea lants can self-fertilize Mendel could also cross-ollinate lants: moving ollen from one lant to another Mendel chose eas luckily ea lants are good for genetic research relatively simle genetically most characters are controlled by a single gene each gene has only 2 alleles, one of which is comletely dominant over the other

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