NGS technologies approaches, applications and challenges!

Transcription

1 NGS technologies approaches, applications and challenges! Jean-François Martin Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations Centre international d études supérieures en sciences agronomiques

2 Who am I? Why am I here? I am an associate professor in genetics and ecology Interested in adaptation at the genome level (butterfly / fish) I could probaby define myself as an experienced user / wet lab developper playing with NGS in the biodiversity field

3 Goals and expectations The aim of this discussion today : make sure that everyone is on the same page with regards to NGS approaches It is also to guide the ones begining with NGS through my own experience -> interaction!

4 What NGS changes for biologists What NGS changes for biologists

5 What NGS changes for biologists General improvements and changes The history of NGS development techniques is young (around 10 years) It is characterized by general trends more and more sequences and /or longer sequences diminishing prices

6 What NGS changes for biologists General improvements and changes From a few 1kb sanger sequences to hundreds of millions reads This shift in data acquisition has direct an undirect consequences on lab s life.

7 What NGS changes for biologists General improvements and changes Important parameters for the available technologies: Length Quantity of reads Quality of the reads Price?

8 What NGS changes for biologists Long standing scientific questions that can be addressed Improving phylogenies through multiple markers

9 What NGS changes for biologists Long standing scientific questions that can be addressed Resolving phylogeography and relationships in species complexes

10 What NGS changes for biologists Long standing scientific questions that can be addressed Testing selection and demography scenarios

11 What NGS changes for biologists Long standing scientific questions that can be addressed From population genetics to population genomics in general Basically, analyzing genomes in interaction with their environment is now feasible and accessible to anyone

12 What NGS changes for biologists Basically, analyzing genomes in interaction with their environment is now feasible and accessible to anyone

13 Current technologies & perspectives

14 Currently available technologies Roche 454

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22 So 454 is well adapted when long sequences are needed or at least beneficial? Yes! But no

23 Currently available technologies Ion torrent

24

25

26 400 bp reads

27

28 Currently available technologies SOLID

29

30

31

32

33

34

35 Currently available technologies SMRT pacific biosciences

36 Single Molecule Real Time sequencing Pacific Bioscience Specificity : uses a DNA polymerase as real time sequencing engine Challenges : accomodate the intrinsic speed and processivity of the enzymes 1. The DNA synthesis speed shows stochastic variations, what implies that the observation has to be ate the molecular level 2. The chemical contact surface should allow for the reaction to inhibate non specific marked dntps adsorption 3. The dntps carrying the marker should not inhibate the polymerisation 4. The instrument should be reliable at detecting the synthesis and distinguish between each dntp.

37 Pacbio RS raw data

38 Technical specifications (v3.0) Speed : 4.7 bases / s, no spatial correlation Signal noise ratio above 24 37% ZMWs produce unique and full length sequences Error rate is around 14% (D:7,4%; I:4,5%; S:2,1%)

39

40 Main results from the field 100k sequences, including 19-21k ccs Up to 17k bases / sequence at the time (march 2014) Highly variable quality from one run to the next 15% eror rate on controls Today on a Pacbio RS II, 15kb median, 40kb max

41 Currently available technologies Illumina

42

43 300bp paired reads

44

45

46 Synthetic view Texte

47 Perspectives What to expect for tomorrow? Longer and even more cheaper sequences Faster and easier libraries preparation -> The wait and sample strategy

48 Oxford Nanopore Perspectives Oxford Nanopore

49 Oxford Nanopore Highly scalable system MinION 512 pores GridION pores

50 Applications overview Applications overview

51 Applications overview Applications of next generation sequencing in molecular ecology of non-model organisms, Heredity, 2011

52 Challenges Experimental design Before starting thinking ahead 1. Scientific question first 2. What kind of data? 3. How much data?

53 Challenges Experimental design Data acquisition Commercial kits or not? Being a geek has a cost

54 Challenges Experimental design Data acquisition Number of samples Type of read Type of library Number of reads Read length Complexity of library Which sequencing machine to use

55 Challenges Experimental design Data acquisition Steps of library construccon and sequencing Making Fragment libraries (to generate fragment or paired end reads) Making Jumping libraries (to generate mate pair reads) Pooling with or without barcoding Possible artefacts of library construction

56 Challenges Experimental design Data analysis Huge references list, difficult to sort out Specialized workshops, bring your own data

57 Inhouse development and outsourcing Inhouse development Outsourcing projects VS

58 Inhouse development or outsourcing Comparing strategies : Data acquisition & computing capabilities Inhouse Outsourcing Cost Time Quality Other

59 Inhouse development or outsourcing Do it yourself : acquire data 1- lab setup

60 Inhouse development or outsourcing Do it yourself : acquire data 1- lab setup 70 k (x25 in cz crown)

61 Inhouse development or outsourcing Do it yourself : acquire data 2 staff training Communication inside the lab Team dynamics Quality management Labs network and joint meetings at the regional scale

62 Inhouse development or outsourcing Do it yourself : store and analyse data 90 k cluster 7 k storage A good system and infrastructure administrator : priceless!

63 Inhouse development or outsourcing Comparing strategies : conclusion Inhouse Outsourcing Cost Time Quality IT DEPENDS! Other

64 Acknowledgements

65 Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations Centre international d études supérieures en sciences agronomiques