Developmental Zoology (ZOO ) Gatrulation

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1 Developmental Zoology (ZOO ) Gatrulation 1

2 Developmental Stages Ø Early Development Fertilization Cleavage Gastrulation Neurulation Ø Later Development Organogenesis Larval molts Metamorphosis Aging Cell movements occur in distinct ways in different genera Invertebrates invagination of cells on the future ventral side Vertebrates fish & amphibians spherical embryos involution of mesoderm on future dorsal side at blastopore lip 2

3 Developmental Stages Ø Early Development Fertilization Cleavage Gastrulation Neurulation Ø Later Development Organogenesis Larval molts Metamorphosis Aging Ø Vertebrates Reptiles, birds and some mammals (humans) disc embryos de-lamination of ectoderm to form endoderm & mesoderm delaminating cells involute at Henson s node, primitive streak and groove form & progresses along dorsal midline 3

4 Developmental Stages Ø Early Development Fertilization Cleavage Gastrulation Neurulation Ø Later Development Organogenesis Larval molts Metamorphosis Aging Ø Vertebrates mammals (mouse) cup embryos ingression at the dorsal midline (primitive streak) as in chick and human 4

5 Questions How does a single celled zygote become a gastrula? How are layers of tissue established? How do cells get to their proper positions for development? In part, this is accomplished by various types of Morphogenetic Movements. Induction

6 Differentiation Organogenesis is the formation of the organs (Organo = organs, genesis = creation) Arises from the layering of cells that occurs during gastrula stage The layers are germ layers; they have specific fates in the developing embryo:

7 Differentiation Endoderm The innermost layer Goes on to form the gut Mesoderm In the middle Goes on to form the muscles, circulatory system, blood and many different organs Ectoderm The outermost Goes on to form the skin and nervous system

8 Differentiation of Primary Germ Layers (from the gastrula) Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Nervous system Epidermis of skin Skeleton Muscles Circulatory system Gonads Digestive tract Respiratory system Liver, pancreas Bladder

9 Morphogenetic Movements Epiboly

10 Morphogenetic Movements Invagination, Evagination

11 Morphogenetic Movements Involution Epiboly over a fold Involution!

12 Morphogenetic Movements Delamination

13 Morphogenetic Movements Ingression

14 Morphogenetic Movements Cell Migration Cell Migration

15 Morphogenetic Movements Intercalation: rows of cells move between one another, creating an array of cells that is longer (in one or more dimensions) but thinner. Convergent Extension: rows of cells intercalate, but the intercalation is highly directional. - involved in formation of the primitive streak in avian and mammalian embryos.

16 Morphogenetic Movements.. Differential Growth time

17 Fate Maps Mother cell Cell division Cell division places daughter cells in different environments, which can lead to different cell fate choices Cell type A Cell type B

18 Fate Maps Induction: information from neighbors influences cell fate responder inducer

19 Induction Competence: ability to respond to a certain inductive signal responder inducer Cell not competent to respond

20 Induction Succesive inductions: can generate many cell types from just a few interactions inducer responder Cell not competent to respond

21 Types of Signals Inducer Responder

22 Signals can act globally throughout the body Types of Signals

23 Induction An initial difference can be amplified into many cell types

24 How is cell fate determined -- the dorsal-ventral axis in newts

25 How is cell fate determined -- the dorsal-ventral axis in newts Spemann & Mangold: the organizer can influence neighboring cells to form a secondary body axis: Figure 7.17

26 Induction of the organizer can influence neighboring cells to form a secondary body axis: Induction

27 If one transplants a second inducer of the organizer the embryo forms two body axes Induction

28 It is not birth, marriage or death, but gastrulation, which is truly the most important time in your life. - Lewis Wolpert (1986) Gastrulation

29 Cell Movements Relevant to Gastrulation Getting cells inside Moving cells around Spreading tissues out Making tissues longer Convergence/extension

30 Gastrulation Definition = migration and division of cells to set up the 3 primary germ layers.! What positions do presumptive germ layers occupy in the blastula, before gastrulation?! Experimental answers to this question provide our basis for understanding cell movements that occur during gastrulation.! FATE MAPS = diagram of blastula/blastodisc showing the fate of each part.!

31 Gastrulation Fate mapping technique developed by Vogt in 1920s. Involves! Marking surface of blastula with vital dyes! Dyes retained by cells for prolonged periods, but don t interfere with normal cellular processes! Follow movements of marked cells during gastrulation to ultimate locations in later embryos!

32 Sample Fate Map of Frogs

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