How do we know what the structure and function of DNA is? - Double helix, base pairs, sugar, and phosphate - Stores genetic information
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1 DNA: CH 13
2 How do we know what the structure and function of DNA is? - Double helix, base pairs, sugar, and phosphate - Stores genetic information
3 Discovering DNA s Function 1928: Frederick Griffith studied bacteria Conclusion: Genetic material can be transferred between cells
4 Discovering DNA s Function 1940: Oswald Avery tried to determine WHAT was the material transferred in Griffith s experiment was: DNA, proteins, or RNA 1952: Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase found out that DNA was the material being transferred Used bacteriophage to infect bacteria cells
5 Bacteriophage: Virus that infects bacteria
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7 Discovering DNA s Structure 1949: Erwin Chargaff found that the amount of A s always equaled the amount of T s, and same with G s and C s 1952: Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins took the first picture (x-ray) of DNA and determined that the structure must be a coiled double helix 1953: James Watson and Francis Crick built a model of DNA using data from previous studies
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9 Structure and Function of DNA Function = stores genetic information for the cell Gene = segment of DNA that codes for a trait Shape of DNA = double helix (twisted ladder)
10 DNA Nucleotide Sugar deoxyribose Phosphate Nitrogen base A, T, G, or C
11 Structure of DNA Base pair rules complementary bases form hydrogen bonds with each other which forms the double helix DNA base pair rules: Adenine matches with Thymine Guanine matches with Cytosine
12 Complementary Base Pairs Purines: Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidines: Thymine (Uracil in RNA) and Cytosine
13 Structure of DNA Antiparallel arrangement of the 2 sides = means that one side forms in one direction and the other side forms in the opposite direction
14 DNA Replication 1. Occurs before cell division 2. Helicase and DNA Polymerase 3. Summary of steps The enzyme helicase unwinds DNA strands and separates the two sides The enzyme DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides one at a time to each of the separated strands End product = 2 identical pieces of DNA each containing a new and old strand
15 RNA Structure Sugar = ribose Phosphate Nitrogen base A, U, C, or G One side or strand
16 RNA and Gene Expression Function = move genetic information Messenger RNA = moves genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome Transfer RNA = transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to the growing protein Ribosomal RNA = makes up part of the ribosome
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18 Protein Synthesis Transcription = the process of forming an RNA molecule from a DNA molecule in the nucleus Translation = the process that takes place in the ribosome and uses mrna and trna to make an amino acid sequence (protein)
19 Model of DNA Fill in the following terms on the DNA and RNA models Use p.298 as a reference Phosphate, Deoxyribose, Ribose, Nitrogen base, Hydrogen bonds Label the picture as a DNA and RNA Put a box around 1 nucleotide in each model and label it nucleotide Color each base and the sugars on DNA and RNA a different color
20 Deoxyribose Phosphate DNA Nitrogen Base T Cytosine Adenine G T Hydrogen Bond A Guanine Thymine C A Nucleotide
21 Ribose RNA Adenine Guanine Uracil Cytosine U Nucleotide Phosphate
22 Transcription Location: nucleus Molecules: DNA, mrna
23 Transcription 1. DNA unzips by breaking the hydrogen bonds 2. One RNA nucleotide at a time gets added to the DNA 3. Continues to build the mrna until the stop code is reached 4. mrna leaves and DNA binds back together
24 Translation Location: ribosome, cytoplasm Molecules: mrna, trna with amino acids, rrna - ribosome
25 Translation 1. mrna attaches to the ribosome 2. First trna with an amino acid binds to the mrna codon every 3 bases (or letters) on mrna 3. Second trna attaches its anticodon 3 letters on the trna, to the second mrna codon 4. First amino acid pops off and attaches to the second and the trna leaves
26 Translation 5. Third trna attaches to the next mrna codon and the first 2 amino acids pop off and attach to the third trna 6. Process continues until an amino acid chain is built. Protein is formed and mrna breaks down
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