Biology Semester Exam Study Guide--January 2016

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1 Objective Response Reflection 3 = I totally know this! :) 2 = I remember this somewhat 1 = I don't remember this at all Explain the difference between independent and dependent variables. Explain what a control is and how it is used. A scientist thinks that pumpkins will grown larger if given milk instead of water. She plants two fields of the same variety of pumpkins. Field A is watered with a total of 80L of water per week. Field B is given 80L of milk per week. The size of the pumpkins is measured and compared. List the 6 main elements found in living things. What is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable? What is the control? Describe two possible constants: Define biology. Distinguish between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions. Which one is part of digestion? What are the monomers ("building blocks") of each type of macromolecule? What does the term "organic" mean? Give an example of an organic molecule. Give an example of a molecule that would be inorganic. Carbohydrates: Proteins: Lipids: Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA): Definition: Organic example: Inorganic example:

2 How many covalent bonds does carbon tend to form? Why? Define homeostasis and give an example of how the body maintains it. State and briefly describe the life functions as done in class. Which of the life functions is required for the survival of the species but not an individual? Explain why this is true. Define "metabolism." What is ATP? Explain the function of enzymes using the term activation energy in your explanation. Draw a series of diagrams showing how enzymes work. Label each of the following: enzyme, substrate, product. What are the 4 criteria to be considered living?

3 Explain the functions of each of the following cell parts. What are the 3 parts of the Cell Theory? nucleus: ribosome: mitochondria: chloroplast: vacuole: endoplasmic reticulum: cell membrane: cell wall: What is the basic (smallest) unit of life? Distinguish between plant and animal cells. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Explain how molecules move during osmosis and diffusion. Explain what happened to the egg in the osmosis demo. WHY did this happen? Be specific. Define selective permeability. Explain how each contributed to our understanding of DNA... James Watson and Francis Crick: Rosalind Franklin: Describe the overall shape of the DNA molecule. What three molecules make up a nucleotide?

4 Describe the process of DNA replication. In which part of the cell do each of these processes occur? The following segment of DNA goes through each of the following processes. What would be the sequence of the complementary strand that is produced? What is the final product made by each of the following processes? If 35% of the bases in a DNA strand are adenine, what % will be cytosine? How do you know? DNA replication: Transcription: Translation: DNA: ATCCG DNA replication complementary sequence: transcription complementary sequence: transcription: translation: Briefly describe what happens in each phase of mitosis. prophase: metaphase: anaphase: What is cytokinesis? How is different in plant cells and animal cells? telophase: Why does sexual reproduction result in more genetic variation than asexual reproduction? Write the 4 phases of mitosis in the order they occur.

5 Describe what happens in each of the phases of the cell cycle. G1: S: G2: M: What type of cells are formed during meiosis? Meiosis starts with one cell and ends with how many cells? Are the cells produced by mitosis identical? Are the cells produced by meiosis identical? Mutations in which type of cells can be passed on to the offspring/children? How many chromosomes are in your somatic cells? Your sex cells? Distinguish between the terms homozygous and heterozygous. mitosis: meiosis: somatic cells: sex cells: Explain how incomplete dominance differs from regular dominance. What is a test cross and when is it used? What are the sex chromosomes for a female? Male? How do you draw each of the following in a pedigree: female: male: normal male: normal female: affected male: affected female:

6 Define each of the terms: gene: allele: dominant: recessive: genotype: phenotype: chromosome: sex-linked: gamete: zygote: What is a karyotype? Give an example of a condition that results from a trisomy. What is an autosome? How many are on a karyotype of a normal human? Why are chromosomes shown in pairs on a karyotype? Be able to complete and analyze a dihybrid Punnett square. Accurately describe the appearance of both male and female Drosophila. male: female:

7 Identify the fly traits (eye color and wing shape) as either autosomal or sex-linked. Describe what a restriction enzyme does during DNA fingerprinting. An electric charge causes DNA to move through an agarose gel in DNA fingerprinting. Is DNA positively or negatively charged? To which pole will it move (positive or negative)? Which pieces of DNA will move through the gel faster, larger or smaller pieces? Why? Be able to analyze an electrophoresis gel used for a crime scene analysis, genetic condition analysis or maternity/paternity testing.