Lecture 2: Biology Basics Continued
|
|
- Christiana Hart
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Lecture 2: Biology Basics Continued
2 Central Dogma
3 DNA: The Code of Life The structure and the four genomic letters code for all living organisms Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine which pair A-T and C-G on complimentary strands.
4 DNA: The Code of Life DNA has a double helix structure which composed of sugar molecule phosphate group and a base (A,C,G,T) DNA always reads from 5 end to 3 end for transcription replication
5 DNA can replicate by splitting, and rebuilding each strand. Note that the rebuilding of each strand uses slightly different mechanisms due to the 5 3 asymmetry, but each daughter strand is an exact replica of the original strand. DNA Replication
6 Inverse Complement of DNA What is the inverse complement sequence of TATAGCCCG?
7 Inverse Complement of DNA What is the inverse complement sequence of TATAGCCCG? CGGGCTATA
8 Genotype/Phenotype To prevent confusion between genes (which are inherited) and developmental outcomes (which are not), geneticists make a distinction between the genotype and the phenotype of an organism Genotype: complete set of genes inherited by an individual Phenotype: all aspects of the individual s physiology, behavior, and ecological relationships
9 DNA the Genetics Makeup Genes are inherited and are expressed genotype (genetic makeup) phenotype (physical expression) On the left, is the eye s phenotypes of green and black eye genes.
10 Two organisms whose genes differ at one locus are said to have different genotypes. A locus (loci for plural) is the specific location of a gene of a DNA sequence on a chromosome. A variant of the DNA sequence at a given location is called a allele. The ordered list of loci known for a particular genome is called a genetic map.
11
12 Diploid and polyploid cells whose chromosomes have the same allele of a given gene at some locus are called homozygous, with respect to that gene (otherwise, it is heterzygous). The chromosomal locus of a gene might be written "6p21.3 6: chromosome number p: position on the chromosome s short arm ( p ) or long arm ( q ) 21.3: the position on the arm: region 2, band 1, subband 3. The bands are visible under a microscope when the chromosome is stained.
13
14 Genotype/Phenotype Blue eyes Phenotype: Brown eyes Recessive: bb Genotype: Dominant: Bb or BB
15 Pleiotropy: when one gene affects many different traits. Polygenic traits: when one trait is governed by multiple genes, which maybe on the same chromosome or on different chromosomes. The additive effects of numerous genes on a single phenotype create a continuum of possible outcomes. Polygenic traits are also most susceptible to environmental influences.
16 Pleiotropy in humans: Phenylketonuria A disorder that is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which is necessary to convert the essential amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine. A defect in the single gene that codes for this enzyme therefore results in the multiple phenotypes associated with PKU, including mental retardation, eczema, and pigment defects that make affected individuals lighter skinned
17 Polygenic Inheritance in Humans Height is controlled by polygenes for skeleton height, but their effect may be affected by malnutrition, injury, and disease. Weight, skin color, and intelligence. Birth defects like clubfoot, cleft palate, or neural tube defects are also the result of multiple gene interactions. Complex diseases and traits have a tendency to have low heritability (tendency to be inherited) compared to single gene disorders (i.e. sickle-cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, PKU, Hemophelia, many extremely rare genetic disorders).
18 Selection Some genes may be subject to selection, where individuals with advantages or adaptive traits tend to be more successful than their peers reproductively When these traits have a genetic basis, selection can increase the prevalence of those traits, because the offspring will inherit those traits. This may correlate with the organism's ability to survive in its environment. Several different genotypes (and possibly phenotypes) may then coexist in a population. In this case, their genetic differences are called polymorphisms.
19 Genetic Mutation The simplest is the point mutation or substitution; here, a single nucleotide in the genome is changed (single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) Other types of mutations include the following: Insertion. A piece of DNA is inserted into the genome at a certain position Deletion. A piece of DNA is cut from the genome at a certain position Inversion. A piece of DNA is cut, flipped around and then reinserted, thereby converting it into its complement Translocation. A piece of DNA is moved to a different position. Duplication. A copy of a piece of DNA is inserted into the genome
20 Mutations and Selection While mutations can be detrimental to the affected individual, they can also in rare cases be beneficial; more frequently, neutral. Often mutations have no or a negligible impact on survival and reproduction. Thereby mutations can increase the genetic diversity of a population, that is, the number of present polymorphisms. In combination with selection, this allow a species to adapt to changing environmental conditions and to survive in the long term.
21 Raw Sequence Data 4 bases: A, C, G, T + other (i.e. N = any, R = G or A (purine), Y = T or (pyrimidine)) kb (= kbp) = kilo base pairs = 1,000 bp Mb = mega base pairs = 1,000,000 bp Gb = giga base pairs = 1,000,000,000 bp. Size: E. Coli 4.6Mbp (4,600,000) Fish 130 Gbp (130,000,000,000) Paris japonica (Plant) 150 Gbp Human 3.2Gbp
22 Fasta File A sequence in FASTA format begins with a single-line description, followed by lines of sequence data (file extension is.fa). It is recommended that all lines of text be shorter than 80 characters in length.
23 Typically contain 4 lines: Fastq File Line 1 begins with a '@' character and is followed by a sequence identifier and an optional description. Line 2 is the sequence. Line 3 is the delimiter +, with an optional description. Line 4 is the quality score. file extension GATTTGGGGTTCAAAGCTTCAAAGCTTCAAAGC +!''*((((***+))%%% !!!++***
24 Genes and Proteins One gene encodes one protein and begins with start codon (e.g. ATG), then each three code one amino acid. Then a stop codon (e.g. TGA) signifies end of the gene. In the middle of a (eukaryotic) gene, there are segments that are spliced out during transcription. Introns: segments that are spliced out Exons: segments that are kept. Detecting the introns and exons is a task for gene finding.
25
26 Genomics: - Assembly - Detection of variation - GWAS RNA: - Gene expression - Transcriptome assembly - Pathway analysis Protein: - Mass spectrometry - Structure prediction - Protein-Protein interaction
Lecture 2: Biology Basics Con4nued
Lecture 2: Biology Basics Con4nued Central Dogma DNA: The Code of Life The structure and the four genomic le=ers code for all living organisms Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine which pair A- T and
More informationLecture 2: Biology Basics Continued. Fall 2018 August 23, 2018
Lecture 2: Biology Basics Continued Fall 2018 August 23, 2018 Genetic Material for Life Central Dogma DNA: The Code of Life The structure and the four genomic letters code for all living organisms Adenine,
More informationLecture 3: Biology Basics Con4nued. Spring 2017 January 24, 2017
Lecture 3: Biology Basics Con4nued Spring 2017 January 24, 2017 Genotype/Phenotype Blue eyes Phenotype: Brown eyes Recessive: bb Genotype: Dominant: Bb or BB Genes are shown in rela%ve order and distance
More informationCS 680: Assembly and Analysis of Sequencing Data. Fall 2012 August 21st, 2012
CS 680: Assembly and Analysis of Sequencing Data Fall 2012 August 21st, 2012 Logis@cs of the Course Logis@cs About the Course Instructor: Chris@na Boucher email: cboucher@cs.colostate.edu Office: CSB 464
More informationGenetics and Heredity Power Point Questions
Name period date assigned date due date returned Genetics and Heredity Power Point Questions 1. Heredity is the process in which pass from parent to offspring. 2. is the study of heredity. 3. A trait is
More informationDNA. Using DNA to solve crimes
DNA Using DNA to solve crimes Physical characteristics are inherited from both parents DNA contains all the inherited information for each person DNA is contained in the nucleus of every cell in your body
More informationMolecular Genetics of Disease and the Human Genome Project
9 Molecular Genetics of Disease and the Human Genome Project Fig. 1. The 23 chromosomes in the human genome. There are 22 autosomes (chromosomes 1 to 22) and two sex chromosomes (X and Y). Females inherit
More informationAn introduction to genetics and molecular biology
An introduction to genetics and molecular biology Cavan Reilly September 5, 2017 Table of contents Introduction to biology Some molecular biology Gene expression Mendelian genetics Some more molecular
More informationJay McTighe and Grant Wiggins,
Course: Integrated Science 3/4 Unit #3: (DNA & RNA) Instructions for Life Stage 1: Identify Desired Results Enduring Understandings: Students will understand that Nearly all human traits, even many diseases,
More informationDNA Structure & the Genome. Bio160 General Biology
DNA Structure & the Genome Bio160 General Biology Lecture Outline I. DNA A nucleic acid II. Chromosome Structure III. Chromosomes and Genes IV. DNA vs. RNA I. DNA A Nucleic Acid Structure of DNA: Remember:
More informationUNIT MOLECULAR GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
UNIT MOLECULAR GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Standard B-4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the molecular basis of heredity. B-4.1-4,8,9 Effective June 2008 All Indicators in Standard B-4
More informationGENETICS. Genetics developed from curiosity about inheritance.
GENETICS Genetics developed from curiosity about inheritance. SMP - 2013 1 Genetics The study of heredity (how traits are passed from one generation to the next (inherited) An inherited trait of an individual
More information13.1 RNA Lesson Objectives Contrast RNA and DNA. Explain the process of transcription.
13.1 RNA Lesson Objectives Contrast RNA and DNA. Explain the process of transcription. The Role of RNA 1. Complete the table to contrast the structures of DNA and RNA. DNA Sugar Number of Strands Bases
More informationOutline. Structure of DNA DNA Functions Transcription Translation Mutation Cytogenetics Mendelian Genetics Quantitative Traits Linkage
Genetics Outline Structure of DNA DNA Functions Transcription Translation Mutation Cytogenetics Mendelian Genetics Quantitative Traits Linkage Chromosomes are composed of chromatin, which is DNA and associated
More informationBiology Evolution Dr. Kilburn, page 1 Mutation and genetic variation
Biology 203 - Evolution Dr. Kilburn, page 1 In this unit, we will look at the mechanisms of evolution, largely at the population scale. Our primary focus will be on natural selection, but we will also
More informationWhat is Genetics? Genetics The study of how heredity information is passed from parents to offspring. The Modern Theory of Evolution =
What is Genetics? Genetics The study of how heredity information is passed from parents to offspring The Modern Theory of Evolution = Genetics + Darwin s Theory of Natural Selection Gregor Mendel Father
More informationHelps DNA put genetic code into action RNA Structure
13.1 RNA Helps DNA put genetic code into action RNA Structure Single Stranded Nucleotides building blocks to RNA Ribose (5C sugar) Phosphate Group Nitrogenous base: Adenine, Uracil Guanine, Cytosine Disposable
More informationSection 10.3 Outline 10.3 How Is the Base Sequence of a Messenger RNA Molecule Translated into Protein?
Section 10.3 Outline 10.3 How Is the Base Sequence of a Messenger RNA Molecule Translated into Protein? Messenger RNA Carries Information for Protein Synthesis from the DNA to Ribosomes Ribosomes Consist
More informationProtein Synthesis
HEBISD Student Expectations: Identify that RNA Is a nucleic acid with a single strand of nucleotides Contains the 5-carbon sugar ribose Contains the nitrogen bases A, G, C and U instead of T. The U is
More informationReview? - What are the four macromolecules?
Review? - What are the four macromolecules? Lipids Carbohydrates Protein Nucleic Acids What is the monomer of nucleic acids and what do nucleic acids make up? Nucleotides; DNA and RNA 12-1 DNA DNA Stands
More informationFrom DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype
12 From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype 12.1 What Is the Evidence that Genes Code for Proteins? The gene-enzyme relationship is one-gene, one-polypeptide relationship. Example: In hemoglobin, each
More informationAdv Biology: DNA and RNA Study Guide
Adv Biology: DNA and RNA Study Guide Chapter 12 Vocabulary -Notes What experiments led up to the discovery of DNA being the hereditary material? o The discovery that DNA is the genetic code involved many
More informationDNA. Essential Question: How does the structure of the DNA molecule allow it to carry information?
DNA Essential Question: How does the structure of the DNA molecule allow it to carry information? Fun Website to Explore! http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molecules/ DNA History Griffith Experimented
More informationDNA & Genetics. Chapter Introduction DNA 6/12/2012. How are traits passed from parents to offspring?
Section 5.3 DNA & Genetics Chapter Introduction How are traits passed from parents to offspring? Chromatin- DNA in the nucleus loose strands Chromosome- When DNA gets organized before cell division Gene-
More informationDNA DNA. The molecule of heredity. of characteristics from parents to offspring. Gene
DNA The molecule of heredity 1 HEREDITY = passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring How?... DNA! 2 DNA I. DNA, Chromosomes, Chromatin and Genes DNA = blueprint of life (has the instructions
More informationGenetics Transcription Translation Replication
Genetics Transcription Translation Replication 1. Which statement best describes the relationship between an allele and a gene? A. An allele is a variation of a gene that can be expressed as a phenotype.
More informationChapter 13: RNA and Protein Synthesis. Dr. Bertolotti
Chapter 13: RNA and Protein Synthesis Dr. Bertolotti Essential Question How does information flow from DNA to RNA to direct the synthesis of proteins? How does RNA differ from DNA? RNA and protein synthesis
More informationPhysical Anthropology 1 Milner-Rose
Physical Anthropology 1 Milner-Rose Chapter 3 Genetics: Reproducing Life and Producing Variation Our Origins By Clark Spencer Larsen Natural Selection operates on the levels of the 1. living, behaving
More informationChapter 6. Genes and DNA. Table of Contents. Section 1 What Does DNA Look Like? Section 2 How DNA Works
Genes and DNA Table of Contents Section 1 What Does DNA Look Like? Section 1 What Does DNA Look Like? Objectives List three important events that led to understanding the structure of DNA. Describe the
More information1. An alteration of genetic information is shown below. 5. Part of a molecule found in cells is represented below.
1. An alteration of genetic information is shown below. 5. Part of a molecule found in cells is represented below. A-G-T-A-C-C-G-A-T A-G-T-G-A-T This type of alteration of the genetic information is an
More informationFrom DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype
12 From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype 12.1 What Is the Evidence that Genes Code for Proteins? The gene-enzyme relationship is one-gene, one-polypeptide relationship. Example: In hemoglobin, each
More informationII. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Located in the nucleus of the cell Codes for your genes Frank Griffith- discovered DNA in 1928
HEREDITY = passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring I. DNA, Chromosomes, Chromatin, and Genes DNA = blueprint of life (has the instructions for making an organism) Chromatin= uncoiled DNA
More informationChapter 10. DNA: The Molecule of Heredity. Lectures by Gregory Ahearn. University of North Florida. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 10 DNA: The Molecule of Heredity Lectures by Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 10.1 What Is The Structure Of DNA? Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is
More informationDNA and Biotechnology Form of DNA Form of DNA Form of DNA Form of DNA Replication of DNA Replication of DNA
21 DNA and Biotechnology DNA and Biotechnology OUTLINE: Replication of DNA Gene Expression Mutations Regulating Gene Activity Genetic Engineering Genomics DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Double-stranded molecule
More informationDNA. translation. base pairing rules for DNA Replication. thymine. cytosine. amino acids. The building blocks of proteins are?
2 strands, has the 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose, and has the nitrogen base Thymine. The actual process of assembling the proteins on the ribosome is called? DNA translation Adenine pairs with Thymine, Thymine
More informationBIOL 1030 Introduction to Biology: Organismal Biology. Fall 2009 Sections B & D. Steve Thompson:
BIOL 1030 Introduction to Biology: Organismal Biology. Fall 2009 Sections B & D Steve Thompson: stthompson@valdosta.edu http://www.bioinfo4u.net 1 DNA transcription and regulation We ve seen how the principles
More informationGenes and Gene Technology
CHAPTER 7 DIRECTED READING WORKSHEET Genes and Gene Technology As you read Chapter 7, which begins on page 150 of your textbook, answer the following questions. What If...? (p. 150) 1. How could DNA be
More informationTHE STUDY OF GENETICS is extremely
Exploring Animal Genetics and Probability THE STUDY OF GENETICS is extremely valuable to several areas of science. From medical to agricultural applications, the development of new techniques in studying
More informationDNA life s code. Importance of DNA. DNA Structure. DNA Structure - nucleotide. DNA Structure nitrogen bases. Linking Nucleotides
Importance of life s code molecule that makes up genes and determines the traits of all living things Controls by: producing proteins Proteins are important because All structures are made of protein Skin
More informationGenetic analysis is extremely powerful, but also limited in the absence of other types of information
Genetic analysis is extremely powerful, but also limited in the absence of other types of information Mendel was interested in variation among peas as a formalism - because he realized that these phenotypes
More informationGENETICS and the DNA code NOTES
GENETICS and the DNA code NOTES BACKGROUND DNA is the hereditary material of most organisms. It is an organic compound made of two strands, twisted around one another to form a double helix. Each strand
More informationChapter 8 From DNA to Proteins. Chapter 8 From DNA to Proteins
KEY CONCEPT Section 1 DNA was identified as the genetic material through a series of experiments. Griffith finds a transforming principle. Griffith experimented with the bacteria that cause pneumonia.
More informationMUTANT: A mutant is a strain that has suffered a mutation and exhibits a different phenotype from the parental strain.
OUTLINE OF GENETICS LECTURE #1 A. TERMS PHENOTYPE: Phenotype refers to the observable properties of an organism, such as morphology, growth rate, ability to grow under different conditions or media. For
More informationMolecular Biology. IMBB 2017 RAB, Kigali - Rwanda May 02 13, Francesca Stomeo
Molecular Biology IMBB 2017 RAB, Kigali - Rwanda May 02 13, 2017 Francesca Stomeo Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level, especially DNA and RNA - replication, transcription, translation,
More informationHuether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5 th Edition
Huether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5 th Edition Chapter 02: Genes and Genetic Diseases Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A nurse recalls the basic components of DNA are: a. Pentose sugars and
More informationChapter 4 DNA Structure & Gene Expression
Biology 12 Name: Cell Biology Per: Date: Chapter 4 DNA Structure & Gene Expression Complete using BC Biology 12, pages 108-153 4.1 DNA Structure pages 112-114 1. DNA stands for and is the genetic material
More informationHonors Biology Semester 2 Final Exam Review Guide
Honors Biology Semester 2 Final Exam Review Guide As the final exam approaches, so should your preparation for the test. You should review all old exams given this semester: Cell Cycle, DNA, Genetics,
More informationUnit 6 DNA ppt 3 Gene Expression and Mutations Chapter 8.6 & 8.7 pg
Unit 6 DNA ppt 3 Gene Expression and Mutations Chapter 8.6 & 8.7 pg 248-255 Which genes are transcribed on the chromosomes are carefully regulated at many points. Watch this! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oewozs_jtgk
More informationDNA & Protein Synthesis. Chapter 8
DNA & Protein Synthesis Chapter 8 State Standards SPI: 3210.4.1 Investigate how genetic information is encoded in nucleic acids SPI: 3210.4.2 Describe the relationship among genes, chromosomes, proteins,
More informationDNA & RNA. Chapter Twelve and Thirteen Biology One
DNA & RNA Chapter Twelve and Thirteen Biology One I. DNA Structure A. DNA monomers = nucleotides *1. sugar bonded to PO4 & one of four possible nitrogen bases 2. bases = Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
More informationMarch 26, 2012 NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS MAIN MAIN TOPICS TOPICS TO TO BE BE COVERED COVERED THIS THIS UNIT: UNIT: I. I. EVIDENCE EVIDENCE OF OF DNA DNA AS AS THE THE GENETIC GENETIC CODE CODE II. II. DNA DNA
More informationGENETICS. +he is considered the +he developed the of genetics that still apply today
GENETICS MENDELIAN GENETICS *A Historical Representation of Mendel s Work ---Who was Gregor Mendel? +he is considered the +he developed the of genetics that still apply today ---How did Mendel describe
More informationDNA Structure and Replication
DNA Structure and Replication DNA: The Double Helix Recall that the nucleus is a small spherical, dense body in a cell. It is often called the "control center" because it controls all the activities of
More informationLecture Three: Genes and Inheritance
Lecture Three: Genes and Inheritance As we already know, the smallest, most basic unit of life is the CELL. Define: Prokaryotic a cell with no membrane-bounded organelles or nucleus Eukaryotic - a cell
More informationobjective To Study basics of DNA Structure Properties Replication Transcription Translation
Basics of DNA Dr. Amol Kharat objective To Study basics of DNA Structure Properties Replication Transcription Translation Cellular composition DNA is contained in nucleus of cell Phospho-lipids and proteins
More informationMolecular Genetics. The flow of genetic information from DNA. DNA Replication. Two kinds of nucleic acids in cells: DNA and RNA.
Molecular Genetics DNA Replication Two kinds of nucleic acids in cells: DNA and RNA. DNA function 1: DNA transmits genetic information from parents to offspring. DNA function 2: DNA controls the functions
More informationLecture Overview. Overview of the Genetic Information. Chapter 3 DNA & RNA Lecture 6
Visual Anatomy & Physiology First Edition Martini & Ober Chapter 3 DNA & RNA Lecture 6 Lecture Overview What is the cell s genetic information? How/where is the genetic information stored in eukaryotic
More informationDESIGNER GENES * SOUTHERN POLY REGIONAL 2006
DESIGNER GENES * SOUTHERN POLY REGIONAL 2006 1. A true-breeding plant with yellow seed is crossed to a true-breeding plant with green seeds. All of the F1s are yellow. The F1s are allowed to self. What
More informationReplication Transcription Translation
Replication Transcription Translation A Gene is a Segment of DNA When a gene is expressed, DNA is transcribed to produce RNA and RNA is then translated to produce proteins. Genotype and Phenotype Genotype
More informationA mobile segment of DNA that travels from one location on a chromosome to another, one element of genetic change
1 Page 1 Normal N 5' T G GG GG GG TT 3' Met ys Leu Pro Leu Pro ys Stop Mutated 5' T G G GG G GGG T 3' Met Leu Ser Ser Ser Pro Leu Phe What type of mutation is shown? 2 substitution deletion insertion translocation
More informationText Reference: Ch and 12-2
Text Reference: Ch. 12-1 and 12-2 Name Date Block Part I: Short Answer/ Completion 1. What combination of sex chromosomes produces a female? 2. What combination of sex chromosomes produces a male? 3. Which
More informationHuman Genetic Variation. Ricardo Lebrón Dpto. Genética UGR
Human Genetic Variation Ricardo Lebrón rlebron@ugr.es Dpto. Genética UGR What is Genetic Variation? Origins of Genetic Variation Genetic Variation is the difference in DNA sequences between individuals.
More informationGenetics 101. Prepared by: James J. Messina, Ph.D., CCMHC, NCC, DCMHS Assistant Professor, Troy University, Tampa Bay Site
Genetics 101 Prepared by: James J. Messina, Ph.D., CCMHC, NCC, DCMHS Assistant Professor, Troy University, Tampa Bay Site Before we get started! Genetics 101 Additional Resources http://www.genetichealth.com/
More informationNucleic acids. What important polymer is located in the nucleus? is the instructions for making a cell's.
Nucleic acids DNA - The Double Helix Recall that the nucleus is a small spherical, dense body in a cell. It is often called the "control center" because it controls all the activities of the cell including
More informationDNA - The Double Helix
DNA - The Double Helix Recall that the nucleus is a small spherical, dense body in a cell. It is often called the "control center" because it controls all the activities of the cell including cell reproduction,
More informationWhy learn linkage analysis?
Why learn linkage analysis? - and some basic genetics Kaja Selmer 2013 Outline What is linkage analysis and why learn it? An example of a successful linkage analysis story Basic genetics DNA content and
More informationIntroduction to Basic Human Genetics. Professor Hanan Hamamy Department of Genetic Medicine and Development Geneva University Switzerland
Introduction to Basic Human Genetics Professor Hanan Hamamy Department of Genetic Medicine and Development Geneva University Switzerland Training Course in Sexual and Reproductive Health Research Geneva
More informationThe study of the structure, function, and interaction of cellular proteins is called. A) bioinformatics B) haplotypics C) genomics D) proteomics
Human Biology, 12e (Mader / Windelspecht) Chapter 21 DNA Which of the following is not a component of a DNA molecule? A) a nitrogen-containing base B) deoxyribose sugar C) phosphate D) phospholipid Messenger
More informationSTAT 536: Genetic Statistics
STAT 536: Genetic Statistics Karin S. Dorman Department of Statistics Iowa State University August 22, 2006 What is population genetics? A quantitative field of biology, initiated by Fisher, Haldane and
More informationChapter 8. Microbial Genetics. Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case Structure and Function of Genetic Material Learning Objectives 8-1 Define genetics, genome, chromosome, gene, genetic code, genotype,
More informationChapter 12. DNA TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION
Chapter 12 DNA TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION 12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis WARM UP What are proteins? Where do they come from? From DNA to RNA to Protein DNA in our cells carry the instructions for making
More informationGoal 3. Friday, May 10, 13
Goal 3 Bio.3.1 Explain how traits are determined by the structure and function of DNA. Bio.3.2 Understand how the environment, and/or the interaction of alleles, influences the expression of genetic traits.
More informationAllele: Chromosome DNA fingerprint: Electrophoresis: Gene:
Essential Vocabulary Allele: an alternate form of a gene; for example, a gene for human hair color may have alleles that cause red or brown hair Chromosome: a cell structure that contains genetic information
More informationCh 10 Molecular Biology of the Gene
Ch 10 Molecular Biology of the Gene For Next Week Lab -Hand in questions from 4 and 5 by TUES in my mailbox (Biology Office) -Do questions for Lab 6 for next week -Lab practical next week Lecture Read
More informationDNA RNA PROTEIN. Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11 Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. unless otherwise noted
DNA RNA PROTEIN Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11 Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. unless otherwise noted DNA Molecule of heredity Contains all the genetic info our cells inherit Determines
More informationBio 102 Practice Problems Genetic Code and Mutation
Bio 102 Practice Problems Genetic Code and Mutation Multiple choice: Unless otherwise directed, circle the one best answer: 1. Beadle and Tatum mutagenized Neurospora to find strains that required arginine
More informationPractice MODERN GENETICS
Name: Practice MODERN GENETICS 1. Which diagram represents a pair of homologous chromosomes? 8. The diagram below shows some chromosomal alterations. A) B) C) D) Which chromosome represents an alteration
More informationDNA - The Double Helix
DNA - The Double Helix Recall that the nucleus is a small spherical, dense body in a cell. It is often called the "control center" because it controls all the activities of the cell including cell reproduction,
More informationAS91159 Demonstrate understanding of gene expression
AS91159 Demonstrate understanding of gene expression Mutations and Metabolic Pathways (2015,2) In 1941 biologists George Beadle and Edward Tatum exposed the bread mould Neurospora crassa to radiation.
More informationI. To understand Genetics - A. Chemical nature of genes had to be discovered B. Allow us to understand how genes control inherited characteristics
Ch 12 Lecture Notes - DNA I. To understand Genetics - A. Chemical nature of genes had to be discovered B. Allow us to understand how genes control inherited characteristics 1 II. Griffith and Transformation
More informationHigher Human Biology Unit 1: Human Cells Pupils Learning Outcomes
Higher Human Biology Unit 1: Human Cells Pupils Learning Outcomes 1.1 Division and Differentiation in Human Cells I can state that cellular differentiation is the process by which a cell develops more
More informationStructure of DNA. Characteristics of DNA. Carries genetic information for traits in an organism. Twisted, double-helix structure
Structure of DNA Characteristics of DNA Carries genetic information for traits in an organism Twisted, double-helix structure Coding is carried in two sets of complimentary bases: Adenine-Thymine Guanine-Cytosine
More informationHonors Biology Reading Guide Chapter 10 v Fredrick Griffith Ø When he killed bacteria and then mixed the bacteria remains with living harmless
Honors Biology Reading Guide Chapter 10 v Fredrick Griffith Ø When he killed bacteria and then mixed the bacteria remains with living harmless bacteria some living bacteria cells converted to disease causing
More informationDNA & DNA Replication
DNA & DNA Replication DNA Structure How did Watson and Crick contribute to our understanding of genetics? Watson and Crick developed the double helix model for DNA DNA Structure What is a double helix?
More informationGenes. Multiple Choice Review. Slide 1 / 46. Slide 2 / 46. Slide 3 (Answer) / 46. Slide 3 / 46. Slide 4 / 46. Slide 4 (Answer) / 46
Slide 1 / 46 Slide 2 / 46 New Jersey enter for Teaching and Learning Progressive Science Initiative This material is made freely available at www.njctl.org and is intended for the non-commercial use of
More informationDNA - The Double Helix
Name Date Period DNA - The Double Helix Recall that the nucleus is a small spherical, dense body in a cell. It is often called the "control center" because it controls all the activities of the cell including
More informationLecture Overview. Overview of the Genetic Information. Marieb s Human Anatomy and Physiology. Chapter 3 DNA & RNA Protein Synthesis Lecture 6
Marieb s Human Anatomy and Physiology Marieb Hoehn Chapter 3 DNA & RNA Protein Synthesis Lecture 6 Lecture Overview The Genetic Information Structure of DNA/RNA DNA Replication Overview of protein synthesis
More informationCOMPETITOR NAMES: TEAM NAME: TEAM NUMBER:
COMPETITOR NAMES: TEAM NAME: TEAM NUMBER: Section 1:Crosses In a fictional species of mice, with species name Mus SciOlyian, fur color is controlled by a single autosomal gene. The allele for brown fur
More informationChapter 14: Genes in Action
Chapter 14: Genes in Action Section 1: Mutation and Genetic Change Mutation: Nondisjuction: a failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis I or the failure of sister chromatids to separate
More informationBST227 Introduction to Statistical Genetics
Introduction to Statistical Genetics BIO 227 Lecture 1 Introduction and Overview of Genetic http BST227 Introduction to Statistical Genetics Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview of Genetic Disease http://aryeelab.org/bst227
More informationLesson 8. DNA: The Molecule of Heredity. Gene Expression and Regulation. Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1
Lesson 8 DNA: The Molecule of Heredity Gene Expression and Regulation Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1 Genes and DNA Hereditary information is found in discrete units called genes Genes are segments
More informationStation 1. Define the following terms: Gene DNA. Chromosomes
Station 1 Define the following terms: Gene DNA Chromosomes Station 2 What do genes code for? How are characteristics determined? Name 2 types of organisms that may have the similar DNA/ genes. Identify
More informationReview Quizzes Chapters 11-16
Review Quizzes Chapters 11-16 1. In pea plants, the allele for smooth seeds (S) is dominant over the allele for wrinkled seeds (s). In an experiment, when two hybrids are crossed, what percent of the offspring
More informationDNA Structure DNA Nucleotide 3 Parts: 1. Phosphate Group 2. Sugar 3. Nitrogen Base
DNA,, RNA,, AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Enables cells to have different forms and perform different functions Primary functions of DNA: Store and transmit genetic information that tells
More informationBIOTECH 101 UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS
BIOTECH 101 UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS Genetics is at the forefront of investigations into human variation, disease and biotechnology. Newspapers, TV, magazines, radio and the internet have made genetics
More informationBiology. Biology. Slide 1 of 39. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology Biology 1 of 39 12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis 2 of 39 Essential Question What is transcription and translation and how do they take place? 3 of 39 12 3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Genes are coded
More informationBiology. Biology. Slide 1 of 39. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology Biology 1 of 39 12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis 2 of 39 12 3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins. Genetic messages can be decoded by
More informationDNA - The Double Helix
DNA - The Double Helix Recall that the nucleus is a small spherical, dense body in a cell. It is often called the "control center" because it controls all the activities of the cell including cell reproduction,
More informationName: Class: Date: ID: A
Class: _ Date: _ CH 12 Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. How many codons are needed to specify three amino acids? a. 6 c. 3 b. 12
More information