1. I can describe the stages of the cell cycle.

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "1. I can describe the stages of the cell cycle."

Transcription

1 Unit 5 Study Guide Cell Cycle pg I can describe the stages of the cell cycle. Interphase = period in between division G1 = growth phase S = DNA replication G2 = Preparation for division (extra copies of organelles are made, etc.) M Phase = Cell Division Mitosis = Division of the Nucleus: (Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase) Cytokinesis = Division of the Cytoplasm NOTE: Cytokinesis is different in a plant cell vs. an animal cell because of the cell wall. Animal cells form a cleavage furrow (cell membrane pinches in) whereas plant cells form a cell plate (the beginning foundation of a cell wall) Mitosis is nuclear division plus cytokinesis, and produces two identical daughter cells during prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Interphase is often included in discussions of mitosis, but interphase is technically not part of mitosis, but rather encompasses stages G1, S, and G2 of the cell cycle. 2. I can describe the structure and function of DNA. DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid. It is the genetic code because it transmits the information needed to build proteins for the cell. Each section of DNA that codes for a protein is called a gene. DNA wrapped around histones (a type of protein) is called Chromatin. A Chromosome is made up of 2 identical sister chromatids (produced during DNA replication) made of chromatin. Chromatin is DNA that is tightly wound around histones. The DNA exists as unraveled Chromatin during most of the cell cycle. It only condenses to form Chromosomes during cell division.

2 Unit 5 Study Guide Cell Cycle pg. 2 DNA is a double helix. This means it is a double-stranded molecule that is twisted like a spiral staircase. A DNA molecule is made of monomers (subunits) called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar (deoxyribose), and 1 of 4 nitrogenous bases (Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine, or Thymine). These nucleotides align so that the sugar and phosphate groups make up the side (backbone) and alternate (S P S P S P). Strong phosphodiester (covalent) bonds hold the phosphates and sugars together. The nitrogen bases are perpendicular to the sugar and form the rungs of the ladder. The nitrogen bases form hydrogen bonds with the complimentary strand of DNA in order to hold the separate strands of the double helix together. The Rule of Base Pairing states that Adenine only bonds with Thymine (A = T) and Guanine only bonds with Cytosine (G = C). Guanine and Adenine are purines, which means that they have a double-ringed structure. Cytosine and Thymine are pyrimidines, which means that they have a single-ringed structure. A pyrimidine (C or T) always bonds with a purine (G or A). The DNA strands run antiparallel to each other, which means that the strands are facing opposite directions. This means that one strand has the 5 end of the sugar at the top of the molecule and the other strand has the 3 end of the sugar at the top. Hydrogen bonds form to create the twisted structure of DNA. Additional Resource: or

3 Unit 5 Study Guide Cell Cycle pg I can explain how DNA is replicated. DNA is replicated during S phase of the cell cycle. The DNA is unwound and replicated in sections called replication bubbles; multiple replication bubbles occur simultaneously in order to speed up the process. Replication is finished when all of the bubbles connect forming two complete identical copies. The process begins at the Point of Origin and proceeds in both directions to form the bubble. GETTING STARTED = Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the strands and unwinds and separates the 2 DNA strands. Where Helicase is breaking bonds is called the Replication Fork. One strand begins with the 5 end of the sugar (5 to 3 = Lagging Strand). The other strand begins with the 3 DNA end polymerase of the sugar (3 to 5 adds = Leading complimentary Strand). Single-Strand Binding proteins attach to the DNA strands to keep the strands nucleotides from twisting. Topoisomerase to build the (another new protein) strands attaches to of the strands to relieve stress and keep the strands from breaking DNA. It also proofreads the DNA for during replication. mutations LAYING THE (mistakes). FOUNDATION = DNA nucleotides cannot bond to empty space, so an RNA Primer is used. Primase is the enzyme responsible for adding the RNA Primer. Primase attaches a short sequence of complementary RNA nucleotides to the original strand. Primase adds one RNA primer at the Point of Origin on G=C, the A=T Leading (complimentary Strand (3 5 ). Primase has nucleotides) to add multiple RNA Primers on the Lagging Strand (5 3 ). ADDING DNA NUCLEOTIDES = DNA polymerase III is the main enzyme responsible for replication. DNA polymerase III adds DNA nucleotides to the RNA Primer. DNA polymerase III can only move 3 to 5 on the original strand. This means that the NEW strand is built in the opposite direction (5 to 3 ). The Leading Strand (3 5 ) is built continuously. DNA polymerase makes one long strand of complementary DNA. Because DNA polymerase can only move 3 to 5, the Lagging Strand is built DISCONTINUOUSLY. Many RNA Primers are laid and DNA polymerase III works from primer to primer. These short segments are called Okazaki Fragments. Another enzyme, DNA polymerase I, removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA nucleotides. Next, the enzyme DNA Ligase seals the gap between these fragments by adding a phosphodiester bond. PROOFREADING = DNA polymerase II proofreads and corrects mistakes, which are called mutations. RESULT = DNA replication results in 2 identical molecules of DNA, each with one new strand and one original strand. Because only one new strand is made for each molecule, it is called Semi-Conservative replication.

4 Unit 5 Study Guide Cell Cycle pg I can explain what occurs during each phase of mitosis. This means that I can tell the difference between prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Prophase = SET UP: Chromatin in the nucleus begins to condense and becomes visible in the light microscope as chromosomes. The Spindle nucleolus forms; disappears. nuclear Centrioles membrane begin moving to opposite disappears ends of the cell and fibers extend from the centromeres. Some fibers cross the cell to form the mitotic spindle. Late Prophase = The nuclear membrane dissolves, marking the beginning of late prophase (sometimes called prometaphase). Proteins attach to the centromeres creating the kinetochores. Microtubules attach at the kinetochores and the chromosomes begin moving. Metaphase = MIDDLE: Spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the middle of the cell nucleus. This line is referred to as the metaphase plate. This organization helps to ensure that in the next phase, when the chromosomes are separated, each new nucleus will receive one copy of each chromosome. Anaphase = APART: The paired chromosomes separate at the kinetochores and move to opposite sides of the cell. Motion results from a combination of kinetochore movement along the spindle microtubules and through the physical interaction of polar microtubules. TELOPHASE = TWO NUCLEI: Chromatids arrive at opposite poles of cell, and new membranes form around the Spindle breaks down; nuclear membrane reappears; daughter nuclei. The chromosomes disperse and are no longer visible under the light microscope. The spindle fibers disperse, and cytokinesis chromosomes or the partitioning unwind of the cell into may chromatin also begin during this stage. 5. I can explain why DNA replication is important for the cell cycle. DNA replication is important because it ensures that EVERY cell that is produced through Mitosis has an exact copy of all of the original DNA. Because the original DNA molecule is used as a template (rule of base pairing), 2 identical molecules of DNA are produced through Mitosis. Both copies of the DNA molecule have an original strand and a new strand that was built following the rule of base pairing (A = T; G = C). This means that all cells in the organism will have the same DNA, therefore the same instructions for making proteins.

5 Unit 5 Study Guide Cell Cycle pg I can identify and label the phase of mitosis given a diagram, model, or using a microscope.

6 Unit 5 Study Guide Cell Cycle pg. 6

The structure, type and functions of a cell are all determined by chromosomes:

The structure, type and functions of a cell are all determined by chromosomes: DNA Basics The structure, type and functions of a cell are all determined by chromosomes: They are found in the nucleus of a cell. These chromosomes are composed of DNA, the acronym for deoxyribonucleic

More information

CELLULAR PROCESSES; REPRODUCTION. Unit 5

CELLULAR PROCESSES; REPRODUCTION. Unit 5 CELLULAR PROCESSES; REPRODUCTION Unit 5 Cell Cycle Chromosomes and their make up Crossover Cytokines Diploid (haploid diploid and karyotypes) Mitosis Meiosis What is Cancer? Somatic Cells THE CELL CYCLE

More information

DNA STRUCTURE & REPLICATION

DNA STRUCTURE & REPLICATION DNA STRUCTURE & REPLICATION A MODEL OF DNA In 1953, two scientists named Watson & Crick built a model of DNA that demonstrates its exact structure and function. They called this model a double helix, which

More information

DNA STRUCTURE. Nucleotides: Nitrogenous Bases (Carry the Genetic Code) Expectation Sheet: DNA & Cell Cycle. I can statements: Basic Information:

DNA STRUCTURE. Nucleotides: Nitrogenous Bases (Carry the Genetic Code) Expectation Sheet: DNA & Cell Cycle. I can statements: Basic Information: Expectation Sheet: DNA & Cell Cycle NAME: Test is 11/8/17 I can statements: I can discuss how DNA is found in all organisms and that the structure is common to all living things. I can diagram and label

More information

Cell Division. Use Target Reading Skills. This section explains how cells grow and divide.

Cell Division. Use Target Reading Skills. This section explains how cells grow and divide. Name Date Class Cell Processes Guided Reading and Study Cell Division This section explains how cells grow and divide. Use Target Reading Skills As you read, make a cycle diagram that shows the events

More information

Chapter 3. DNA Replication & The Cell Cycle

Chapter 3. DNA Replication & The Cell Cycle Chapter 3 DNA Replication & The Cell Cycle DNA Replication and the Cell Cycle Before cells divide, they must duplicate their DNA // the genetic material DNA is organized into strands called chromosomes

More information

10-2 Cell Division (Pages )

10-2 Cell Division (Pages ) 10-2 Cell Division (Pages 244-245) What do you think would happen if a cell were simply to split into two, without any advance preparation? Would each daughter cell have everything it needed to survive?

More information

DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid.

DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid. 1 DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid. DNA controls the kind of cell which is formed (i.e. muscle, blood, nerve). DNA controls the type of organism which is produced (i.e. buttercup, giraffe, herring,

More information

Fig. 16-7a. 5 end Hydrogen bond 3 end. 1 nm. 3.4 nm nm

Fig. 16-7a. 5 end Hydrogen bond 3 end. 1 nm. 3.4 nm nm Fig. 16-7a end Hydrogen bond end 1 nm 3.4 nm 0.34 nm (a) Key features of DNA structure end (b) Partial chemical structure end Fig. 16-8 Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Concept 16.2: Many

More information

Structure and Replication

Structure and Replication Structure and Replication 6.A: Students will identify components of DNA, and describe how information for specifying traits of an organism is carried in the DNA 6.B: Students will recognize that components

More information

Essential Questions. DNA: The Genetic Material. Copyright McGraw-Hill Education

Essential Questions. DNA: The Genetic Material. Copyright McGraw-Hill Education Essential Questions Which experiments led to the discovery of DNA as the genetic material? What is the basic structure of DNA? What is the basic structure of eukaryotic chromosomes? Vocabulary Review nucleic

More information

Chapter 10. DNA: The Molecule of Heredity. Lectures by Gregory Ahearn. University of North Florida. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 10. DNA: The Molecule of Heredity. Lectures by Gregory Ahearn. University of North Florida. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10 DNA: The Molecule of Heredity Lectures by Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 10.1 What Is The Structure Of DNA? Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is

More information

THE COMPONENTS & STRUCTURE OF DNA

THE COMPONENTS & STRUCTURE OF DNA THE COMPONENTS & STRUCTURE OF DNA - How do genes work? - What are they made of, and how do they determine the characteristics of organisms? - Are genes single molecules, or are they longer structures made

More information

Lesson Overview DNA Replication

Lesson Overview DNA Replication 12.3 THINK ABOUT IT Before a cell divides, its DNA must first be copied. How might the double-helix structure of DNA make that possible? Review Question! At what stage of the cell cycle do cells duplicate

More information

DNA, Replication and RNA

DNA, Replication and RNA DNA, Replication and RNA The structure of DNA DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is the blue prints for building all of life. DNA is a long molecule made up of units called NUCLEOTIDES. Each nucleotide is

More information

DNA Structure and Replication 1

DNA Structure and Replication 1 Name: # Date: Per: Why? DNA Structure and Replication How is genetic information stored and copied? Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is the molecule of heredity. It contains the genetic blueprint for life.

More information

Biology Lecture 2 Genes

Biology Lecture 2 Genes Genes Definitions o Gene: DNA that codes for a single polypeptide/mrna/rrna/trna o Euchromatin: region of DNA containing genes being actively transcribed o Heterochromatin: region of DNA containing genes

More information

DNA Replication AP Biology

DNA Replication AP Biology DNA Replication 2007-2008 Double helix structure of DNA It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.

More information

Covalently bonded sugar-phosphate backbone with relatively strong bonds keeps the nucleotides in the backbone connected in the correct sequence.

Covalently bonded sugar-phosphate backbone with relatively strong bonds keeps the nucleotides in the backbone connected in the correct sequence. Unit 14: DNA Replication Study Guide U7.1.1: DNA structure suggested a mechanism for DNA replication (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 347). 1. Outline the features of DNA structure that suggested

More information

Vocabulary. Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Base pairing Complementary Template Strand Semiconservative Replication Polymerase

Vocabulary. Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Base pairing Complementary Template Strand Semiconservative Replication Polymerase DNA and Replication TEKS (6) Science concepts. The student knows the mechanisms of genetics, including the role of nucleic acids and the principles of Mendelian Genetics. The student is expected to: (A)

More information

Chapter 12. DNA Structure and Replication

Chapter 12. DNA Structure and Replication Chapter 12 DNA Structure and Replication DNA Structure DNA is a polymer of nucleic acids. DNA consist of chemical units or monomers called nucleotides. DNA Structure The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose. Thus,

More information

DNA. translation. base pairing rules for DNA Replication. thymine. cytosine. amino acids. The building blocks of proteins are?

DNA. translation. base pairing rules for DNA Replication. thymine. cytosine. amino acids. The building blocks of proteins are? 2 strands, has the 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose, and has the nitrogen base Thymine. The actual process of assembling the proteins on the ribosome is called? DNA translation Adenine pairs with Thymine, Thymine

More information

Chapter 9: DNA: The Molecule of Heredity

Chapter 9: DNA: The Molecule of Heredity Chapter 9: DNA: The Molecule of Heredity What is DNA? Answer: Molecule that carries the blueprint of life General Features: DNA is packages in chromosomes (DNA + Proteins) Gene = Functional segment of

More information

DNA is the genetic material. DNA structure. Chapter 7: DNA Replication, Transcription & Translation; Mutations & Ames test

DNA is the genetic material. DNA structure. Chapter 7: DNA Replication, Transcription & Translation; Mutations & Ames test DNA is the genetic material Chapter 7: DNA Replication, Transcription & Translation; Mutations & Ames test Dr. Amy Rogers Bio 139 General Microbiology Hereditary information is carried by DNA Griffith/Avery

More information

DNA Structure and Replication, and Virus Structure and Replication Test Review

DNA Structure and Replication, and Virus Structure and Replication Test Review DNA Structure and Replication, and Virus Structure and Replication Test Review What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA is what type of macromolecule? DNA is a nucleic acid The building blocks

More information

DNA Replication. The Organization of DNA. Recall:

DNA Replication. The Organization of DNA. Recall: Recall: The Organization of DNA DNA Replication Chromosomal form appears only during mitosis, and is used in karyotypes. folded back upon itself (chromosomes) coiled around itself (chromatin) wrapped around

More information

Nucleic acids and protein synthesis

Nucleic acids and protein synthesis THE FUNCTIONS OF DNA Nucleic acids and protein synthesis The full name of DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid. Every nucleotide has the same sugar molecule and phosphate group, but each nucleotide contains one

More information

DNA, Cell Cycles and Genetics! Mrs. Stahl Biology

DNA, Cell Cycles and Genetics! Mrs. Stahl Biology DNA, Cell Cycles and Genetics! Mrs. Stahl Biology Let s Think!!!! What does DNA stand for? Where is DNA located in the cell? What is DNA to you? Where do we find DNA? 1928- Fredrick Griffith s Experiment

More information

DNA Replication AP Biology

DNA Replication AP Biology DNA Replication 2007-2008 Watson and Crick 1953 article in Nature Double helix structure of DNA It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible

More information

DNA STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION

DNA STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION AP BIOLOGY EVOLUTION/HEREDITY UNIT Unit 1 Part 2 Chapter 16 Activity #2 BUILDING BLOCKS OF DNA: Nucleotides: NAME DATE PERIOD DNA STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION 1. 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose) 2. Nitrogenous

More information

Chapter 8 DNA STRUCTURE AND CHROMOSOMAL ORGANIZATION

Chapter 8 DNA STRUCTURE AND CHROMOSOMAL ORGANIZATION Chapter 8 DNA STRUCTURE AND CHROMOSOMAL ORGANIZATION Chapter Summary Even though DNA has been known as a biochemical compound for over 100 years, it was not implicated as the carrier of hereditary information

More information

Nucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA) nucleotide

Nucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA) nucleotide Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are molecules that store information for cellular growth and reproduction There are two types of nucleic acids: - deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) These

More information

DNA - DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

DNA - DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID DNA - DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID blueprint of life (has the instructions for making an organism) established by James Watson and Francis Crick codes for your genes shape of a double helix made of repeating

More information

DNA RNA PROTEIN SYNTHESIS -NOTES-

DNA RNA PROTEIN SYNTHESIS -NOTES- DNA RNA PROTEIN SYNTHESIS -NOTES- THE COMPONENTS AND STRUCTURE OF DNA DNA is made up of units called nucleotides. Nucleotides are made up of three basic components:, called deoxyribose in DNA In DNA, there

More information

What can you tell me about DNA? copyright cmassengale 1

What can you tell me about DNA? copyright cmassengale 1 What can you tell me about DNA? copyright cmassengale 1 DNA and Replication copyright cmassengale 2 Credit for discovery of DNA is given to Watson & Crick 1 DNA DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid

More information

How can something so small cause problems so large?

How can something so small cause problems so large? How can something so small cause problems so large? Objectives Identify the structural components of DNA and relate to its function Create and ask questions about a model of DNA DNA is made of genes. Gene

More information

Problem Set Unit The base ratios in the DNA and RNA for an onion (Allium cepa) are given below.

Problem Set Unit The base ratios in the DNA and RNA for an onion (Allium cepa) are given below. Problem Set Unit 3 Name 1. Which molecule is found in both DNA and RNA? A. Ribose B. Uracil C. Phosphate D. Amino acid 2. Which molecules form the nucleotide marked in the diagram? A. phosphate, deoxyribose

More information

Bundle 5 Test Review

Bundle 5 Test Review Bundle 5 Test Review DNA vs. RNA DNA Replication Gene Mutations- Protein Synthesis 1. Label the different components and complete the complimentary base pairing. What is this molecule called? _Nucleic

More information

translation The building blocks of proteins are? amino acids nitrogen containing bases like A, G, T, C, and U Complementary base pairing links

translation The building blocks of proteins are? amino acids nitrogen containing bases like A, G, T, C, and U Complementary base pairing links The actual process of assembling the proteins on the ribosome is called? translation The building blocks of proteins are? Complementary base pairing links Define and name the Purines amino acids nitrogen

More information

Molecular Genetics I DNA

Molecular Genetics I DNA Molecular Genetics I DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid is the molecule that encodes the characteristics of living things. It is the molecule that is passed from a mother cell to daughter cells, and the molecule

More information

Worksheet Structure of DNA and Replication

Worksheet Structure of DNA and Replication Eastern Intermediate High School Honors Biology Name: Period: Date: Worksheet Structure of DN and Replication Directions: Label the diagram below with the following choices: Nucleotide Deoxyribose Phosphate

More information

DNA is a functional genetic material as it:

DNA is a functional genetic material as it: DNA DNA is a functional genetic material as it: varies between species and individuals can store information remains constant within a species Replicates undergoes mutations 1 `It has not escaped our notice

More information

Cell Division (pages 55 62)

Cell Division (pages 55 62) Cell Division (pages 55 62) Stage 1: Interphase (page 56) Key Concept: During interphase, the cell grows, makes a copy of its DNA, and prepares to divide into two cells. For living things to grow, their

More information

What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of Nucleic Acids?

What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of Nucleic Acids? THE NUCLEIC ACIDS What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of Nucleic Acids? Nucleic acids are polymers specialized for the storage, transmission, and use of genetic information. DNA = deoxyribonucleic

More information

DNA Replication. Packet #17 Chapter #16

DNA Replication. Packet #17 Chapter #16 DNA Replication Packet #17 Chapter #16 1 HISTORICAL FACTS ABOUT DNA 2 Historical DNA Discoveries 1928 Frederick Griffith finds a substance in heat-killed bacteria that transforms living bacteria 1944 Oswald

More information

DNA Structure and Replication. Higher Human Biology

DNA Structure and Replication. Higher Human Biology DNA Structure and Replication Higher Human Biology Learning Intention Describe the structure of DNA Explain the base pairing rule using adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine 1 Division and differentiation

More information

DNA and RNA. Chapter 12

DNA and RNA. Chapter 12 DNA and RNA Chapter 12 Warm Up Exercise Test Corrections Make sure to indicate your new answer and provide an explanation for why this is the correct answer. Do this with a red pen in the margins of your

More information

STUDY GUIDE SECTION 10-1 Discovery of DNA

STUDY GUIDE SECTION 10-1 Discovery of DNA STUDY GUIDE SECTION 10-1 Discovery of DNA Name Period Date Multiple Choice-Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. The virulent strain of the bacterium S. pneumoniae causes disease because it a. has

More information

Cells and Tissues. Overview CELLS

Cells and Tissues. Overview CELLS Cells and Tissues WIll The basic unit of structure and function in the human body is the cell. Each of a cell's parts, or organelles, as well as the entire cell, is organized to perform a specific function.

More information

How do we know what the structure and function of DNA is? - Double helix, base pairs, sugar, and phosphate - Stores genetic information

How do we know what the structure and function of DNA is? - Double helix, base pairs, sugar, and phosphate - Stores genetic information DNA: CH 13 How do we know what the structure and function of DNA is? - Double helix, base pairs, sugar, and phosphate - Stores genetic information Discovering DNA s Function 1928: Frederick Griffith studied

More information

DNA replication. Begins at specific sites on a double helix. Proceeds in both directions. Is initiated at many points in eukaryotic chromosomes.

DNA replication. Begins at specific sites on a double helix. Proceeds in both directions. Is initiated at many points in eukaryotic chromosomes. DNA replication Begins at specific sites on a double helix. Proceeds in both directions. Is initiated at many points in eukaryotic chromosomes. Figure 10.8 http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/media/ DNAi_replication_schematic-lg.mov

More information

PowerPoint Notes on Chapter 9 - DNA: The Genetic Material

PowerPoint Notes on Chapter 9 - DNA: The Genetic Material PowerPoint Notes on Chapter 9 - DNA: The Genetic Material Section 1 Identifying the Genetic Material Objectives Relate Griffith s conclusions to the observations he made during the transformation experiments.

More information

NUCLEIC ACIDS Genetic material of all known organisms DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid RNA: ribonucleic acid (e.g., some viruses)

NUCLEIC ACIDS Genetic material of all known organisms DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid RNA: ribonucleic acid (e.g., some viruses) NUCLEIC ACIDS Genetic material of all known organisms DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid RNA: ribonucleic acid (e.g., some viruses) Consist of chemically linked sequences of nucleotides Nitrogenous base Pentose-

More information

Components of DNA. Components of DNA. Aim: What is the structure of DNA? February 15, DNA_Structure_2011.notebook. Do Now.

Components of DNA. Components of DNA. Aim: What is the structure of DNA? February 15, DNA_Structure_2011.notebook. Do Now. Aim: What is the structure of DNA? Do Now: Explain the Hershey Chase experiment and what was its conclusion? Homework Read pp. 298 299 P.299 3,4,6.7 Do Now Paperclip Combos Material: 8 paperclips, 2 each

More information

Genetic material must be able to:

Genetic material must be able to: Genetic material must be able to: Contain the information necessary to construct an entire organism Pass from parent to offspring and from cell to cell during cell division Be accurately copied Account

More information

Name Date Period The History of DNA

Name Date Period The History of DNA Name Date Period The History of DNA Even though DNA has been known since the mid 1800 s, its structure and function weren t discovered until the beginning of the 20 th century. Our understanding of what

More information

Chapter 13 Section 2: DNA Replication

Chapter 13 Section 2: DNA Replication Chapter 13 Section 2: DNA Replication Opening Activity DNA is considered to be a relatively stable molecule. What gives it this stability, even though the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases are

More information

BIOB111 - Tutorial activity for Session 13

BIOB111 - Tutorial activity for Session 13 BIOB111 - Tutorial activity for Session 13 General topics for week 7 Session 13: Types of nucleic acids, DNA replication Useful links: 1. Visit this website and use its menu to locate information and practice

More information

4) separates the DNA strands during replication a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E. 5) covalently connects segments of DNA a. A b. B c. C d. D e.

4) separates the DNA strands during replication a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E. 5) covalently connects segments of DNA a. A b. B c. C d. D e. 1) Chargaff's analysis of the relative base composition of DNA was significant because he was able to show that a. the relative proportion of each of the four bases differs from species to species. b.

More information

DNA Structure & the Genome. Bio160 General Biology

DNA Structure & the Genome. Bio160 General Biology DNA Structure & the Genome Bio160 General Biology Lecture Outline I. DNA A nucleic acid II. Chromosome Structure III. Chromosomes and Genes IV. DNA vs. RNA I. DNA A Nucleic Acid Structure of DNA: Remember:

More information

DNA Structure and Function. Chapter 13

DNA Structure and Function. Chapter 13 DNA Structure and Function Chapter 13 Impacts, Issues Here Kitty, Kitty, Kitty, Kitty, Kitty Clones made from adult cells have problems; the cell s DNA must be reprogrammed to function like the DNA of

More information

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Chapter 16 Objectives Describe the contributions of the following people: Griffith; Avery, McCary, and MacLeod; Hershey and Chase; Chargaff; Watson and Crick; Franklin;

More information

The Molecul Chapter ar Basis 16: The M of olecular Inheritance Basis of Inheritance Fig. 16-1

The Molecul Chapter ar Basis 16: The M of olecular Inheritance Basis of Inheritance Fig. 16-1 he Chapter Molecular 16: he Basis Molecular of Inheritance Basis of Inheritance Fig. 16-1 dditional Evidence hat DN Is the Genetic Material It was known that DN is a polymer of nucleotides, each consisting

More information

DNA - The Double Helix

DNA - The Double Helix DNA - The Double Helix Recall that the nucleus is a small spherical, dense body in a cell. It is often called the "control center" because it controls all the activities of the cell including cell reproduction,

More information

CHAPTER 16 MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE

CHAPTER 16 MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE CHAPTER 16 MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE DNA as genetic material? Deducted that DNA is the genetic material Initially worked by studying bacteria & the viruses that infected them 1928 Frederick Griffiths

More information

Replication. Obaidur Rahman

Replication. Obaidur Rahman Replication Obaidur Rahman DIRCTION OF DNA SYNTHESIS How many reactions can a DNA polymerase catalyze? So how many reactions can it catalyze? So 4 is one answer, right, 1 for each nucleotide. But what

More information

BIOCHEMISTRY Nucleic Acids

BIOCHEMISTRY Nucleic Acids BIOCHEMISTRY Nucleic Acids BIOB111 CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY Session 17 Session Plan Types of Nucleic Acids Nucleosides Nucleotides Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids DNA Double Helix DNA Replication Types

More information

2015 Biology Unit 4 PRACTICE TEST DNA, Structure, Function, Replication Week of December

2015 Biology Unit 4 PRACTICE TEST DNA, Structure, Function, Replication Week of December Name: Class: Date: 2015 Biology Unit 4 PRACTICE TEST DNA, Structure, Function, Replication Week of 14-18 December 1. Which scientists figured out the three-dimensional structure of DNA by using a model

More information

DNA: Structure and Replication - 1

DNA: Structure and Replication - 1 DNA: Structure and Replication - 1 We have briefly discussed that DNA is the genetic molecule of life. In eukaryotic organisms DNA (along with its histone proteins) is found in chromosomes. All cell activities

More information

Review? - What are the four macromolecules?

Review? - What are the four macromolecules? Review? - What are the four macromolecules? Lipids Carbohydrates Protein Nucleic Acids What is the monomer of nucleic acids and what do nucleic acids make up? Nucleotides; DNA and RNA 12-1 DNA DNA Stands

More information

Name 10 Molecular Biology of the Gene Test Date Study Guide You must know: The structure of DNA. The major steps to replication.

Name 10 Molecular Biology of the Gene Test Date Study Guide You must know: The structure of DNA. The major steps to replication. Name 10 Molecular Biology of the Gene Test Date Study Guide You must know: The structure of DNA. The major steps to replication. The difference between replication, transcription, and translation. How

More information

Nucleic acids. What important polymer is located in the nucleus? is the instructions for making a cell's.

Nucleic acids. What important polymer is located in the nucleus? is the instructions for making a cell's. Nucleic acids DNA - The Double Helix Recall that the nucleus is a small spherical, dense body in a cell. It is often called the "control center" because it controls all the activities of the cell including

More information

THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE

THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE Umm AL Qura University THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE Dr. Neda Bogari www.bogari.net EMERY'S ELEMENTS OF MEDICAL GENETICS Peter Turnpenny and Sian Ellard 13 th edition 2008 COURSE SYLLABUS

More information

Review of ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Review of ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Nucleic Acids: DNA Review of ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Definition: Contains CARBON (C) and Hydrogen (H) Large polymers can be made of smaller individual monomers. Ex: For carbohydrates, polysaccharides are large

More information

Adv Biology: DNA and RNA Study Guide

Adv Biology: DNA and RNA Study Guide Adv Biology: DNA and RNA Study Guide Chapter 12 Vocabulary -Notes What experiments led up to the discovery of DNA being the hereditary material? o The discovery that DNA is the genetic code involved many

More information

Friday, April 17 th. Crash Course: DNA, Transcription and Translation. AP Biology

Friday, April 17 th. Crash Course: DNA, Transcription and Translation. AP Biology Friday, April 17 th Crash Course: DNA, Transcription and Translation Today I will 1. Review the component parts of a DNA molecule. 2. Describe the process of transformation. 3. Explain what is meant by

More information

DNA: An Introduction to structure and function. DNA by the numbers. Why do we study DNA? Chromosomes and DNA

DNA: An Introduction to structure and function. DNA by the numbers. Why do we study DNA? Chromosomes and DNA DA: An Introduction to structure and function Hopefully a review The structure of DA - your job during the PowerPoint: Make a labeled sketch Label the structure of a nucleotide Know which bases pair up

More information

MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE

MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE C H A P T E R 1 6 as genetic material? Deducted that is the genetic material Initially worked by studying bacteria & the viruses that infected them 1928 Frederick Griffiths

More information

14 DNA STRUCTURE, REPLICATION, AND ORGANIZATION

14 DNA STRUCTURE, REPLICATION, AND ORGANIZATION 14 DNA STRUCTURE, REPLICATION, AND ORGANIZATION Chapter Outline 14.1 ESTABLISHING DNA AS THE HEREDITARY MOLECULE Experiments began when Griffith found a substance that could genetically transform pneumonia

More information

Bundle 6 Test Review

Bundle 6 Test Review Bundle 6 Test Review DNA vs. RNA DNA Replication Gene Mutations- Protein Synthesis 1. Label the different components and complete the complimentary base pairing. What is this molecule called? Deoxyribonucleic

More information

Chromosomes. Chromosomes. Genes. Strands of DNA that contain all of the genes an organism needs to survive and reproduce

Chromosomes. Chromosomes. Genes. Strands of DNA that contain all of the genes an organism needs to survive and reproduce Chromosomes Chromosomes Strands of DNA that contain all of the genes an organism needs to survive and reproduce Genes Segments of DNA that specify how to build a protein genes may specify more than one

More information

DNA Structure and Replication

DNA Structure and Replication Name: DNA Structure and Replication 1. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid a. Credit for discovery is given to Watson & Crick b. DNA stands for c. This chemical substance is present in the of all cells in all living

More information

Chapter 16: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Chapter 16: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance AP Biology Reading Guide Name Chapter 16: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Concept 16.1 DNA is the genetic material 1. What are the two chemical components of chromosomes? 2. The search for identifying

More information

DNA vs. RNA B-4.1. Compare DNA and RNA in terms of structure, nucleotides and base pairs.

DNA vs. RNA B-4.1. Compare DNA and RNA in terms of structure, nucleotides and base pairs. DNA vs. RNA B-4.1 Compare DNA and RNA in terms of structure, nucleotides and base pairs. Key Concepts l Nucleic Acids: l deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) l ribonucleic acid (RNA) l Nucleotides: l nitrogen base,

More information

Brief History. Many people contributed to our understanding of DNA

Brief History. Many people contributed to our understanding of DNA DNA (Ch. 16) Brief History Many people contributed to our understanding of DNA T.H. Morgan (1908) Frederick Griffith (1928) Avery, McCarty & MacLeod (1944) Erwin Chargaff (1947) Hershey & Chase (1952)

More information

Overview: Life s Operating Instructions Concept 16.1: DNA is the genetic material The Search for the Genetic Material: Scientific Inquiry

Overview: Life s Operating Instructions Concept 16.1: DNA is the genetic material The Search for the Genetic Material: Scientific Inquiry Overview: Life s Operating Instructions In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick introduced an elegant double-helical model for the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA DNA, the substance of inheritance,

More information

1. Describe the structure of DNA. Be sure to include what forms the skeleton and how are the strands held together? 2. Compare and contrast

1. Describe the structure of DNA. Be sure to include what forms the skeleton and how are the strands held together? 2. Compare and contrast 1. Describe the structure of DNA. Be sure to include what forms the skeleton and how are the strands held together? 2. Compare and contrast chromosomes, chromatids, genes, and alleles. 3. Compare and contrast

More information

Microbiology: The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to protein

Microbiology: The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to protein Microbiology: The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to protein I. Overview A. DNA ultimately determines every aspect of a cell from shape to function 1. DNA = 2. Nucleotides of DNA have three units a. A nitrogen-containing

More information

DNA - The Double Helix

DNA - The Double Helix Name Date Period DNA - The Double Helix Recall that the nucleus is a small spherical, dense body in a cell. It is often called the "control center" because it controls all the activities of the cell including

More information

DNA: Structure and Replication - 1

DNA: Structure and Replication - 1 DNA: Structure and Replication - 1 We have briefly discussed that DNA is the genetic molecule of life. In eukaryotic organisms DNA (along with its histone proteins) is found in chromosomes. We have also

More information

Replication Review. 1. What is DNA Replication? 2. Where does DNA Replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

Replication Review. 1. What is DNA Replication? 2. Where does DNA Replication take place in eukaryotic cells? Replication Review 1. What is DNA Replication? 2. Where does DNA Replication take place in eukaryotic cells? 3. Where does DNA Replication take place in the cell cycle? 4. 4. What guides DNA Replication?

More information

Protein Synthesis

Protein Synthesis HEBISD Student Expectations: Identify that RNA Is a nucleic acid with a single strand of nucleotides Contains the 5-carbon sugar ribose Contains the nitrogen bases A, G, C and U instead of T. The U is

More information

A nucleotide consists of: an inorganic phosphate group (attached to carbon 5 of the sugar) a 5C sugar (pentose) a Nitrogenous (N containing) base

A nucleotide consists of: an inorganic phosphate group (attached to carbon 5 of the sugar) a 5C sugar (pentose) a Nitrogenous (N containing) base Nucleic Acids! Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and viruses and the two main types are DNA and RNA. They are macromolecules made of chains of nucleotides bonded together. They carry genetic

More information

Wednesday, April 9 th. DNA The Genetic Material Replication. Chapter 16

Wednesday, April 9 th. DNA The Genetic Material Replication. Chapter 16 Wednesday, April 9 th DNA The Genetic Material Replication Chapter 16 Modified from Kim Foglia Scientific History The march to understanding that DNA is the genetic material T.H. Morgan (1908) Frederick

More information

DNA Chapter 12. DNA and RNA B.1.4, B.1.9, B.1.21, B.1.26, B DNA and RNA B.1.4, B.1.9, B.1.21, B.1.26, B Griffith s Experiment

DNA Chapter 12. DNA and RNA B.1.4, B.1.9, B.1.21, B.1.26, B DNA and RNA B.1.4, B.1.9, B.1.21, B.1.26, B Griffith s Experiment DNA Chapter 12 DNA and RNA B.1.4, B.1.9, B.1.21, B.1.26, B.1.27 To truly understand genetics, biologists after Mendel had to discover the chemical nature of the gene. In 1928, Frederick Griffith was trying

More information

Chapter 2 DNA extended response [108 marks]

Chapter 2 DNA extended response [108 marks] Chapter 2 DNA extended response [108 marks] 1a. Describe the genetic code and its relationship to polypeptides and proteins. Remember, up to TWO quality of construction marks per essay. a. (the genetic

More information

Review of Old Information: What is the monomer and polymer of: Macromolecule Monomer Polymer Carbohydrate Lipid Protein

Review of Old Information: What is the monomer and polymer of: Macromolecule Monomer Polymer Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Section 1.8 Question of the Day: Name: Review of Old Information: What is the monomer and polymer of: Macromolecule Monomer Polymer Carbohydrate Lipid Protein New Information: One of the most important

More information

Genetics and Heredity. Mr. Gagnon

Genetics and Heredity. Mr. Gagnon Genetics and Heredity Mr. Gagnon Key Terms: Traits Heredity Genetics Purebred Genes Alleles Recessive Allele Dominant Allele Hybrids Key Concepts: What factors control the inheritance of traits in organisms?

More information

The Nucleus and DNA Replication

The Nucleus and DNA Replication OpenStax-CNX module: m46073 1 The Nucleus and DNA Replication OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section,

More information