Why are proteins important?

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1 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

2 Why are proteins important? proteins help build cell structures some proteins are enzymes that promote biological reactions Proteins are found in muscles, blood, bones, etc..

3 RNA RNA is an important mechanism of protein synthesis

4 DNA review Deoxyribonucleic acid Contains the sugar deoxyribose Adenine pairs with Thymine Cytosine pairs with Guanine Double stranded (double helix shape)

5 RNA Ribonucleic acid Contains the sugar ribose Uracil substitutes Thymine Adenine pairs with Uracil Single stranded

6 RNA makes a complimentary copy of one side of the DNA double helix DNA: T A C G A T C G C A G T G C A T G A A T T RNA: A U G C U A G C G U C A C G U A C U U A A

7 3 types of RNA mrna: messenger RNA trna: transfer RNA rrna: ribosomal RNA

8 messenger RNA transcribes a portion of genetic code from DNA (gene) Transfers genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm Contains codons: nirogen bases that occur in 3- letter groups Think: Why must DNA be copied onto RNA?

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10 transfer RNA Translates the message by transferring amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome Contains anti-codons that complement mrna codons

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12 ribosomal RNA Structural component of ribosome that binds mrna and trna together Makes up 80% of all RNA in the cell

13 Review: What is the function of a ribosome? (cell structure) Synthesizes proteins What are the monomers that make up a protein? (biochemistry) Amino acids

14 Think: A ribosome synthesizes proteins by linking amino acids together and folding them into a 3-dimensional shape. HOW does the ribosome know which amino acids to link together, in what sequence, and in what shape? The nitrogen base sequence of the RNA is the genetic instructions! RNA are the instructions The ribosome assembles the protein

15 Label the diagram below using the following terms: DNA, mrna, trna, amino acid 3 4

16 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Proteins are synthesized through two major processes Transcription Translation

17 TRANSCRIPTION 1. A segment of the DNA double helix (gene) is unzipped 2. The RNA polymerase enzyme adds complimentary mrna nucleotides to one strand of the DNA

18

19 Practice: Determine the complimentary mrna sequence DNA: mrna: T A C G A T C G C A G T G C A A U G C U A G C G U C A C G U

20 The nitrogen base sequence in mrna is the genetic instructions for building a protein mrna nitrogen bases occur in 3 letter groups called codons Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid

21 Practice: Separate the mrna sequence into codons A U G C U A G C G U C A C G U A C U U A A A U G C U A G C G U C A C G U A C U U A A

22 3. The new mrna strand leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplam where ribosomes are found DNA winds back up and stays in the nucleus

23 Think: Why must DNA be copied onto RNA? DNA cannot leave the nucleus Ribosomes (the site of protein synthesis) are located in the cytoplasm

24 TRANSLATION 4. mrna attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm 5. trna translates the codons of mrna and retreives the corresponding amino acids from the cytoplasm

25 Remember: Each mrna codon correspond to a specific amino acid Each trna molecule contains a complimentary anti-codon sequence This is how trna knows which amino acid to retrieve

26

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28 6. The ribosome assembles the amino acids delivered by trna into a polypeptide chain

29 Practice: Transcribe, then translate the original DNA sequence into an polypeptide chain. (Use the codon chart to find the amino acids) DNA (gene): T A C G A T C G C A G T G C A T G A A T T TRANSCRIPTION mrna (codons): AUG - CUA GCG UCA CGU ACU UAA TRANSLATION trna (anticodons): UAC - GAU - CGC - AGU - GCA - UGA AUU amino acid sequence (polypeptide chain): INITIATION (START) - LEUCINE ALANINE SERINE ARGININE THREONINE - STOP

30 Why do some amino acids correspond to more than one codon? 4 nitrogen bases: A U C G 1 codon = 3 bases 4 3 = 64 possible codon sequences There are only 20 amino acids, so some have more than one code

31 7. The polypeptide chain is folded into a specific 3-dimensional shape VIOLA! We have a protein.

32 What determines the type of protein being made? The sequence of amino acids The shape the polypeptide chain is folded into

33 Review: fill in the blank??

34 Protein synthesis animations

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