2.3.4 Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Transcription

1 2.3.4 Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

2 Where are the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions? Where are the polar and nonpolar regions? How does the fluidity of the membrane allow exocytosis and endocytosis?

3 Distinguish between the role of simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, in transporting materials across the membrane. Process: Passive or active? Needs protein? Conc. gradient Example

4 2.1.6 Explain the importance of surface area to volume ratio as a factor limiting the size of cells. and are functions that increase with surface area. and are functions that increase with volume. As cells grow in size, surface area increase at a (slower/faster) rate than volume does.

5 3.6 Explain the relationship between the properties of water and its uses in living organisms as a coolant, medium for metabolic reactions, habitat, and transport medium. Property of water High specific heat What it means Significance to life Cohesion and adhesion Polar solvent Ice less dense than liquid water

6 3.2.5 Outline the role of condensation and hydrolysis in the relationships between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; between fatty acids, glycerol, and triglycerides; and between amino acids and polypeptides. MONOMERS (CREATED BY A RXN) POLYMER (CREATED FROM A RXN) CARBS LIPIDS PRO- TEINS AMINO ACIDS POLYPEPTIDE

7

8 3.5 / 7.1 Explain how a DNA double helix is formed using complementary base pairing and hydrogen bonds, including the antiparallel strands, 3-5 linkages, and purines and pyrimidines. LABEL IT! (YOU KNOW WHAT TO DO!)

9 3.4 / 7.2 Explain semi-conservative DNA replication, including the role of enzymes (helicase, DNA polymerase, RNA primase, and DNA ligase), Okazaki fragments, and deoxynucleoside triphosphates. ENZYME ROLE ENZYME ROLE HELICASE RNA PRIMASE DNA POL III DNA POL I LIGASE

10 COMPARE RNA and DNA on three features. RNA Drawing DNA

11 Label the diagram! What s transcription? What s translation?

12 3.5 Explain the consequence of a base substitution mutation in relation to the processes of transcription and translation, using the example of sickle cell anemia. Label the diagram from the word bank: DNA chromosome gene mrna transcription translation polypeptide amino acid mutation Change to DNA Changes to transcription Changes to translation Change to polypeptide Effects on the body

13 Label: DNA sense strand DNA antisense strand mrna 5 and 3 end of mrna rntps Draw an arrow to show the direction of RNA polymerase movement. Explain the process of transcription (7.3)

14 7.5 Explain the four levels of protein structure, indicating the significance of each level. LEVE 1L BONDING SIGNIFICANCE REDRAW AA FOR PRACTICE!

15 3.6 Explain the effects of temperature, ph, and substrate concentration on enzyme activity. SUB CONC. (A) CONC. (B/C) WHY IS THE GRAPH LIKE THAT? (B) TEMP (C) (D) PH (A) (B)

16 2.5 Explain how mitosis produces two genetically identical nuclei. WHAT PHASE DO THESE HAPPEN IN? a.chromosomes condense DRAW IT: b.dna replication of chromosomes c.nuclear membrane begins to reform d.spindle microtubules attach to centromeres e.nuclear membrane disintegrates f.sister chromatids are pulled apart g.chromosomes become visible h.chromosomes start to un-condense i.sister chromatids move to opposite poles j.centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell k.normal cellular activities such as protein synthesis, diffusion, respiration, etc.

17 4.2/10.1 Explain how meiosis results in an effectively infinite genetic variety in gametes through crossing over in prophase I and random orientation (independent assortment) in metaphase I. DRAW IT: This sheet is a layout template. Place this layout sheet above the MEIOSIS II layout sheet. Place model chromosomes in each cell according to rules and assumptions on the Procedures sheet. DO NOT WRITE ON THIS SHEET MEIOSIS II METAPHASE II (ANAPHASE II) (TELOPHASE II) MEIOSIS I PROPHASE I METAPHASE I ANAPHASE I (TELOPHASE I) (PROPHASE II) WHAT PHASE DOES IT HAPPEN IN? a.there are now four genetically distinct haploid nuclei b.sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers c.nuclear membrane dissolves d.chromosomes briefly un-condense e.chromatids of homologous pairs form tetrads f.homologous pairs line up at the center of the cell g.sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell and spindle fibers attach h.each pole contains a pair of sister chromatids joined at the centromere i.spindle fibers contract and pull apart homologous chromosomes j.tetrads are pulled apart and homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information k.spindle fibers attach to centromeres of homologous chromosomes l.chromosomes condense and become visible for the first time m.chromosomes re-condense n.chromatids of homologous chromosomes crossover o.dna replication of chromosomes creates identical chromatids joined at the centromere

18 Explain Bateson s dihybrid cross (PpLl x PpLl) of flowers as an example of a cross between linked genes. WHY DO THE RECOMBINANTS APPEAR IN SMALLER NUMBERS?

19 4.3 Predict the genotype and phenotype ratios of offspring of monohybrid crosses of the following inheritance patterns: simple dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linkage.

20 5.1 Explain the energy flow in a food chain, and the reasons for the shape of pyramids of energy. Eater Producer Primary consumer Secondary consumers Tertiary consumer Example from web List 3 reasons for shape:

21 5.3 Explain the reasons for the exponential growth, transitional, and plateau phases of the s-shaped population growth curve. LABEL IT What do these diagrams mean?

22 5.4.8 Explain two examples of evolution in response to environmental change. NAT. SELEC. Ex1: Ex2: Variation Competition Survival of fittest Change over time

23 6.1. Explain the relationship between the structure and function of the digestive system. Features of small intestine

24 6.2. Explain the relationship between the structure and function of arteries, capillaries, and veins. Function Arteries Veins Capillaries Muscle and collagen Lumen size Thickness Valves? Pores?

25 6.4.3 Describe the features of alveoli that adapt them to gas exchange. Features of alveoli

26 6.4 Explain the mechanism of ventilation of the lungs in terms of the volume and pressure changes caused by the diaphragm and abdominal muscles. INHALE EXHALE Pressure in thorax Volume of thorax EXTERNAL intercostals INTERNAL intercostals Diaphragm Abdominals

27 6.5 Explain the control of body temperature and blood glucose by negative feedback. BLOOD GLUCOSE TEMP SENSOR DONT CONFUSE ALPHA AND BETA CELLS! DONT CONFUSE INSULIN AND GLUCAGON! EFFECTORS WHEN LOW EFFECTORS WHEN HIGH

28 6.6 Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone, using a graph. Hormone Timing Effects FSH ESTROGEN LH PRO- GESTERONE

29 Describe the process of fertilization. a b c d e

30 Draw and label a diagram of mature sperm and egg. e a b c d a b c d e REDRAW an egg for practice REDRAW a sperm for practice

31 Label the seminiferous tubuoles, epididymis, and vas deferens in the testicle and the spermatagoonia (germinal epithelium), spermatids, spermatazoa, Sertoli cells, and lumen in the inset diagram. Annotate the diagram to show the direction spermatids move as they mature.

32 a d b c f e

33 Label the primary oocyte, primary follicle, secondary oocyte, and mature follicle. Annotate the diagram to show the follicle that is most likely to undergo ovulation next.

34 e a b c d