Lost Opportunities in Plant Biotechnology
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1 Lost Opportunities in Plant Biotechnology Gerard Barry International Rice Research Institute Los Banos, Philippines The Consequences of Unexamined Fear as a Driver for Public Health Protection January 24, :00-5:30 ILSI Annual Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona Organized by International Food Biotechnology Committee (IFBiC), and ILSI Research Foundation Center for Risk Science Innovation and Application (ILSI RF RSIA)
2 Outline The successes of GM crops Why successful? Bt crops Ending on a positive note
3
4 Global Area of Biotech Crops, 1996 to 2010: Industrial and Developing Countries (M Has, M Acres) M Acres Total Industrial Developing Source: Clive James, 2010
5 Global Area of Biotech Crops, 1996 to 2010: By Crop (Million Hectares, Million Acres) M Acres Soybean Maize Cotton Canola Source: Clive James, 2010
6 Global Area of Biotech Crops, 1996 to 2010: By Trait (Million Hectares, Million Acres) M Acres Herbicide Tolerance Insect Resistance (Bt) Herb Tolerance/Insect resistance Source: Clive James, 2010
7 M Acres Global Adoption Rates (%) for Principal Biotech Crops 2010 (Million Hectares, Million Acres) Conventional Biotech % Soybean 64% Cotton 29% Maize 23% Canola Source: Clive James, 2010
8 Biotech Crop Countries and Mega-Countries, 2010
9 Why have farmers adopted GM crops? Reason Increase yields Decrease pesticide input cost Save management time and make other practices easier Other % of reason 60-80% 9-17% 6-26% 3-7% The First Decade of Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States/EIB-11 Economic Research Service/USDA
10 Why/How are GM crops so successful? How have industries and countries benefited? India: With Bt cotton, initially in hybrids from #1 cotton importer #5 producer to #1 cotton exporter #2 producer!
11 Bt - Bacillus thuringiensis toxin: a natural product 35 years on the market Typical insect damage: yield loss quality damage, fungal poison levels higher Commercial Bt product: made from dried bacteria used widely (organic and conventional ag) limited effect Effect of Bt protein only specific insects are effected. Adapted from a presentation by T. Alfonso
12 Using Bt in a new way and better results Dead larva on Bt corn Lady bug Spider The Bt gene is now in the plant only the pest insects that feed on the plant are controlled Adapted from a presentation by T. Alfonso
13 Advantages of using Bt corn Better yield Less use of pesticides Highly specific to insects attacking the plant Improved quality (less insect damage) Reduced fumonisin levels (USA, Spain, France, S. Africa) Non-Bt Bt corn Non-Bt Bt corn
14 GM Crop Database (CERA.org) Approved GM Crops: 144 records from 22 countries, the Russian Federation, and the European Union. Creeping Bentgrass Sugar Beet Canola Papaya Chicory Melon Squash Carnation Soybean Cotton Sunflower Lentil Flax Linseed Tomato Alfalfa Tobacco Rice Plum Potato Wheat Maize
15 Stein A.J., Rodríguez-Cerezo E. (2009). The global pipeline of new GM crops: implications of asynchronous approval for international trade. Technical Report EUR EN. Luxemburg: European Communities.
16 Current and future events: by region of origin Commercial in 2008 Commercial pipeline Regulatory pipeline Advanced dvlmnt Total by 2015 USA & Europe Asia Latin America Stein A.J., Rodríguez-Cerezo E. (2009). The global pipeline of new GM crops: implications of asynchronous approval for international trade. Technical Report EUR EN.
17 Bt protein has been exhaustively studied The Cry 1Ab Bt protein has been reviewed by numerous food, feed, and environmental safety agencies (CERA.org GM Crop Database; accessed Jan 23, 2012). The protein has been reviewed in 17 Bt maize products by Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, European Union, India, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Philippines, Russia, South Africa, Switzerland, Taiwan, United Kingdom, United States, and Uruguay. MON 810: Food/Feed Safety in 14 countries and the EU MON 810: commercialization for 7 countries and the EU The Cry1Ac and Cry1Ab proteins: in 31 GM crops products in cotton, maize and tomato
18 Bt has been exhaustively studied Are Bt crops safe? The US EPA's analysis of Bt crops finds that they pose no significant risk to the environment or to human health." Health conclusions. None of the products registered at this time, all of which have tolerance exemptions for food use, show any characteristics of toxins or food allergens. (Mendelsohn et al. Nature Biotech )
19 Examples of lost opportunities Bt Maize and the Monarch Butterfly US research group claimed that Bt pollen killed Monarch butterflies in a forced feeding experiment Immediate ban on Bt maize in Europe and intensified scrutiny world-wide Seven PNAS papers showed the flaws in the work Bt pollen was not fed to the larvae in the first report The ecology of maize and milkweed and the feeding behavior of the larvae were not taken into consideration Monarch Butterfly population numbers have dramatically increased since the introduction of Bt maize
20 Bt an allergen! The claim. There are strong warning signs that this GE Bt rice could cause allergenic reactions, as it did when tested on mice. Leading activist organization commenting on Bt rice developments in China This charge has been repeated a number of times in the Chinese and international press (China Daily, IHT)
21 The FACTS This charge misrepresents: Cry1Ac (Bt) is being investigated as an adjuvant to boost vaccine titers for rare, human diseases (Moreno-Fierros et al Microbes and Infection 2: ). These same authors explicitly advocate Cry1Ac as a SAFE adjuvant because "Cry1Ac...is nontoxic to vertebrates." Rojas-Hernandez et al Infection and Immunity 72:
22 Bt Brinjal (eggplant) in India India Regulator Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) - Approves First GM Vegetable 14-Oct-2009 Agence France-Presse By Pratap Chakravarty Transgenic aubergines (eggplant) put on ice - Indian minister delays approval of GM crop. 19 October 2009 Nature doi: / a P. PARANJPE/REUTERS/CORBIS Then the road-show started Public consultations around the country Free-for-all for activists Public spectacles for unproven charges Voices of the smaller number of scientists drowned out by well-organized activists
23 Bt Brinjal (eggplant) in India - 2 The report of the consultation: Activist misinformation was accepted by the Minister Accepted almost all claims by anti-gmo activists as truth Data submitted by scientists were ignored Also: The moratorium was extended The A in GEAC changed to Appraisal New regulations formulated - Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India (BRAI) Bill but slow progress in enactment.
24 France upholds ban on Monsanto GM maize Fri Jan 13, 2012 The French ecology and agriculture ministers to uphold ban on GM maize (MON 810) developed by Monsanto. France's highest court had overturned the 2008 ban: the government had not produced enough evidence of a significant risk to health or the environment. The European Court of Justice : ban was based on the wrong EU legislation. President Sarkozy had invoked the need to defend farmers' health. Adapted from:
25 Example of opportunities to be gained Brazil and biofuel Ethanol produced from the most efficient source: sugarcane Estimates a doubling in demand by 2020 Wants to meet demand on current acreage of sugarcane GM sugarcane in advanced development (public, local and international private) Drought, insect, and herbicide tolerance; increased sugar production Adoption of GM crops and traits and acreage growing rapidly in Brazil
26 Thank you!
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