Living Environment. Directions: Use Aim # (Unit 4) to complete this study guide.

Transcription

1 Name: Date: Period: Living Environment Living Environment Unit 4 Genetics Study Guide Due Date: Test Date: Unit 5 Important Topics: I. Aim # 20 DNA Structure and Function II. Aim # 21 DNA Replication III. Aim # 22 Transcription IV. Aim # 23 Translation V. Aim # 24 Mutations VI. Aim # 25 Karyotypes and Gel Electrophoresis VII. Aim # 26 Genetic Disorders VIII. Aim # 27 Gene Expression IX. Aim # 28 Selective Breeding X. Aim # 29 Genetic Engineering Directions: Use Aim # (Unit 4) to complete this study guide. I. Topic One: (DNA Structure and Function) Use Aim # 20 Notes 1) Define Genetics: 2) Define Heredity: 3) Identify the molecule that holds your genetic code. Where is this molecule found in the cell? 4) Place the following words in order from largest to smallest: nucleus, gene, DNA, chromosome, cell - - 5) Describe the appearance of a DNA molecule. (What does it look like?) 6) DNA is a nucleic acid (one of the four types of organic macromolecules). What are the building blocks of nucleic acids? 7) A DNA nucleotide is made up of three components. Identify the three components. 8) How many different bases are found on DNA? Name all of the bases below.

2 9) The bases and always bond to each other and and always bond to each other. 10) Write in the complementary base pairs for the following example. DNA: A T G C G C A G A C T C GTA GAT TTA CTA GTA DNA : 11) If there are 20 Cytosine on a DNA molecule, how many Guanine are there? 12) If a DNA molecule consists of 41% Adenine, how much percentage is Cytosine? 13) Which type of bonds hold together the paired bases? 14) Are these bonds weak or strong? 15) Does every cell in your body have the same set of DNA or different sets of DNA? 16) What does the sequence of bases determine about an individual? 17) Why do you look different from the person next to you? (Include how the structure of your DNA causes these differences) II. Topic Two: (DNA Replication) Use Aim # 21 Notes 18) What is DNA replication? 19) Why does DNA replication occur? 20) Where does DNA replication occur? 21) What does DNA replication produce or create? 22) Describe the three steps of DNA replication (shorten the responses from your notes). Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: 23) Why is it important that the nitrogenous bases (A, T, G and C) are weakly bonded together by hydrogen bonds?

3 III. Topic Three: (Transcription) Use Aim # 22 Notes 24) What is the Central Dogma of Biology? 25) How is RNA different than DNA? Fill out the following Venn-Diagram by answering the following questions. a) Name of each molecule b) How many strands are found in each molecule? c) What is the sugar in the nucleotide of each molecule? d) Where is the molecule found? e) What are the bases in each molecule? f) Similarities between the two molecules 26) Why can t DNA leave the nucleus to bring the instructions for making proteins to the ribosomes? 27) According to your answer above, why is RNA made? 28) What is transcription? 29) Where does transcription occur? 30) Once RNA is made, where does it go? Explain why it goes there. 31) Transcribe the following to DNA molecule to make a new RNA molecule: DNA: A T G C G C A G A C T C RNA:

4 IV. Topic Four: (Translation) Use Aim # 23 Notes 32) What is translation? 33) Where does translation occur? 34) Translate the following RNA molecule, using your codon CHART, to determine the amino acid chain RNA : U G G A C G G C G U A U AA: 35) Amino acids bonded together in a long chain creates a. 36) The order of the amino acids determines the of the protein and the shape of the protein determines the of the protein. 37) What do many proteins become? Name at least three. 38) Complete the following DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Use your codon chart! DNA T A C C G C T C C G C C G T C G A C DNA mrna AA 39) The sequence of amino acids that makes up a protein molecule is determined by the sequence of (1) bases in DNA (2) glucose in DNA (3) ribosomes in the cytoplasm (4) chloroplasts in the vacuoles

5 40) Explain the process of making proteins. Include the following points. Identify the molecule that holds the original recipe for making proteins? What is transcription and where does it occur? What is translation and where does it occur? What are the building blocks called that make up proteins? Why is the order of the building blocks so important? V. Topic Five: (Mutations) Use Aim # 24 Notes 41) Define Mutation: 42) When do mutations occur? There are four different types of mutations. Describe what has happened to the bases for each type. a. Deletion: b. Insertion: c. Substitution: d. Inversion: 43) Indicate which type of mutation is shown below: Original (Normal DNA) A T G C G C T A G Mutated DNA # 1 : A T G C C G T A G Type of Mutation= Mutated DNA # 2 A T G C G C A G Type of Mutation= Mutated DNA # 3 A T G C C G C T A G Type of Mutation= 44) What are the names of the substances that increase the mutation rate of DNA? Give 3 examples:, and 45) In which cells does a mutation have to occur in order for the mutated form of DNA to be passed onto your offspring? 46) State one reason why a mutation would be considered good 47) Explain why a mutation doesn t ALWAYS change the shape and function of a protein

6 VI. Topic Six: (Karyotypes and Gel Electrophoresis) Use Aim # 25 Notes 48) Describe Karyotype: 49) Analyze the karyotype below and answer the following questions. 50) Describe gel electrophoresis: 51) Which substance is used to cut DNA fragments prior to gel electrophoresis? 52) After electricity is flows through the gel, which size fragments of DNA travel the farthest and fastest? Small or Large? 53) After electricity is flows through the gel, which size fragments of DNA travel the shortest distance and the slowest? Small or Large? 54) Why do scientists perform (or use) gel electrophoresis? Name three reasons. a. Is this individual a male or female? b. Support your answer. 55) Analyze the gel electrophoresis samples below and on the next page: c. Does this individual have a disorder? Y or N. d. If so, which disorder? e. Support your answer. a. Which suspect committed this crime? Support you answer.

7 b. Which male is the father of the child? Support you answer. VII. Topic Seven: (Genetic Disorders) Use Aim # 26 Notes 56) Describe the effects of sickle cell anemia. 57) What is the cause of sickle cell anemia? 58) Is sickle cell anemia a positive mutation or negative mutation? 59) Describe the effects of PKU. 60) What is the cause of PKU? 61) Is PKU a positive mutation or negative mutation? 62) Can a protein always do the job it was meant to do if the amino acids are in the wrong order? Support your answer. VIII. Topic Eight: (Gene Expression) Use Aim # 27 Notes 63) Describe what scientists are arguing about when they disagree between nature and nurture. 64) If all of your cells have the same DNA, how can your nerve cells, liver cells and muscle cells all perform different jobs?

8 65) Explain why the bunny has black fur after the ice pack was placed on his back for a long period of time. 66) 67. IX. Topic Nine: (Selective Breeding) Use Aim # 28 Notes 68) What is selective breeding? 69) What is selective breeding also known as? 70) Describe the process (procedure) of selective breeding. 71) Does selective breeding involve altering the DNA? 72) Describe three examples of selective breeding. 73) What are the cons of selective breeding? -

9 X. Topic Ten: (Genetic Engineering) Use Aim # 29 Notes 74) What is genetic engineering? 75) Why is genetic engineering done? 76) What is recombinant DNA? 77) What is a transgenetic organism? 78) Describe each step (in your own words) of genetic engineering using bacterial cells. a. Step 1: b. Step 2: c. Step 3: d. Step 4: e. Step 5: 79) Why are bacterial cells often used for genetic engineering? 80) Compare and contrast genetic engineering and selective breeding. Include two differences and one similarity.

10 81) Describe three examples of genetic engineering. 82) What the concerns of genetic engineering? MULTIPLE CHOICE