Biology. 2 nd Benchmark for Semester Secure for Local Use Edition. Name

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1 Name 2 nd enchmark for Semester iology Secure for Local Use Edition 2007 ll rights reserved. This document may not be reproduced by any means, in whole or in part, without the express written permission of Eduware, Inc.

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3 o not reproduce iology IRETIONS: The items in this test are based on the North arolina Standard ourse of Study for iology. Proceed with the test on the next page. Page 1

4 o not reproduce iology 1. Why is anaerobic respiration considered to be less efficient than aerobic respiration? ecause less lactic acid is formed during anaerobic respiration than aerobic respiration. 4. n investigation was carried out and the results are shown below. Substance X resulted from a metabolic process that produces TP in yeast (a single-celled fungus). ecause anaerobic respiration requires more oxygen than aerobic respiration. ecause the net gain of TP molecules is less in anaerobic respiration than in aerobic respiration. ecause less energy is required during anaerobic respiration than aerobic respiration. Which statement best describes substance X? It is oxygen released by protein synthesis. 2. What is the production of alcohol by yeast cells called? fermentation aerobic respiration It is glucose that was produced in photosynthesis. It is starch that was produced during digestion. It is carbon dioxide released by respiration. budding dehydration synthesis 3. Which cross could produce a child with blood type? I i ii I I I I I i I I I I ii 5. To remain healthy, organisms must be able to obtain materials, change the materials, move the materials around and get rid of waste. What do these activities directly require? energy from TP the replication of N nutrients from inorganic sources manipulation of altered genes Page 2

5 o not reproduce iology 6. The diagram below shows a sequence of events that often occurs in human muscle cells. 7. The graph below shows the number of push-ups John completed in each of four trials (-). Each trial lasted two minutes. John rested between trials. What is most likely the substance represented by letter X? hemoglobin glycogen ethyl alcohol lactic acid The concentration of lactic acid in John's muscle tissue was most likely greatest during which trial? 8. In the synthesis of proteins, what is the function of messenger-rn molecules? They act as a template for the synthesis of N. They carry information that determines the sequence of amino acids. They remove amino acids from the nucleus. They carry specific enzymes for dehydration synthesis. Page 3

6 o not reproduce iology 9. The graphs below show the changes in the relative concentrations of two gases in the air surrounding a group of mice. 11. n experimental setup is shown below. Which process in the mice most likely accounts for the changes shown? active transport evaporation Which hypothesis would most likely be tested using this setup? Light is needed for the process of reproduction. respiration photosynthesis Glucose is not synthesized by plants in the dark. Protein synthesis takes place in leaves. 10. Which phrase best describes cellular respiration, a process that occurs continuously in the cells of organisms? Plants need fertilizers for proper growth. removal of oxygen from the cells of an organism conversion of light energy into the chemical bond energy of organic molecules transport of materials within cells and throughout the bodies of multicellular organisms changing of stored chemical energy in food molecules to a form usable by organisms 12. What are genes called that are only carried on an X-chromosome? hybrid codominant autosomal sex-linked Page 4

7 o not reproduce iology 13. The diagram below represents a section of a molecule that carries genetic information. 15. The graph below shows the results of an experiment in which a container of oxygen-using bacteria and strands of a green alga were exposed to light of different colors. What do the pattern of numbers represent? a sequence of paired bases the order of proteins in a gene folds of an amino acid positions of gene mutations Which statement best explains the results of this experiment? 14. In squirrels, the gene for gray fur (G) is dominant over the gene for black fur (g ). If 50% of a large litter of squirrels are gray, what would be the parental cross that produced this litter? The rate of photosynthesis is affected by variations in the light. In all environments light is not a vital resource. GG Gg GO GO Gg gg gg gg The activities of bacteria and algae are not related. Uneven numbers and types of species can upset ecosystem stability. 16. In which cells would you find the largest number of mitochondria? blood cells bone cells muscle cells skin cells Page 5

8 o not reproduce iology 17. Three structures are represented in the diagram below. 19. ase your answer to the following question on the diagram below of a N molecule and on your knowledge of biology. What is the relationship between these three structures? N is made up of proteins that are synthesized in the cell. Protein is composed of N that is stored in the cell. N controls the production of protein in the cell. The cell is composed only of N and protein. Which activity occurs in the process of replication? Structure 1 is decomposed. chemical bond is broken in region 2. Structure 3 is synthesized. 18. In dogs, wire hair () is dominant over smooth hair (d). If two wire-haired dogs produce a smooth-haired pup, what would be the genotypes of the parent dogs? andd d and d and d and dd Proteins are formed in region Which type of energy transformation occurs in photosynthesis? mechanical to electrical chemical to mechanical light to chemical heat to electrical Page 6

9 o not reproduce iology 21. In a certain variety of chicken, the genes for black feather color and the genes for white feather color are codominant. What traits would this variety of chicken most likely exhibit? three possible phenotypes for feather color white feather color, only only white or black chickens 24. mother with type blood and a father with type blood have four children, each with a different blood type. What is the best explanation for the occurrence of the four different blood types of their children? lood type is only determined by dominant alleles. lood type is determined by multiple alleles. black feather color, only lood type is influenced by environmental conditions. 22. What would cause a mutation of a single gene? lood type is a sex-linked trait. a change in a base sequence in N recombination of traits the failure of chromosomes to separate blocked nerve messages 25. Which diagram correctly illustrates the fusion of normal gametes that will most likely produce a human male? 23. loning an individual usually produces organisms that have what in common? They contain dangerous mutations. They contain identical genes. They are identical in appearance and behavior. They produce enzymes different from the parent. Page 7

10 o not reproduce iology 26. The pedigree chart below shows the pattern of inheritance for a sex-linked trait. 28. What did Gregor Mendel discover using the results of his experiments with pea plant crosses? If this couple has another son, what is the probability that he will exhibit this sex-linked trait? 0% the principles of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment that pea plants develop mutations after exposure to radiation intermediate inheritance and gene linkage that N is involved in the inheritance of dominant traits 25% 50% 29. The distribution of chromosomes in one type of cell division is shown in the diagram below. 100% 27. Which is the correct sequence for the stages of mitotic cell division represented by the diagrams below? Which process is represented in the diagram? asexual reproduction meiosis mitosis vegetative propagation Page 8

11 o not reproduce iology 30. cross between two mice with long tails and brown fur produced the four types of offspring listed below: long tailed with brown fur long tailed with white fur short tailed with brown fur short tailed with white fur 32. The Punnett square below shows the cross between two squash plants. Which genetic mechanism best explains the results of this cross? intermediate inheritance Which genetic principle is best illustrated by the phenotype of the offspring? gene linkage codominance independent assortment intermediate inheritance crossing-over independent assortment dominance 31. The diagram below represents a portion of a nucleic acid molecule. 33. Scientists have cloned sheep but have not yet cloned a human. What is the best explanation for this situation? What could be the part indicated by arrow X? the technology to clone humans has not been explored human reproduction is very different from that of other mammals there are many ethical problems involved in cloning humans cloning humans would take too long adenine deoxyribose phosphate ribose Page 9

12 o not reproduce iology 34. In rabbits, the gene for black coat color () is dominant over the gene for white coat color (b). In the cross illustrated below, rabbit member III may have genotype or b. 36. Which statement best describes the result of some of the processes involved in genetic engineering? They alter the arrangement of hereditary material. Which cross should be done to help determine if rabbit number III is heterozygous? They provide energy for mitosis and meiosis. They are necessary for normal gamete formation. They reduce variation in organisms that reproduce asexually. ross I with II a second time. ross III with a rabbit having genotype. ross III with a rabbit having genotype bb. 37. small amount of N was taken from a fossil of a mammoth found frozen in glacial ice. Genetic technology can be used to produce a large quantity of identical N from this mammoth's N. What is the function of the original N sample? ross III with II. It stimulates differentiation in other mammoth cells. 35. Enzymes are used in moving sections of N that code for insulin from the pancreas cells of humans into a certain type of bacterial cell. When this bacterial cell reproduces, what will it's offspring be able to form? human insulin It provides fragments to replace certain human body chemicals. It acts as a template for repeated replication. It triggers mitosis to obtain new base sequences. antibodies against insulin enzymes that digest insulin a new type of insulin Page 10

13 o not reproduce iology 38. The diagrams below represent some steps in a procedure used in biotechnology. What do letters X and Y represent? hormones that stimulate the replication of bacterial N biochemical catalysts involved in the insertion of genes into other organisms hormones that trigger rapid mutation of genetic information gases needed to produce the energy required for gene manipulation 39. gene that codes for resistance to glyphosate, a biodegradable weedkiller, has been inserted into certain plants. s a result, how will these plants be affected? 40. If an adenine nucleotide is deleted from a nucleotide sequence in a N molecule, what is the result? a clone They will produce chemicals that kill weeds growing near them. They will die when exposed to glyphosate. a mutation a polypeptide a hybrid They will convert glyphosate into fertilizer. They will survive when glyphosate is applied to them. Page 11

14 o not reproduce iology 41. Which set of terms best identifies the letters in the diagram below? uring meiosis, crossing over (gene exchange between chromosomes) may occur. What would be a result of crossing over? overproduction of gametes fertilization and development the formation of identical offspring variation in the species Page 12

15 o not reproduce iology 43. ase your answer to the following question on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Scientists found members of a plant species they did not recognize. They wanted to determine if the unknown species was related to one or more of four known species,,,, and. The relationship between species can be determined most accurately by comparing the results of gel electrophoresis of the N from different species. The chart below represents the results of gel electrophoresis of the N from the unknown plant species and the four known species. Which plant species is the most closely related to the unknown species? Species Species Species Species Page 13

16 o not reproduce iology 44. To determine the identity of their biological parents, adopted children sometimes request N tests. These tests involve comparing N samples from the child to N samples taken from the likely parents. How are possible relationships determined from these tests? The base sequence of the father determines the base sequence of the offspring. 46. In pea plants, the gene for yellow seeds is dominant over the gene for green seeds. Which procedure can be used to determine if a plant that produces yellow seeds is homozygous or heterozygous? crossing it with plants that are homozygous for yellow seeds crossing it with plants that are homozygous for green seeds The N of parents and their offspring is more similar than the N of nonfamily members. The position of the genes on each chromosome is unique to each family. crossing it with plants that are known to contain mutant genes exposing it to high doses of radiation The mutation rate is the same in closely related individuals. 45. ompleted in 2003, the Human Genome Project (HGP) was a 13-year project coordinated by the U.S. epartment of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. What is the general purpose of this project? to identify the causes of serious diseases to build a database of chemicals in the human body to sequence the genes in human N for scientific studies to use statistics to find a cure for cancer 47. scientific study showed that the depth at which algae were found in a lake varied from day to day. On clear days, the algae were found as much as 6 meters below the surface of the water but were only 1 meter below the surface on cloudy days. Which hypothesis best explains these observations? Light intensity affects the growth of algae. Wind currents affect the growth of algae. Nitrogen concentration affects the growth of algae. Precipitation affects the growth of algae. Page 14

17 o not reproduce iology 48. If the leaves of a geranium plant receive an adequate supply of raw materials, which graph shows how the rate of photosynthesis is related to increasing light intensity received by the plant? 49. karyotype is shown in the diagram below. What can be inferred from the information in this karyotype? That the individual is a female with sickle-cell anemia. That the individual is a male with Tay-Sachs disease. That the individual is a female with own syndrome. That the individual is a male with phenylketonuria. Page 15

18 o not reproduce iology 50. Which diagram best represents the cycling of respiratory and photosynthetic gases in plants? 52. What does the process of mitotic cell division normally produce? four cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell two cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell two cells with only one chromosome from each set of homologous chromosomes one cell with a replicated set of homologous chromosomes 53. Which statement best explains the significance of meiosis in the process of evolution within a species? 51. What type of bond joins two amino acids together? a double bond a hydrogen bond The gametes produced by meiosis ensure the continuation of any particular species by asexual reproduction. Equal numbers of eggs and sperm are produced by meiosis. Meiosis produces eggs and sperm that are alike. Meiosis provides for variation in the gametes produced by an organism. an ionic bond a peptide bond Page 16

19 o not reproduce iology 54. If the pattern of inheritance for a trait is complete dominance, what will an organism that is heterozygous for the trait express? the recessive trait, only the dominant trait, only a blend of the recessive and dominant traits a phenotype unlike that of either parent 56. Which of the following is responsible for variation in the offspring of sexually reproducing organisms? sorting and recombining of genes replication and cloning the need to adapt and maintain homeostasis overproduction of offspring and competition 55. Which substance is most likely represented by letter X in the equation below? amino acid + amino acid dipeptide + X salt hydrochloric acid water fatty acid 57. In a certain species of plant, the allele for tallness is dominant over the allele for shortness. What should be crossed with a tall plant to determine whether it is heterozygous or homozygous? short plant tall plant medium-sized plant different species of plant 58. In a human, what is the ratio of the normal chromosome number in a nucleus produced by mitosis to the normal chromosome number in a nucleus produced by meiosis? 1:1 2:1 3:1 4:1 Page 17

20 o not reproduce iology 59. Four stages in the production of protein molecules in a cell are listed below. 60. Which statement is true of both mitosis and meiosis? Transfer RN molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome N molecules serve as templates for messenger RN molecules. Messenger RN molecules move to ribosomes. Polypeptides are formed on ribosomes. oth are involved in asexual reproduction. oth occur only in reproductive cells. The number of chromosomes is reduced by half. N replication occurs before the division of the nucleus. Which sequence best represents the correct order of these stages? End of iology Exam Page 18

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