John s Student Union Study Guide for Final Exam

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1 John s Student Union Study Guide for Final Exam 1. What organelle do Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have in common? Ribosomes 2. Covalent vs Ionic bonds: Covalent: sharing electrons (Polar & Nonpolar) Ionic: transfer electrons 3. Hydrogen bonds and electronegativity Hydrogen bonds: weak bond formed because of unequal sharing of electrons in a polar covalent bond, makes hydrogen slightly positive. Attracts and bonds with negative molecules Electronegativity: the attraction of an atom toward electrons of a covalent bond 4. ph and ph problems If the [OH - ] concentration is , what is the ph? 10. ph + poh = Definition of Organic Chemistry Study of carbon compounds 6. All Amino Acids have: Amino group; NH2 Carboxyl group; COOH 7. Protein levels and bonding: Primary, peptide bonds Secondary, hydrogen bonds Tertiary, R-groups bonding Quaternary, 2 or more Polypeptides 8. Chaperonins: assists protein folding 9. Nucleus and Functions: Genetic control center, contains DNA and nucleoulus. Responsible for transcription. 10. Cytoskeleton: skeleton of the cell, composed of: Microtubules Intermediate Filaments Microfilaments

2 11. Lysosomes: organelle which engulfs/digest waste in cell. Recycles 12. Nucleolus: inside nucleus, produces rrna/ribosomes 13. Cell membrane: made out of phospholipids. Contains integral proteins (channels). Amphipathic 14. Cholesterol in cell membrane: Helps keep membrane fluidity at different temperatures 15. Amphipathic: molecule with polar and nonpolar parts 16. Tight junctions: Provides seal between cells. Leak proof 17. Gap/Communicating junctions: Provide communication channels in between cells 18. What types of substance most easily goes thru cell membrane? Small and hydrophobic 19. Integral proteins: transmembrane protein channel. Amphipathic, serve as channel for facilitated diffusion. 20. Exergonic: energy exits, therefore gives energy. Catabolic, -G Endergonic: energy enter, therefore costs energy. Anabolic, +G 21. Glycolysis: Breakdown of glucose, happens in cytoplasm. Substrate-level Phosphorylation 22. Electron Transfer Chain: Happens in cristae of mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation 23. Kinase An enzyme that transfers/add phosphate group from ATP into other molecules (phosphorylates)

3 24. Mitosis: 2n = 4 Chart 25. Meiosis: 2n = 4 Chart Phase Chromosome R/UR Chromatid G1 4 UR 4 S 4 R 8 G2 4 R 8 P 4 R 8 M 4 R 8 A 8 UR 8 T/C 4 UR 4 Phase Chromosome R/UR Chromatid G1 4 UR 4 S 4 R 8 G2 4 R 8 P (I) 4 R 8 M (I) 4 R 8 A (I) 4 R 8 T (I)/C** 2 R 4 G1 2 R 4 P (II) 2 R 4 M (II) 2 R 4 A (II) 4 UR 4 T (II)/C** 2 UR 2 G1 2 UR 2 S 2 R 4 G2 2 R 4

4 26. Haploid: n. Half set of chromosomes 27. Diploid: 2n. Complete set of chromosomes to the n rule N is equal the number of heterozygous pairs, determines possibilities: AaBbCcDD 29. Genetic Problems: Monohybrid; Cystic Fibrosis is a autosomal recessive trait. A man who is a carrier of cystic fibrosis marries a woman who is also a carrier of cystic fibrosis. What are the probabilities of their child being a carrier? Dihybrid; Blonde hair and blue eyes are autosomal recessive traits. A man who has brown hair and brown eyes, but whose mother is blonde with blue eyes, marries then a woman who is blonde with blue eyes. What are the possible outcomes? Sex linked; Color blindness is a recessive sex-linked trait. A man who has color blindness marries a woman who is a carrier. What is the probability of a daughter having color blindness? Munchkin; A Munchkin cat mates with another Munchkin cat. The gene for Munchkin is dominant, but also lethal in embryos if it is homozygous dominant. What is the probability of the cats having a female Munchkin kitten? Calico cats; A female calico cat mates with an orange male cat. Knowing that these color features are sex-linked traits, what are the chances of the two cats having a calico offspring? What gender will it be? Why? 30. Incomplete dominance: one allele doesn t complete dominate. Ex: red rose + white rose = pink rose 31. SRY Gene for maleness, found in Y chromosome

5 32. DNA structure: Nucleotide (Pentose, Phosphate group, Nitrogenous base) A-T and C-G; Hydrogen bonds between them. Hydroxyl in 3 and Phosphate in DNA synthesis Enzymes: Helicase: Unwinds DNA, breaks hydrogen bonds Single-Strand Binding Protein: Holds strand, prevents hydrogen bonds reforming Topoisomerase: Prevents rest of DNA strand from overwinding Primase: lays down the primer (RNA) DNA Polymerase III: synthesizes new DNA, adds nucleotides on to primer DNA Polymerase I: replaces primer with DNA DNA Ligase: links DNA segments and Okazaki fragments together 35. DNA problems: If A = 20% what percent is G? If A= 20% then T= 20%, therefore C and G form the rest 60% 36. Transcription Translation Transcription RNA polymerase reads DNA s (template) strand 3-5 makes pre-mrna 5-3 pre-mrna becomes mrna by: splicing and adding 5 cap and Poly A Tail. Translation mrna is read by free ribosomes in cytoplasm. trnas will bring the amino acids. 1st trna binds to P site. (Initiation) Rest of trnas will then bind in A site. (Elogantion) Amino acids will bond and form polypeptide in P site. When it reaches stop codon, everything dissamble and protein is made (Termination) 37. Gene regulation/expression: Takes place in transcription 38. Gene methylation: methylation silences genes and decreases transcription I wish you guys the best of luck in your finals! I know things can get very difficult. So when that happens, I want you to remember this quote:

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