REVIEW SHEET: Units 9 & 10 Cell Cycle, DNA, & Gene Expression

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1 REVIEW SHEET: Units 9 & 10 Cell Cycle, DNA, & Gene Expression HONORS BIOLOGY Textbook Reading: Cell Cycle (Ch and 10.2), DNA (Ch. 12), and Gene Expression (Ch. 13) Handouts:! Online Tutorial: Cell Cycle! Explore: The Cell Cycle! Lab: Identifying Stages of the Cell Cycle! Explore: DNA Structure & Replication! Virtual Lab: Human DNA Extraction! Lab: A Berry Full of DNA! Notes Packet #1: Cell Cycle & DNA! HW: Watson, Crick, and Franklin! Explore: Transcription! Explore: Translation! Notes Packet #2: Gene Expression! HW: Dragon Activity Video Clips: Crash Course Biology, Khan Academy, Amoeba Sisters, HHMI BioInteractive and Various YouTube Clips on the Class Website in the Unit Pages are also helpful resources in learning about topics such as cell cycle, DNA structure, DNA replication, and Gene Expression (transcription & translation). Key Vocabulary Terms: Cell Cycle (Ch. 10) Interphase Gap 1 phase Synthesis phase Gap 0 phase Gap 2 phase Mitosis Cytokinesis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cell Plate Cleavage Furrow Spindle Fibers Chromatin Chromosome Centromere Sister chromatids Parent Cell Daughter Cells Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Histone Proteins Mitotic Phase DNA (Ch. 12) Nucleic Acid Nucleotides Phosphate Group Deoxyribose Nitrogenous Base Complementary Base-Pairing Rules Hydrogen Bonds Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine Double Helix Griffith s Experiment Hershey & Chase Experiment Erwin Chargaff Rosalind Franklin X-ray diffraction Watson and Crick Ligase Helicase DNA Polymerase Replication Semi-Conservative Method Daughter strands Parent Strand Purines Pyrimidines Gene Expression (Ch and 13.2) Gene Nucleus Ribosome Transcription Translation DNA Messenger RNA (mrna) Transfer RNA (trna) RNA Polymerase Introns Exons 5 methyl cap 3 Poly-A tail Nuclear Pore Codon Amino Acid Protein Point Mutation Substitution Deletion Insertion Spliceosome Chromosomal Mutation Inversion Translocation Duplication Deletion Gene Regulation (Ch and 13.4) Promoter TATA box Terminator Transcription Factors Operon Operator Regulatory Gene Repressor RNA interference Page 1 of 8

2 Review Questions: Chapter 10.1: Cell Growth, Division, and Reproduction 1. How does the size of the cell affect its ability to move materials in and out? 2. As a cell grows larger, what happens to its: a. Volume? b. Surface area? c. Surface area-to-volume Ratio? Ch. 10.2: The Process of Cell Division 3. The figure to the right shows the structure of a chromosome. Label the following structures shown in the figure: Cell Membrane Nucleus Chromosome Centromere Sister Chromatid DNA 4. How are the terms chromosomes, sister chromatids, and centromere related? 5. If a cell has 30 chromosomes, then: a. How many chromatids are there? b. How many centromeres are there? 6. When during the cell cycle do chromosomes form? 7. What is chromatin? When in the cell cycle do you see chromatin? Page 2 of 8

3 8. Label the diagram of the cell cycle below with the following terms: G 1 = Gap 1 phase G 2 = Gap 2 phase M = Mitotic phase S = Synthesis phase 9. What happens during the Mitotic phase? 10. What happens during the Gap 1 phase? 11. What happens during the Synthesis phase? 12. What happens during the Gap 2 phase? 13. What is Gap 0? What type of cells spend the majority of their life in the Gap 0 phase? 14. Cell division occurs in two steps: mitosis and cytokinesis. a. What is mitosis? b. What is cytokinesis? 15. How is cytokinesis different in plant and animal cells? 16. Mitosis is a process that occurs in four steps: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. a. Label the pictures below with the correct step of mitosis. Briefly describe what is happening in the step. b. Put the pictures in the correct order: 17. Do all cells go through the cell cycle at the same rate? Page 3 of 8

4 Ch. 12.1: Identifying the Substance of Genes 18. Describe what Frederick Griffith s Experiment with mice. What was he originally researching? 19. What is a bacteriophage? Whose experiment were bacteriophages used in? 20. What did Rosalind Franklin do that helped Watson and Crick develop the first 3-dimensional model of DNA? Ch. 12.2: The Structure of DNA 21. DNA is a polymer made up of many repeating single units called monomers. a. What is the name of the monomer that makes up DNA called? b. What three molecules help make up this monomer? 22. What is the 5-Carbon sugar found in DNA? 23. What are the four different bases found in DNA? 24. What is the complementary base to A in a DNA molecule? 25. What is the complementary base to C in a DNA molecule? 26. If a DNA molecule had 82 adenine molecules, then how many thymines are in the DNA? 27. What is the attractive force the holds complementary base pairs together in a DNA molecule? 28. What is the shape of a DNA molecule? 29. Why is DNA known to be antiparallel? 30. Below is a picture of a DNA molecule. Four parts are labeled. Match the following terms to the # s in the diagram: # points to a Deoxyribose # points to a Phosphate Group # points to a Nucleotide # points to a Base Pair Page 4 of 8

5 Ch. 12.3: DNA Replication 31. Why is DNA replication considered a semi-conservative method? 32. Explain the role (job) of each of the following enzymes that are used in DNA replication. a. Helicase b. DNA polymerase c. Ligase 33. If one side of a DNA molecule reads 3 TCGACT 5, then what does the opposite side of DNA read? Ch. 13.1: RNA 34. What is the monomer of RNA called? 35. What is the 5-carbon sugar in RNA? 36. What are the four different nitrogenous bases found in a RNA molecule? 37. What is the role of messenger RNA (mrna) in a cell? 38. What is the role of transfer RNA (trna) in a cell? 39. What is Transcription? Where does this process happen inside the cell? 40. What enzyme is used to build an mrna? 41. What are introns? 42. What are exons? 43. What are three things that happen to the mrna before it can leave the nucleus? Ch. 13.2: Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis 44. What is Translation? Where does this process happen inside the cell? 45. What is a codon? 46. What is the monomer of a polypeptide? 47. How many different amino acids are there? 48. How many different codons are there? 49. What is the start codon? What does it do? Page 5 of 8

6 50. The start codon translates into what amino acid? 51. What does a stop codon do? 52. What are the three stop codons? 53. Describe what is happening in each of the pictures below. 54. Below is a strand of DNA. Transcribe the DNA into mrna, then use the amino acid chart below to translate the mrna into a protein (chain of amino acids). DNA: T A C G C A A A A T G G T A C A T C mrna: Protein: 55. What is a mutation? 56. What are the three types of point mutations? What are the four types of chromosomal mutations? 57. What is a frameshift mutation? Page 6 of 8

7 Gene Expression/Regulation 1. Define the following terms: a. Operon b. Promoter c. Operator d. Repressor e. Regulatory gene f. Repressible Operon (give example) g. Inducible Operon (give example) 2. What type of cells are operons found in? 3. Is the following operon switched on or off? How do you know? 4. Is the following operon switched on or off? How do you know? What does Tryptophan do? 5. In eukaryotes, where is the TATA box found? 6. In eukaryotes, what are transcription factors? 7. In eukaryotes, what do the hox genes do? 8. In eukaryotes, what does RNA interference do? Page 7 of 8

8 TRANSCRIPTION & TRANSLATION 9. Directions: Fill in the flow chart below, using the following words: Amino acids, mrna, mrna codon, nucleus, nuclear pore, peptide bonds, ribosome, transcription & translation. 10. Name and describe the three types of RNA s involved in protein synthesis? 11. What type of nucleic acid is the following? TATCATGG 12. What is wrong with the following molecule? UAAGCGTCGGAAAU 13. What is located at EACH end of a trna molecule? 14. Where must an mrna attach before protein production can begin? 15. How many bases are needed to specify an mrna codon? 16. What is the difference between an amino acid and a protein? Page 8 of 8