2 nd Term Final. Revision Sheet. Students Name: Grade: 12-A/B. Subject: Chemistry. Teacher Signature. Page 1 of 10

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1 2 nd Term Final Revision Sheet Students Name: Grade: 12-A/B Subject: Chemistry Teacher Signature Page 1 of 10

2 Chapter-23, Lesson-1 I. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. How does the number of hydrogen atoms in a carbohydrate molecule compare with the number of carbon or oxygen atoms? a. there are half as many H atoms as C or O atoms. b. there are the same number of H atoms as C or O atoms. c. there are twice as many H atoms as C or O atoms. d. No relationship exists. 2. In most people, most of their food energy usually comes from a. carbohydrates. b. proteins. c. lipids. d. cellulose. 3. Which of the following are structural components of monosaccharides? a. hydroxyl groups b. rings containing carbon c. carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen d. All of the above 4. The sweetest naturally occurring sugar, fructose, is a a. monosaccharide. b. disaccharide. c. polysaccharide. d. protein. 5. What type of reaction is the breakdown of polysaccharides to form monosaccharides? a. hydrolysis b. condensation c. substitution d. None of the above 6. One byproduct of the formation of polysaccharides is a. oxygen. b. water. c. protein. d. Both (a) and (b) 7. When your body digests starch, an end product of the reaction is a. cellulose. b.maltose. c. glucose. d.a disaccharide. 8. A fatty acid is made of a polar carboxylic acid functional group and a. a polar hydrocarbon tail. b.a nonpolar hydrocarbon tail. c. a ring containing carbon. d.an amino group. 9. Saponification is the process in which a. fat and NaOH react to form soap. b. glucose is formed. c. cellulose is digested. d. water reacts with fatty acids to form triglycerides. 10. Cholesterol is an example of a(n) a. monosaccharide. b. polysaccharide. c. lipid. Page 2 of 10

3 d. enzyme. II. QUESTION AND ANSWER 1.Relate the structure of carbohydrates to their role in biological systems. 2. What is a condensation reaction, what is a hydrolysis reaction, and how do they differ? 3. Why can cows digest cellulose, while humans cannot? 4. Describe how phospholipids are arranged in the cell membrane. Page 3 of 10

4 III. MULTIPLE CHOICE Chapter-23, Lesson-2(Amino acids and Proteins) 1. Which elements are contained in all protein molecules? a. carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen b. carbon, sulfur, and oxygen c. carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur d. carbon, nitrogen, and iron 2. The characteristic functional groups of a protein are a. OH and NH 2. b. COOH and CH 2 c. COOH and NH 2. d. COOH and SH. 3. The symbol R in the structural formula of an amino acid represents a. a metal. b. a side chain. c. a monosaccharide. d. a disaccharide. 4. Which of the following is a product of the reaction of two amino acids to form a dipeptide? a. ammonia b. nitrogen c. water d. oxygen 5. The unique characteristic of the amino acid cysteine is a. a high level of acidity. b. its ability to form hydrogen bonds with other amino acids. c. its ability to form a chemical bond with another cysteine. d. a second amino group. 6. On a protein molecule, side chains of amino acids affect a. only the primary structure. b. primary and secondary structures. c. secondary and tertiary structures. d. tertiary and quaternary structures. 7. The specific function of a protein is determined by its a. weight. b. size. c. shape. d. precipitate. 8. What is the active site of an enzyme? a. the disulfide bridge b. the section of the molecule that interacts with a substrate c. the carboxylic acid group at the end of the protein chain d. a group of amino acids in the middle of the protein chain 9. An enzyme increases the rate of a reaction through formation of an enzyme-substrate complex, which a. raises the initial energy of the reactants. b. lowers the final energy of the products. c. lowers the activation energy. d. raises the activation energy. 10. An enzyme can be denatured by Page 4 of 10

5 a. heating. b.interaction with a substrate. c. a very low ph. d.both (a) and (c) IV. QUESTION AND ANSWER 1. Identify each protein structure level described below. a. may involve hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, and disulfide bonds that determine a protein s three-dimensional structure b. is determined by the interaction of several polypeptides coming together c. is the amino acid sequence of a protein 2. How many different tripeptides can be formed from one molecule of glycine and two molecules of valine? Draw the isomers using their three-letter codes. 3. What are the functions of fibrous proteins? 4. How do enzymes work? Page 5 of 10

6 V. MULTIPLE CHOICE Chapter-23, Lesson-3(Metabolism) 1. Plants store energy directly from sunlight during a. photosynthesis. b. respiration. c. the conversion of ATP to ADP. d. Both (a) and (b) 2. The reactants in photosynthesis are a. oxygen and water. b. carbon dioxide and water. c. oxygen and carbon dioxide. d. oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water. 3. The primary energy exchange mechanism in the body is a. the ATP cycle. b. photosynthesis. c. digestion. d. muscle contraction. 4. The structural difference between ATP and ADP is a. the identity of the base. b. one water molecule. c. the charge on the ion. d. the number of phosphate groups. 5. The hydrolysis of ATP a. requires the addition of energy. b.releases larger biomolecules. c. releases free energy. d.requires the addition of a phosphate group. 6. An example of catabolism is a. glycogenesis. b.protein synthesis. c. photosynthesis. d.digestion. 7. A series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that converts glucose, fatty acids, or glycerol into carbon dioxide, NADH, and ATP is known as a. anabolism. b.glycogenesis. c. the Krebs cycle. d.the ATP cycle. 8. The breakdown of one glucose molecule can produce a. 25 ATP molecules. b. 25 ADP molecules. c. 36 ATP molecules. d. 36 ADP molecules. 9. Energy is needed for a. catabolic reactions to occur. b. anabolic reactions to occur. Page 6 of 10

7 c. digestion to occur. d. None of the above 10. Simple molecules are used to build larger, more complex ones through a process called a. catabolism. b. anabolism. c. hydrolysis. d. digestion. VI. QUESTION AND ANSWER 1. Identify each function as that of autotrophs or of heterotrophs. a. synthesize carbon-containing biomolecules from H 2 O and CO 2 b. absorb solar energy, which is converted into ATP c. obtain energy by consuming plants or animals 2. Identify each as either a catabolic process or an anabolic process. a. Synthesis of protein molecules is a(n). b. A(n) releases energy. c. Digestion is a(n). d. A(n) requires energy. 3. How do plants use photosynthesis to gather energy? 4. Explain how animals indirectly gather energy from the sun. Page 7 of 10

8 Chapter-23, Lesson-4 (Nucleic acids) VII. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. All the genetic information for an organism is stored in its a. proteins. b. nucleic acids. c. polypeptides. d. enzymes. 2. The components of a nucleic acid are a. sugars, phosphate groups, and amino acids. b. sugars, phosphate groups, and nitrogen-containing bases. c. sugars, amino acids, and nitrogen-containing bases. d. peptides, phosphate groups, and nitrogen-containing bases. 3. The symbol TGCAGCAA could represent a portion of a. a DNA molecule. b. an RNA molecule. c. Both (a) and (b) d. Neither (a) nor (b) 4. The shape of a DNA molecule is described as a. a spring. b. a double helix. c. a cross-linked spiral. d. a double coil. 5. The two strands of a DNA molecule have a. bases in the same order. b. bases in a complementary order. c. an independent order of bases. d. a different number of bases. 6. The process by which DNA makes a copy of itself is called a. gene mapping. b. protein synthesis. c. fingerprinting. d. replication. 7. How many amino acids are coded by the mrna sequence GGGCACAGAUGC? a. 1 b. 3 c. 4 d The polymerase chain reaction is used to a. make copies of a section of a DNA molecule. b. produce clones from stem cells. c. make an RNA fingerprint. d. break a DNA molecule into small fragments. 9. Which of the following is an example of cloning? a. the use of bacteria to manufacture medicines Page 8 of 10

9 b. the formation of identical twins c. transferring genes from one organism to another d. matching DNA sequences from two different samples 10. What process is used to make bacteria that produce human insulin? a. cloning b. genetic fingerprinting c. recombinant DNA technology d. a series of polymerase chain reactions VIII. QUESTION AND ANSWER 1.Complete the following statements with DNA or RNA. a. is most often found in the form of a double helix. b. contains ribose as its sugar unit. c. is most often single stranded. d. is directly responsible for the synthesis of proteins. 2. Complete the following statements with the name of the correct base. More than one answer may be used. a. contains a six-membered ring called a pyrimidine. b. is the complementary base of A in RNA. c. contains a five-membered ring called a purine. d. is the complementary base of G in DNA. 3. A segment of DNA has the base sequence TAC TTT TCG AAG AGT ATT. a. What is the base sequence in a complementary strand of RNA? b. What is the base sequence in a complementary strand of DNA? 4. A segment of DNA has the base sequence TAC CTT ACA GAT TGT ACT. a. What is the base sequence in a complementary strand of RNA? b. What is the base sequence in a complementary strand of DNA? 5. Explain why, in DNA, pairing exists only between A and T and between C and G? Page 9 of 10

10 6. What is cloning, and how has it been accomplished in mammals? Page 10 of 10

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