JAWAPAN. (ii) Membiak secara seks melalui konjugasi. Reproduction method:

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1 BAB 1 MIKROORGANISMA DAN KESANNYA TERHADAP BENDA HIDUP Aktiviti (a) Virus/Viruses (b) Protozoa/Protozoa (c ) Alga/Alga (d) Kulat/Fungi (e ) Bakteria/Bacteria (f) Alga/Alga 2 (a) Habitat: Boleh ditemui dalam sel hidup Habitat: Can be found in living cells Cara pembiakan: Membiak dalam sel perumah Reproduction method: Reproduce in host cells (b) Habitat: Boleh ditemui di mana-mana Habitat: Can be found everywhere Cara pembiakan: (i) Membiak secara aseks melalui belahan dedua (ii) Membiak secara seks melalui konjugasi Reproduction method: (i) Reproduces asexual by binary fission (ii) Reproduces sexually by conjugation (c) Habitat: Boleh ditemui dalam air tawar Habitat: Can be found in freshwater Cara pembiakan: (i) Membiak secara aseks melalui belahan dedua 2 JAWAPAN (ii) Membiak secara seks melalui konjugasi Reproduction method: (i) Reproduces asexual by binary fission (ii) Reproduces sexually by conjugation (d) Habitat: Tempat lembap yang menerima cahaya Matahari Habitat: Damp areas that receive Sunlight Cara pembiakan: (i) Membiak secara aseks melalui belahan dedua (ii) Membiak secara seks melalui konjugasi Reproduction method: (i) Reproduces asexual by binary fission (ii) Reproduces sexually by conjugation: Mempunyai klorofil Have chlorophyll Menjalankan proses fotosintesis Carry out photosynthesis (e) Habitat: Boleh ditemui di kawasan yang gelap dan lembap Habitat: Can be found in dark and damp areas Cara pembiakan: Membiak secara aseks melalui spora Reproduction method: Reproduces asexual by spores Aktiviti (a) 3 (c ) 3 (e) 3 (f) 3 (g) 3 3 (a) Suhu/Temperature (b) ph (c) Cahaya/Light (d) Kelembapan/Humidity Aktiviti 1.3 (a) Bakteria/Bacteria (b) Kulat/Fungi (c) Alga/Alga (d) Bakteria/Bacteria (e) Kulat/Fungi (f) Protozoa/Protozoa Aktiviti 1.4 Jenis mikroorganisma Type of microorganism Bakteria Bacteria Kulat Fungi Virus Virus Protozoa Protozoa Penyakit yang disebabkan oleh Mikroorganisma Disease caused by the microorganism Batuk kering, kancing gigi, kerosakan gigi, taun, sifilis Tuberculosis, tetanus, gonorrhea, cholera, syphilis Panau, kaki makan air, kurap Tinea, athlete s foot, ringworm AIDS, Denggi AIDS, Dengue Malaria Malaria Aktiviti Persamaan: Kedua-duanya berfungsi untuk menentang pathogen Similarity: Both function to fight the pathogen Bilangan koloni bakteria Number of bacteria colonies Suhu pada 37 o C Temperature at 37 o C Suhu pada 15 o C Temperature at 15 o C (b) Suhu/Temperature (c) Bakteria bertumbuh dengan cepat apabila suhu persekitaran adalah sesuai. Bacteria grow rapidly when surrounding temperature is suitable Masa (hari) Time (day) Keimunan aktif buatan Artificial active immunity Vaksin/Vaccine Sebelum jangkitan Before infection Jangka panjang Long-lasting Panjang Long Ya/Yes Keimunan pasif buatan Artificial passive immunity Antiserum Selepas jangkitan After infection Jangka pendek dan sementara Short and temporary Serta merta Immediate Tidak/No 2 (a) Pupa/Pupa (c) Telur/Eggs (b) Dewasa/Adult (d) Larva/Larva Kaedah Pengawalan Method of control Nyamuk Mosquito Lalat housefly (a) 3 (b) 3 (c) 3 (d) 3 (e) 3 (f) 3 (g) 3 J1

2 SUDUT KBAT (a) Menghapuskan semua tempat pembiakan seperti air bertakung di longkang yang tersumbat dan kawasan paya. Eliminate all breeding grounds such as stagnant water in clogged drains and swamps (b) (i) Menambahkan sedikit minyak pada permukaan air untuk mencegah jentikjentik bernafas. Adding a small amount of oil to the water surface to prevent the larvae from breathing. (ii) Memelihara ikan gapi dalam air bertakung Rearing guppies in stagnant water. PRAKTIS BAB 1 Kertas 1 1 A 2 A 3 C 4 C 5 B 6 B 7 A 8 C 9 B 10 D 11 C 12 A 13 B 14 C 15 B 16 D 17 A 18 A 19 D 20 C 21 D 22 B 23 B 24 C 25 A 26 C 27 C 28 C 29 A 30 B 31 D 32 C Kertas 2 Bahagian A 1 (a) Nutrien diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan bakteria Nutrient is needed for the growth of bacteria (b) (i) Pertumbuhan bakteria The growth of bacteria (ii) Kehadiran nutrien dalam rebusan The presence of nutrient in the broth (iii) Suhu, nilai ph medium, cahaya, jenis bakteria Temperature, ph of medium, light, type of bacteria (c) Rebusan di dalam tabung uji A adalah keruh, manakala rebusan dalam tabung uji B adalah masih jernih. Broth in test tube A is cloudy, whereas broth in test tube B is still clear. 2 Situasi Situation Disimpan dalam gelap Placed in the dark Diletakkan di bawah cahaya Placed under the light Pemerhatian Observation Tompok-tompok kelihatan atas kepingan roti Spots are found on the bread slice Tiada perubahan ke atas kepingan roti No changes on the slice of bread (b) Kulat/Fungi (c) Kulat tumbuh di atas kepingan roti kerana kulat hanya tumbuh di tempat yang gelap. Fungi grows on bread slice because they only grow in dark places. (d) Kulat akan tumbuh apabila roti disimpan dalam gelap Fungi will grow when bread is kept in the dark (e) Tempat kepingan roti diletakkan Place where sliced bread is placed (f) Pertumbuhan kulat atas roti Growth of fungi on bread 3 (a) Untuk mengkaji keberkesanan antibiotik dalam membunuh bakteria. To study the effectiveness of antibiotics in killing bacteria. (b) Jenis antibiotik/cakera Types of antibiotic/disc (c) Sebagai kawalan/as a control (d) Antibiotik A/Antibiotic A Bahagian B 4 (a) Virus/Viruses (b) Mikroorganisma ini bertindak sebagai parasit dalam sel hidup They act as parasites in living cells (c) (i) Tidak/No (ii) Virus adalah mikroorganisma terkecil dan ia hanya dapat dilihat di bawah mikroskop elektron. Viruses are the smallest microorganisms and they can only be seen under an electron microscope. (d) Bakteriofaj/HIV/Virus mozaik tembakau Bacteriophage/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Tobacco mosaic virus 5 (a) Kolera/taun/Cholera (b) Lalat/Houseflies (c) Cirit birit dan muntah Severe diarrhoea and vomitting Kesakitan di bahagian perut Pain in the abdomen (d) Didihkan semua air minuman/tutup semua makanan untuk mengelakkan lalat daripada hinggap di atasnya. Boil all drinking water/cover all food to avoid houseflies land on it. 6 (a) P: Larva/larva Q: Pupa/pupa (b) (i) Kolera/taun/Cholera (ii) Bakteria/Bacteria (c) Peringkat dewasa/adult stage (d) Buang semua sampah ke dalam tong sampah yang ditutup Throw all rubbish into covered dustbins Menyembur racun serangga untuk menghalau lalat Spray insecticide to keep away houseflies Bahagian C 7 (a) Pertumbuhan mikroorganisma dipengaruhi oleh suhu. The growth of microorganisms is affected by temperature. [1] (b) (i) Tujuan eksperimen: Untuk mengkaji faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan bakteria. Aim of the experiment: To study the factor which affects the growth of bacteria. [1] (ii) Pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan: Suhu Manipulated variable: Temperature Pemboleh ubah yang bergerak balas: pertumbuhan bakteria Responding variable: Growth of bacteria J2 BAB 2 Pemboleh ubah yang dimalarkan: Kuantiti dan jenis bakteria Constant variable: Quantity and type of bacteria. [2] (iii) Radas dan bahan: Inkubator, peti sejuk, oven, piring petri, agar nutrien steril, kultur Bacillus subtilis Apparatus and materials: Incubator, refrigerator, oven, petri dish, sterile nutrient agar, Bacillus subtilis culture [1] (iv) Prosedur/Procedure: 1 Tiga piring petri mengandungi agar nutrien steril disediakan. Three petri dishes containing sterile nutrient agar are prepared. 2 Kultur bakteria disebarkan dalam setiap piring petri. The bacterial culture is spread in each petri dish. 3 Piring petri A diletakkan di dalam peti sejuk pada 0 C. Petri dish A is placed in the refrigerator at 0 o C. 4 Piring petri B diletakkan dalam inkubator pada 37 C. Petri dish B is placed in the incubator at 37 o C. 5 Piring petri C diletakkan di dalam oven pada 60 C. Petri dish C is placed in the oven at 60 o C. 6 Semua piring petri disimpan terbalik dan dibiarkan selama dua hari. All the petri dishes are kept inverted and left for two days. 7 Pemerhatian dicatatkan selepas 2 hari. The observation is recorded after 2 days. [1] (v) Penjadualan data/tabulation of data Piring petri Petri dish A B C Pemerhatian Observation Sedikit koloni bakteria kelihatan A few colonies of bacteria seen Banyak koloni bakteria kelihatan Many colonies of bacteria seen Tiada koloni bakteria kelihatan No colony of bacteria seen NUTRISI DAN PENGELUARAN MAKANAN Aktiviti Jumlah tenaga yang dibebaskan apabila 1 gram makanan dioksidakan dengan lengkap A total number of energy release when 1 gram of food completely oxidised

3 kj 3 (a) Protien/Protien (b) Kwasyiorkor/Kwashiorkor (c ) Goiter/Goitre (d) Karbohidrat/Carbohydrate (e ) Marasmus/Marasmus (f) Skurvi/Scurvy (g) Zat besi/iron (h) Anemia/Anaemia (i) Riket/Rickets (j) Vitamin B/Vitamin B (k) Beri-beri/Beri-beri 4 (a) 3 (b) 7 (c) 3 (d) 7 5 (a) Dia mestilah selalu bersenam She must exercise regularly Dia mestilah mengawal pengambilan makanan She must control her food intake (b) Makan makanan yang seimbang Eat a balanced diet Bersenam dengan kerap untuk membakar lemak yang berlebihan dalam badan Exercise regularly to burn up the extra fat in the body Mengawal berat badan Control body weight Melakukan aktiviti fizikal Perform physical activities 6 Penyakit jantung/heart disease 7 (i) Mengelakkan masalah kesihatan To prevent health problem (ii) Dapat membekalkan tenaga yang cukup kepada badan manusia To supply enough energy for human body Aktiviti (i) Mineral yang diperlukan oleh tumbuhan dalam kuantiti yang banyak Mineral that needs by a plant in large quantity (ii) Mineral yang diperlukan oleh tumbuhan dalam kuantiti yang sedikit Mineral that needs by a plant in small quantity 2 Nitrogen/Nitrogen (b), (ii), (iv) Fosforus/Phosphorus (c), (d), (i), (v) Kalium/Potassium (a), (e), (iii) Aktiviti (a) kilat lightning (b) Haiwan Animals (c) bakteria dan kulat bacteria and fungi (d) mereput decay (e) Sebatian ammonia Ammonium compounds (f) bakteria pendenitritan denitrifying bacteria (g) bakteria penitritan nitrifying bacteria (h) Nitrit Nitrite 2 (a) Mengekalkan kesuburan tanah Maintaining soil fertility Meningkatkan produktiviti tanaman Increasing productivity of crops Mengekalkan jumlah nitrogen dalam atmosfera Maintaining the amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere Mengurangkan pencemaran alam sekitar Reducing pollution of the environment (b) Tindakan kilat Ligthing Proses pengikatan nitrogen Nitrogen-fixing process Proses penguraian Decay process Proses penitritan Nitrifying process Proses pendenitritan Denitrifying process SUDUT KBAT (a) Tumbuhan kekacang/leguminous plants (b) Proses diulang untuk mengekalkan kesuburan tanah. Tujuan dilakukan kerana tanaman yang berlainan jenis memerlukan nutrien dan zat yang berlainan. Bakteria yang tinggal dalam nodul-nodul akar akan mengubah nitrogen kepada ionion nitrat. Process repeated to maintain the fertility of land. The purpose is doing because different crop required different nutrient. The bacteria living in the root nodules will convert nitrogen into nitrate ions. PRAKTIS BAB 2 Kertas 1 1 C 2 D 3 D 4 B 5 D 6 A 7 C 8 A 9 C 10 D 11 D 12 D 13 C 14 B 15 B 16 D 17 B 18 C 19 D 20 C 21 C 22 A 23 B 24 C Kertas 2 Bahagian A 1 (a) P = 2800 J g 1 Q = 7700 J g 1 R = 6160 J g 1 (b) (i) Nilai kalori bagi setiap makanan The calorific value of each food (ii) Jenis makanan yang berbeza Different types of food (iii)jisim air, jisim makanan Mass of water, food mass (c) Q (d) (i) Q (ii) R (iii)p 2 (a) Tumbuhan di dalam tabung uji B mempunyai bilangan daun dan akar yang sedikit. The plant in test tube B has few leaves and roots. (b) Untuk menghalang cahaya daripada memasuki tabung uji. To prevent light from entering the test tubes. (c) (i) Kehadiran fosforus The presence of phosphorus J3 (ii) Pertumbuhan tumbuhan The growth of the plant Bahagian B 3 (a) Kolesterol Cholesterol (b) Arteriosklerosis Artheriosclerosis (c) Lemak berlebihan yang diambil setiap hari terenap pada dinding arteri. Ini menyebabkan arteri menjadi keras dan kurang kenyal serta mengurangkan pengaliran darah Excess cholesterol that is taken everyday is deposited on the walls of the arteries. This makes the arteries become hardened and less elastic thus reducing the flow of blood (d) (i) Kerap bersenam Exercise regularly (ii) Makan makanan yang berkhasiat Eat healthy food 4 (a) (i) Karbon dioksida/carbon dioxide (ii) Oksigen/Oxygen (b) (i) Fotosintesis/Photosynthesis (ii) Karbon dioksida, oksigen Carbon dioxide, oxygen (c) (i) Klorofil/Chlorophyll (ii) Untuk menyerap tenaga cahaya To absorb light energy (d) (i) Fotosintesis membantu untuk mengekalkan keseimbangan karbon dioksida dan oksigen di atmosfera Photosynthesis helps to maintain the balance of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere (ii) Fotosistesis membekalkan makanan kepada kita Photosynthesis supplies food to us 5 (a) (i) Nitrat/Nitrate (ii) Sebatian ammonium Ammonimum compounds (b) (i) Memecahkan nitrat kepada gas nitrogen Break up the nitrates into gaseous nitrogen (ii) Menyerap nitrogen daripada atmosfera dan menukarkannya kepada nitrat Absorb nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert it into nitrates (c) (i) Kilat/Lightning (ii) Pereputan/Decaying (d) Kilat menggabungkan nitrogen dan oksigen di atmosfera kepada nitrogen oksida Lightning combines nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere into nitrogen oxide (e) (i) Mengekalkan kesuburan tanah Maintaining soil fertility (ii) Mengurangkan pencemaran alam sekitar Reducing pollution of the environment Bahagian C 6 (a) Makanan A/Food A (b) Makanan B/Food B (c) (i) Obesiti/Obesity (ii) Tekanan darah tinggi/hypertension (iii) Penyakit jantung/heart attack

4 7 (a) Nitrogen/Nitrogen Mensintesiskan protein dan klorofil Synthesize protein and chlorophyll Membantu pertumbuhan tumbuhan Helps in plant growth Meningkatkan pengeluaran buah dan biji benih Increase fruits and seeds product Kalium/Potassium Mensintesiskan protein Synthesize protein Memperkuat rintangan tumbuhan terhadap penyakit Increase the plant resistance towards disease Sebagai kofaktor dalam banyak tindak balas enzim As a cofactor in many enzyme reaction (b) (i) Untuk menunjukkan yang tumbuhan memerlukan nitrogen untuk membesar dengan sihat. To show that plants need nitrogen to grow healthily. [1] (ii) Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Jenis tumbuhan yang digunakan, suhu, cahaya matahari Constant variable: Type of plants used, temperature, sunlight Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan: Larutan Knop lengkap dan larutan Knop tanpa nitrogen Manipulated variable: Complete Knop s solution and Knop s solution without nitrogen Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Tumbesaran tumbuhan Responding variable: Growth of plants [2] (iii) Radas dan bahan: Tabung uji, wul kapas, kertas hitam, pam udara, tiub kaca, anak benih jagung, larutan Knop lengkap, larutan Knop tanpa nitrogen Apparatus and materials: Test tubes, cotton wool, black paper, air pump, glass tube, maize seedlings, complete Knop s solution, Knop s solution without nitrogen [1] (iv) Kaedah/Procedure Cahaya matahari Sunlight Cahaya matahari Sunlight Anak benih Seedling Wul kapas Cotton wool Kertas hitam Black paper Larutan kultur lengkap Complete culture solution Tabung uji/test tube A Anak benih Seedling Wul kapas Cotton wool Kertas hitam Black paper Larutan kultur tanpa nitrogen Culture solution without nitrogen Tabung uji/test tube B [1] BAB 3 1 Dua tabung uji disediakan seperti yang ditunjukkan pada rajah di atas. Two test tubes are set up as shown in the diagrams above. [1] 2 Tabung uji dibalut dengan kertas hitam untuk mengelakkan alga daripada tumbuh dalam larutan dan diletakkan dalam cahaya. The test tubes are wrapped with black paper to prevent algae from growing in the solutions and placed in the light. [1] 3 Anak benih diperhatikan selepas satu minggu. The seedlings are observed after one week. [1] (v) Penjadualan data: Tabulation of data: Tabung uji Test tube A B J4 Rupa Appearance Pertumbuhan yang sihat dengan akar yang banyak Healthy growth with a lot of roots Pertumbuhan terbantut, daun kuning Stunted growth, leaves are yellow PEMELIHARAAN DAN PEMULIHARAAN ALAM SEKITAR [1] Aktiviti Keseimbangan alam merujuk kepada keadaan semua sumber yang diperlukan untuk kesinambungan hidup supaya dapat dibekalkan secara berterusan melalui interaksi yang berlaku dalam alam semulajadi The balance of nature refers to the condition of all sources needed for survival to make sure it can be supplied continuously through the interaction happens in nature 2 (a) fotosintesis/photosynthesis (b) respirasi/respiration (c) respirasi/respiration (d) pembakaran/combustion (e) pereputan/decaying 3 (a) Pokok padi. Pokok padi boleh menghasilkan makanan sendiri melalui fotosintesis. Paddy plant. Paddy plant can produce their own food through photosintesis (b) (i) Tikus, Ulat beluncas/rat, Caterpillar (ii) Ular/Snake (iii) Burung pipit/sparrow (c) 5 (d) Pemindahan tenaga daripada setiap pengguna melibatkan kehilangan tenaga The transfer of energy from the producer to every consumer involves energy loss 4 (a) (i) Fotosintesis Photosynthesis (ii) Respirasi Respiration (iii)penguraian Decomposition (b) Pembakaran Combustion (c) Bakteria dan kulat Bacteria and fungi (d) Herbivor makan tumbuhan Herbivores eat plants Aktiviti (a) Sulfur dioksida/sulphur dioxide (i) Hujan asid Acid rain (b) Klorofluorokarbon/Chlorofluorocarbon (ii) Penipisan lapisan ozon Depletion of ozone layer (c) Baja kimia/chemical fertiliser (iii) Pertumbuhan alga yang pesat Alga bloom 2 (a) 2, 1, 3 (b) (i) (iii) (iii) SUDUT KBAT (a) Klorofluorokarbon (CFC) dibebaskan ke atmosfera apabila peralatan-peralatan itu digunakan. Apabila CFC didedahkan pada sinaran ultraungu, atom-atom klorin akan dibebaskan. Atom-atom klorin akan mengurangkan molekul-molekul pada lapisan ozon dan menjadikan lapisan ozon semakin nipis. Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is released to the atmosphere when the equipments are used. When the CFC is exposed to the ultraviolet radiation, chlorine atoms are released. The chlorine atoms will decreases the molecules at ozone layer and makes the ozone layer becomes thinner. (b) Melemahkan sistem keimunan badan kita. Weaken the immune system of our body. Berlakunya kanser kulit. Occurance of skin cancer. Mengurangkan kadar fotosintesis. Reduces the rate of photosynthesis. Kematian organisma akuatik. Death of aquatic organisms. Menyebabkan mutasi dalam organisma. Causes mutation in organisms. (c) (i) Mengurangkan penggunaan peralatan yang membebaskan CFC. Reducing the used of equipment which release the CFC. (ii) Menggunakan bahan kimia yang lain menggantikan CFC. Using other chemicals to replace CFC. PRAKTIS BAB 3 Kertas 1 1 D 2 B 3 B 4 C 5 A 6 D 7 B 8 B 9 D 10 B 11 A 12 C 13 C 14 D 15 B 16 B 17 A 18 A 19 D 20 D 21 A 22 D 23 D 24 C

5 Kertas 2 Bahagian A 1 (a) P : Fotosintesis/Photosynthesis Q: Pembakaran/Combustion R: Respirasi/Respiration (b) Karbon dioksida/carbon dioxide (c) Kepekatan S di atmosfera akan meningkat The concentration of S in the atmosphere will increase (d) mengurangkan, berkurangan decrease, decrease 2 (a) Nilai ph/ph Value P Q R Tabung uji Test tube (b) Kawasan di mana air hujan dikumpulkan The area where the rain water is collected (c) Kawasan industri mempunyai air hujan yang paling berasid. The industrial area has the most acidic rain water. (d) Kualiti udara bagi kawasan itu The air quality of the area Bahagian B 3 (a) (i) tumbuhan/plant (ii) tikus/rat (iii)ular/snake (iv) helang/eagle (b) Tumbuhan tikus ular helang Plant rat snake eagle (c) Fotosintesis/Photosynthesis (d) Bilangan pengguna sekunder bertambah. The number of secondary consumers will increase. 4 (a) Pencemaran udara/air pollution (b) (i) Nitrogen dioksida/nitrogen dioxide (ii) Sulfur dioksida/sulphur dioxide (c) Bahan ini boleh mengakibatkan hujan asid These substances can cause acid rain (d) Asma/Bronkitis/Masalah pernafasan Asthma/Bronchitis/Respiratory diseases 5 (a) Klorofluorokarbon Chlorofluorocarbon (b) Ia menyebabkan penipisan lapisan ozon. It causes depletion of the ozone layer. (c) Lapisan ozon melindungi Bumi daripada sinar ultraungu yang kuat dalam cahaya matahari. The ozone layer protects the Earth from strong ultraviolet rays in the sunlight. (d) Sebagai propelan di dalam tin aerosol. As propellants in a Bahagian C 6 (a) Nilai ph air sungai di kawasan industri adalah lebih berasid daripada kawasan bukan industri. The ph value of the river water in an industrial area is more acidic than in a non-industrial area. [1] (b) (i) Tujuan eksperimen: Untuk mengkaji nilai ph air sungai dalam kawasan industri dan kawasan bukan industri. Aim of the experiment: To study the ph value of the river water in an industrial area and a non-industrial are a. [1] (ii) Pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan: Air sungai dari dua kawasan yang berbeza Manipulated variable: River water from two different places Pemboleh ubah yang bergerak balas: Nilai ph Responding variable: ph value Pemboleh ubah yang dimalarkan: Kuantiti air sungai Constant variable: Quantity of river water [2] (iii)radas dan bahan: Bikar, kertas ph Apparatus and materials: Beaker, ph paper [1] (iv) Prosedur/Procedure: 1 Kira-kira 20 cm 3 air sungai dikumpul dari kawasan industri dan kawasan bukan industri. About 20 cm 3 of river water is collected from an industrial area and a nonindustrial area. [1] 2 Kedua-dua jenis air sungai diuji dengan kertas ph. Both types of river water are tested with ph paper. [1] 3 Pemerhatian dicatatkan dalam jadual. The observation is recorded in a table. [1] (v) Penjadualan data: Tabulation of data: [1] Kawasan di mana air sungai diambil The area where river water is taken from Kawasan industri Industrial area Kawasan bukan industri Non-industrial area J5 Nilai ph ph value (vi) Kesimpulan: Air sungai dalam kawasan industri lebih berasid daripada kawasan bukan industri, maka kawasan itu lebih tercemar. Conclusion: The river water in an industrial area is more acidic than in a non-industrial area, therefore the area is more polluted. [1] 7 (a) Ia boleh menyebabkan kanser kulit It can cause skin cancer [1] Ia menyebabkan pengeluaran hasil tanaman yang rendah It causes low yields from crops [1] Ia merosakkan fitoplankton dan mengganggu rantai makanan It destroys the phytoplanktons and disrupts food chains [1] Ia merendahkan sistem keimunan manusia terhadap penyakit It lowers the human immunity system against diseases. [1] (b) (i) Mengenal pasti maklumat: Terdapat satu lubang pada lapisan ozon Identifying the information: There is a hole in the ozone layer [1] (ii) Klorofluorokarbon (CFC) yang menyebabkan penipisan lapisan ozon Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) which cause the depletion of the ozone layer [1] (iii) Penerangan proses itu: Explanation of the process: CFC yang dibebaskan ke atmosfera adalah tidak stabil dan akan diuraikan oleh cahaya ultra ungu. CFC released into the atmosphere is not stable and will be decomposed by ultraviolet light. [1] Atom klorin dibebaskan dan memecahkan satu molekul ozon kepada molekul klorin monoksida dan satu molekul oksigen. Chlorine atom is released and breaks up one ozone molecule into chlorine monoxide molecule and one oxygen molecule. [1] Proses ini diulang dan menyebabkan kemusnahan lapisan ozon. This process is repeated and causes destruction to the ozone layer. [1] (iv) Alat elektrik: Penyaman udara/peti sejuk Electrical appliance: Air conditioner/refrigerator [1] BAB 4 SEBATIAN KARBON Aktiviti Persamaan: Kedua-duanya mempunyai unsur karbon Similarities: Both contain carbon element (a) Benda hidup Living things (b) Mineral Minerals (c) Molekul membentuk rantaian dengan beberapa atom karbon The molecules form a chain with several carbon atoms (d) Molekul adalah kecil dengan beberapa atom karbon The molecule is small with few carbon atoms (e) Larut dalam pelarut organik Dissolve in organic solvents (f) Larut dalam pelarut tak organik Dissolve in inorganic solvents (g) Takat didih yang rendah Low boiling points (h) Takat didih yang tinggi High boiling points

6 2 (a) Karbon/Carbon (b) Hidrogen/Hydrogen (c) Petroleum/Petroleum (d) Gas asli/natural gas Aktiviti (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) 2 (a) (i) Pembakaran/Combustion (ii) Pengesteran/Ester (b) (i) Karbon dioksida/carbon dioxide (ii) Ester/Ester (c) Mempunyai bau yang wangi dan menyenangkan Has sweet and pleasant smell (d) Etil etanoat/ethyl ethanoate Aktiviti (i) Terdiri daripada unsur karbon,hydrogen dan oksigen Consists of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen elements (ii) Tidak larut di dalam air Did not dissolve in the water (iii) Sumber penting bagi asid lemak dalam badan The important sources of fatty acids in body 2 (a) Haiwan Animals (b) Tumbuhan Plants (c) Pepejal Solid (d) Cecair Liquid (e) Takat lebur yang tinggi Higher melting point (f) Takat lebur yang rendah Lower melting point (g) Tidak boleh menerima lagi atom hidrogen Cannot accept any more hydrogen atoms (h) Boleh menerima lebih atom hidrogen Can accept more hydrogen atoms (i) Lebih kolesterol More cholesterol (j) Kurang kolesterol Less cholesterol Aktiviti 4.4 (a) Penanggalan Threshing (b) Pencernaan Digestion (c) Pengekstrakan Extraction (d) Penurasan Filtration (e) Penulenan Purification Aktiviti 4.5 (a) Saponifikasi Saponification (b) Minyak, Gliserol Oil, Glycerol (c) hidrofilik, hidrofobik hydrophilic, hydrophobic (d) Hidrofilik, hidrofobik; minyak Hydrophilic, hydrophobic; oil Aktiviti 4.6 (a) Polimer, monomer polymer, monomers (b) getah rubber (c) pempolimeran polymerisation (d) penyahpolimeran depolymerisation (e) polimer sintetik, polimer asli synthetic polymers, natural polymers SUDUT KBAT 1 (a) Sulfur/Sulphur. (b) Kerana rantai-silang boleh kembali pada kedudukan asalnya apabila molekul getah itu diregangkan atau dimampatkan. Because the cross-linked chains can be reverted to it original position when the rubber is stretched or compressed. 2 (a) Bakteria daripada udara menghasilkan asid laktik dan asid laktik akan menggumpalkan lateks. The bacteria from air produced lactic acid and lactic acid will coagulates the latex. (b) Alkali/Alkali. PRAKTIS BAB 4 Kertas 1 1 D 2 A 3 B 4 C 5 A 6 D 7 C 8 B 9 A 10 B 11 C 12 C 13 D 14 A 15 B 16 A 17 C 18 C 19 A 20 C 21 B 22 C 23 C 24 D 25 C 26 C 27 D 28 C 29 B 30 A 31 C Kertas 2 Bahagian A 1 (a) Penyulingan berperingkat Fractional distillation (b) Termometer tidak sepatutnya dicelup ke dalam petroleum tulen. The thermometer should not be dipped into the pure petroleum. (c) Untuk mengelakkan petroleum tertumpah keluar dari tabung uji. To avoid the petroleum from spilling out of the test tube. (d) P S Kurang likat Less viscous Nyalaan yang terhasil kurang berjelaga The flame produced has less soot J6 Lebih likat More viscous Nyalaan yang terhasil banyak jelaga The flame produced has a lot of soot 2 (a) Untuk menyiasat kesan asid dan alkali terhadap lateks To investigate the effects of acid and alkali on latex (b) (i) Lateks bergumpal Latex coagulates (ii) Lateks tidak bergumpal Latex does not coagulate (iii) Sebahagian zarah getah terbentuk Some particles of rubber are formed (c) (i) Asid etanoik menggumpal lateks Ethanoic acid coagulates latex (ii) Larutan ammonia menghalang penggumpalan lateks Ammonia solution prevents the coagulation of latex (d) (i) Larutan asid dan ammonia Acid and ammonia solution (ii) Lateks segar Fresh latex (iii)penggumpalan lateks Coagulation of lateks (e) Getah bergumpal The latex coagulates 3 (a) (i) Getah asli/natural rubber (ii) Getah tervulka/vulcanised rubber (b) Getah tervulkan adalah lebih kenyal dan kuat daripada getah asli. Vulcanised rubber is more elastic and stronger than natural rubber. (c) (i) 4 (ii) 2 (d) (i) Jenis getah/type of rubber (ii) Berat beban/the weight of the load (iii) Panjang getah/the length of rubber Bahagian B 4 (a) (i) Pensterilan Sterilisation (ii) Pencernaan Digestion (iii) Penurasan Filtration (b) Pensterilan Sterilisation (c) Penulenan Purification (d) (i) Minyak kelapa sawit mentah Raw palm oil (ii) Vitamin A dan E Vitamin A and E (e) Mesokarp (sabut) Mesocarp (husk) 5 (a) Saponifikasi Saponification (b) Larutan natrium hidroksida Sodium hydroxide solution (c) Garam biasa Common salt (d) Gliserol + asid lemak lemak + air Glycerol + fatty acids fats + water Lemak + natrium hidroksida Sabun + gliserol Fats + sodium hydroxide soap + glycerol (e) Rantai hidrokarbon Hujung Hydrocarbon chain ion Ionic end (f) (i) Larut dalam air Dissolves in water (ii) Tidak larut dalam air Does not dissolve in water

7 Bahagian C 6 (a) Termometer Thermometer Petroleum tulen + wul kaca Pure petroleum + glass wool Petroleum boleh diasingkan kepada pelbagai hidrokarbon melalui penyulingan berperingkat. Petroleum can be separated into various hydrocarbons by fractional distillation. [1] Kira-kira 5 cm 3 petroleum dituangkan ke dalam tabung didih kemudian sedikit wul kaca diletakkan ke dalam tabung didih untuk memastikan pendidihan petroleum yang betul dan seragam. About 5 cm 3 of petroleum is poured into the boiling tube then some glass wood is put into the boiling tube to ensure the steady and uniform boiling of petroleum. [1] Petroleum dipanaskan perlahanlahan dan pelbagai komponen petroleum dikumpul di dalam tabung uji yang berasingan. The petroleum is heated slowly and the various hydrocarbon components are collected in separate test tubes. [1] Pecahan yang dikumpul kemudiannya diperiksa dan dibandingkan warnanya, kelikatannya, kebolehbakaran dalam udara dan keterlarut campuran dalam air. The fractions collected are then examined and compared for their colour, viscosity, combustibility in air and miscibility with water. [1] (b) (i) Warna pecahan menjadi lebih gelap dengan peningkatan suhu. The colour of the fraction becomes darker with an increase in temperature. [1] (ii) Pecahan menjadi semakin likat dengan peningkatan suhu. The fraction becomes more viscous with an increase in temperature. [1] (iii) Pecahan hidrokarbon menjadi kurang terbakar dan mempunyai lebih banyak jelaga dengan pertambahan suhu. The hydrocarbon fraction becomes less combustible and has more soot with an increase in temperature. [1] (iv) Semua pecahan hidrokarbon tidak bercampur dengan air. All hydrocarbon fractions do not mix with water. [1] 7 (a) Alkohol digunakan dalam minuman beralkohol seperti arak bir, wain dan brandi. Alcohol is used in alcoholic drinks such as beer, wines and brandy. [1] Alkohol digunakan sebagai bahan api, ia terbakar dengan nyalaan biru tanpa jelaga. P Air sejuk Cool water Q R S Alcohol is used as a fuel, it burns with a blue flame, without soot. [1] Etanol digunakan dalam penyediaan ubat batuk dan antiseptik. Ethanol is used in the preparation of cough mixtures and antiseptics. [1] Alkohol adalah pelarut yang baik. Alcohol is a good solvent. [1] (b) (i) Etanol adalah cecair tidak berwarna pada suhu bilik. Ethanol is a colourless liquid at room temperature. [1] Ia mempunyai bau yang sedap. It has a pleasant odour. [1] Ia mempunyai takat didih yang rendah. It has a low boiling point. [1] Ia meruap dengan cepat pada suhu bilik. It vapouries quickly at room temperature. [1] (ii) Pembakaran etanol dalam udara membentuk karbon dioksida dan air. The combustion of ethanol in air forms carbon dioxide and water. [1] (iii) Ester dibentuk dengan menggabungkan asid organik dengan alkohol dalam proses yang dikenali sebagai pengesteran. An ester is formed by combining an organic acid with an alcohol in a process called esterification. [1] BAB 5 GERAKAN Aktiviti 5.1 (a) Terbuka Opens (b) Bergerak ke bawah Moves down (c) Tertutup Closed (d) Tertutup Closed (e) Bergerak ke bawah Moves down (f) Tertutup Closed (g) Bergerak ke bawah Moves down (h) Menghasilkan percikan Produces a spark (i) Terbuka Opens (j) Bergerak ke atas Moves up Aktiviti (a) Halaju = jarak yang dilalui masa yang diambil distance travelled Velocity = time taken d 20 ms 1 = 15 minit/minutes d = 20 ms s = 18 km J7 jarak yang dilalui (b) Halaju = masa yang diambil distance travelled Velocity = time taken = 100 m 10 s = 10 m s 1 2 (a) Pecutan/Acceleration = 15 m s 1 5 m s 1 2 s = 5 m s 2 (b) 2 m s 2 = 10 m s 1 0 m s 1 t t = 5 s Aktiviti 5.3 (a) tali pinggang keledar/seat belt (b) beg udara/air bags (c) lebih mudah/easily (d) belakang, ke belakang/back, backward Aktiviti (a) Tekanan/Pressure = 1000 N 10 m 2 = 100 N m 2 (b) Tekanan/Pressure = N 0.08 m = N m 2 2 (a) Beg sandang A Haversack A (b) Beg sandang A mempunyai tali yang lebih besar berbanding beg sandang B Haversack A has broader straps than haversack B (c) Kelebaran tali beg sandang A mengurangkan tekanan beg sandang pada bahu pelajar. Ini adalah sebab mengapa ia adalah lebih mudah bagi pelajar membawa beg sandang. The broader straps of haversack A reduce the pressure of the haversack on the shoulders of the student. This is why it is easier for the student to carry the haversack. Aktiviti (a) Tekanan yang dikenakan pada omboh A = Tekanan yang dikenakan pada omboh B The pressure exerted on piston A = The pressure exerted on piston B = 500 N m 2 (b) Daya yang dikenakan oleh omboh A ke atas beban The force exerted by piston A on the load = 500 N m m 2 = 200 N 2 (a) Air masuk Water in P (b) (i) Tiub Q/Tube Q (ii) Tiub P/Tube P (c) Prinsip Bernoulli/Bernoulli s principle Q R

8 Aktiviti (a) Daya angkat Lift (b) Daya seretan Drag (c) Berat Weight (d) Daya tujah Thrust 2 (a) Menggunakan oksigen dari atmosfera Uses oxygen from the atmosphere (b) Membawa bekalan oksigennya sendiri Carries its own supply of oxygen (c) Kerosin/nafta Kerosene/naphtha (d) Cecair hidrogen Liquid hydrogen (e) Di atmosfera Bumi sahaja In the Earth s atmosphere only (f) Di atmosfera Bumi dan angkasa lepas In the Earth s atmosphere and in outer space SUDUT KBAT (a) Menahan dan menghalang penumpang daripada terhumban ke hadapan. Holds and prevents the passenger from being thrown forward. (b) Menghalang penumpang di kerusi hadapan daripada terhentak pada dashboard dan roda stereng. Prevents front passenger from hitting the dashboard and steering wheel. (c) Melindungi leher daripada kecederaan. Protects the neck from being injured. (d) Menyerap impak yang disebabkan oleh perlanggaran. Absorbs the impact caused by a collision. (e) Untuk memanjangkan masa perlanggaran dan mengurangkan kerosakan yang disebabkan oleh perlanggaran. To lengthen the collision time and reduce the damage caused by a collision. (f) Sistem brek mengurangkan kelajuan dan momentum kenderaan itu. Brake system reduces the speed and the momentum of the vehicle. PRAKTIS BAB 5 Kertas 1 1 A 2 B 3 B 4 C 5 B 6 B 7 B 8 D 9 B 10 B 11 B 12 B 13 B 14 C 15 B 16 B 17 B 18 A 19 B 20 C 21 A 22 D 23 B 24 D 25 B 26 A 27 B 28 B 29 B 30 B 31 A 32 A 33 A 34 B 35 D Kertas 2 Bahagian A 1 (a) Lejang aruhan Induction stroke (b) Petrol dan udara Petrol and air (c) Palam pencucuh Spark plug (d) Menghasilkan percikan untuk menyalakan campuran petrol dan udara Produces a spark to ignite mixture of petrol and air (e) K M N L 2 (a) Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara luas permukaan objek dan tekanan To study the relationship between the surface area of an object and pressure (b) (i) Luas permukaan bongkah kayu The surface area of the wooden blocks (ii) Kedalaman lekuk The depth of the dent (iii)beban yang digunakan/berat bongkah kayu The weight used/weight of the wooden blocks (c) (i) 2.3 cm (ii) 1.0 cm (d) Tekanan yang dikenakan oleh daya pada luas permukaan yang kecil adalah lebih besar daripada luas permukaan yang besar. The pressure exerted by a force on a smaller surface area is greater than that of the larger area. 3 (a) 5N (b) 10 cm 3 (c) Jisim beban/mass of the load 5 = 10 = 0.5 kg = 500 g Ketumpatan/Density jisim/mass = isi padu/volume = 500 g 10 cm 3 = 50 g cm 3 Bahagian B 4 (a) P: Lejang kuasa/power stroke Q: Lejang ekzos/exhaust stroke (b) Lejang mampatan/compression stroke (c) (i) Palam pencucuh Spark plug (ii) Semasa di lejang kuasa During the power stroke (d) Tenaga yang berubah dalam kedua-dua enjin adalah sama iaitu tenaga kimia tenaga haba tenaga kinetik The energy changes in both engines are the same, i.e. chemical energy heat energy kinetic energy 5 (a) Masa Times Masa yang diambil Time taken J8 (b) Semakin berat jisim, semakin lama masa yang diambil oleh beban untuk berayun The higher the mass, the longer the time taken for load to oscillate (c) 14 saat 14 seconds 6 (a) W: Daya angkat/lift X: Daya tujah Thrust (b) (i) Y (ii) W (c) Prinsip Bernoulli Bernoulli s principle Graf masa diambil oleh beban untuk berayun menentang jisim Graph of time taken for load to ocsillate against mass Y: Berat/Weight Z: Daya seret Drag Bahagian C 7 (a) Semakin berat jisim objek, semakin tinggi momentum yang diperoleh The higher the mass of an object, the higher its momentum [1] (b) (i) Untuk menyiasat kesan jisim objek ke atas momentum To investigate the effect of mass of an object on its momentum [1] (ii) Pemboleh ubah/variables: Pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan: Bilangan troli Manipulated variable: Number of trolleys Pemboleh ubah yang bergerak balas: Jarak dilalui oleh blok kayu Responding variable: Distance moved my wooden block Pemboleh ubah yang dimalarkan: Cerun landasan Constant variable: Gradient of plane [2] (iii)radas dan bahan: Dua troli, blok kayu, landasan, buku, pembaris Apparatus and materials: Two trolleys, wooden block, slope, books, ruler [1] Jisim Mass (g)

9 (iv) Prosedur atau kaedah: Procedure or method: Troli/Trolley Buku/Book Landasan Runway Blok kayu Wooden block Susun radas seperti dalam rajah di atas. Set up apparatus as shown in diagram above. [1] Tolak troli menurun landasan tersebut sehingga troli melanggar blok kayu. Push the trolley down the slope until it collides with the wooden block. [1] Ukur jarak antara landasan dan blok kayu. Measure the distance between slope and wooden block. [1] Catatkan pemerhatian dalam jadual. Record observation in a table. [1] Ulangi langkah 1 4 dengan menggantikan satu troli dengan dua troli. Repeat steps 1 4 by replacing one trolley with two trolleys. [1] (v) Penjadualan data Tabulation of data Experimen Experiment Satu troli One trolley Dua troli Two trolleys Jarak antara landasan dan blok kayu Distance between slope and wooden block 5 cm 10 cm 8 (a) Enjin petrol empat lejang mempunyai kuasa yang lebih besar dan cekap berbanding enjin petrol dua lejang The four-stroke petrol engine have more power and more efficient than two stroke petrol engines Enjin petrol empat lejang mempunyai injap masuk dan injap ekzos manakala enjin petrol dua lejang mempunyai salur masuk, salur pemindahan dan salur ekzos. The four stroke engine have entering valve and ekxos valve while two stroke petrol engine have entering channel,transferring channel and ekzos channel (b) Campuran petrol yang tercampur dengan minyak pelincir menyebabkan pembakaran kurang lengkap dengan menghasilkan asap ekzos hitam yang banyak. The petrol mixture that mix with the lubricant cause the incomplete combustion that produce the large amount of black smoke. BAB 6 TEKNOLOGI MAKANAN DAN PENGHASILAN MAKANAN Aktiviti Sebarang proses yang mengubah keadaan semulajadi makanan. Any process that change the natural condition of food 2 (a) Bahan pengawet Preservative (b) Pewarna Colouring (c) Peluntur Bleach (d) Perisa Flavouring (e) Pemanis Sweetener (f) Antioksidan Antioxidant (e) Pengemulsi Emulsifier 3 (i) Aspartam/Aspartame (ii) Lesitin/Lechithin (iii) Nitrogen oksida/nitrogen oxide (iv) Sunset yellow/sunset yellow (v) Gelatin/Gelatine 4 (a) Pempasteuran Pasteurisation (b) Penyejukbekuan kering Freeze drying (c) Penyejukbekuan Freezing (d) Pembungkusan vakum Vacuum packaging (e) Pendehidratan Dehydrating (f) Pengetinan Canning Aktiviti 6.2 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Aktiviti (a) (i) Nama makanan The name of the food (ii) Bahan dan bahan tambah yang digunakan The ingredient and food additives used (iii)tarikh luput/expiry date (iv) Berat bersih makanan The net weight of the food (b) (i) Kandungan nutrien bagi makanan The nutrient content of the food (ii) Kaedah penyimpanan The method of storage (c) (i) Hak keselamatan Right to safety (ii) Hak untuk mendapat maklumat dan pendidikan pengguna Right to information and consumer education 2 (a) (i) Pendehidratan: Contoh makanan adalah ikan. Dehydration: An example of food is fish. Pembungkusan vakum: Contoh makanan adalah kacang tanah. Vacuum packaging: An example of food is groundnut. [1] J9 Perbezaan: Proses pendehidratan menyingkirkan air daripada makanan, manakala pembungkusan vakum menyingkirkan udara keluar daripada makanan. Difference: Dehydration process removes water from the food, while vacuum packaging keeps air out of the food. [1] (ii) Pengetinan: Contoh makanan adalah buah-buahan. Canning: An example of food is fruits. Penyejukbekuan kering: Contoh makanan adalah ikan. Freeze-drying: An example of food is fish. [1] Perbezaan: Pengetinan boleh merosakkan rasa dan vitamin dalam makanan, manakala Penyejukbekuan kering menge-kalkan rasa dan nutrien dalam makanan. Difference: Canning can destroy the flavour and the vitamins in food, while freeze-drying maintains the taste and the nutrients in food. [1] (b) Jus pilihan: Jus A Chose juice: Juice A [1] Tujuan pemilihan: Untuk mendapatkan minuman bernutrisi Aim of choice: To get a nutritious drink [1] Sebab pemilihan: Jus A adalah jus yang bebas kandungan gula, yang mana lebih berkhasiat, mengandungi lebih vitamin dan menggunakan buah yang segar berbanding jus B yang mengandungi gula, perisa dan pewarna yang boleh menyebabkan kesan berbahaya jika diambil secara berlebihan. The reason for the choice: Juice A is a sugarfree juice which is more healthy, contains more vitamins and use fresh fruits rather than juice B that contains sugar, flavouring and colouring which can cause harmful effects if taken excessively. [1] SUDUT KBAT (a) Kandungan air dalam sayur-sayuran berkurang dan mikroorganisma menyebabkan sayur-sayuran menjadi rosak. The water content in vegetables is reduces and microorganisms cause the vegetables become rotten. (b) (i) Simpan dalam peti sejuk pada julat suhu 0 C sehingga 5 C. Store in the refrigerator at temperature range 0 C till 5 C. (ii) Gunakan pembungkusan vakum. Use the vacuum packaging. (iii) Gunakan penyinaran. Use of irradiation. (c) Kaedah yang terbaik adalah dengan menyimpan sayur-sayuran itu ke dalam sebuah peti sejuk kerana kaedah ini adalah kaedah yang paling murah. The best method is to store the vegetables into a refrigerator because this method is the cheapest.

10 PRAKTIS BAB 6 Kertas 1 1 A 2 A 3 B 4 B 5 D 6 A 7 D 8 C 9 A 10 D 11 D 12 A 13 B 14 D 15 A 16 B 17 D 18 A 19 D 20 B 21 A Kertas 2 Bahagian A 1 (a) (i) Susu di dalam gelas A masih segar kerana mikroorganisma tidak aktif pada suhu yang rendah. Milk in glass A is still fresh because mircroorganisms are inactive at very low temperature. (ii) Susu di dalam gelas B telah rosak kerana mikroorganisma adalah sangat aktif pada suhu bilik. Milk in glass B is spoilt because microorganisms are very active at room temperature. (b) (i) Jenis makanan/type of food (ii) Suhu dan tempat di mana susu disimpan Temperature and places to keep the milk (iii) Keadaan susu/condition of the milk (c) Mikroorganisma aktif pada suhu bilik Microorganisms are active at room temperature (d) (i) Untuk membunuh mikroorganisma To kill microorganisms (ii) Untuk membolehkan makanan tahan lebih lama To make food last longer 2 (a) Untuk mengkaji kaedah mengawet pisang To investigate the way to preserve bananas (b) (i) Pisang P menjadi busuk kerana terdapat mikroorganisma yang menguraikan pisang Banana P turns bad because there are microorganisms that can decompose the banana (ii) Pisang Q masih segar kerana tiada mikroorganisma dalam keadaan vakum Banana Q is still fresh because there are no microorganisms in vacuum condition (c) (i) Kaedah menyimpan pisang Method used to keep the banana (ii) Saiz dan jenis pisang The size and type of banana (iii) Keadaan pisang selepas seminggu Condition of the banana after a week Bahagian B 3 (a) P: Pendehidratan/Dehydration Q: Pembungkusan vakum Vacum packaging R: Pempasteuran/Pasteurisation (b) Air dalam makanan disingkirkan dengan cara menjemur di bawah cahaya matahari Water in food is removed by drying under the sun. (c) Kacang/Peanut (d) 63 C 4 (a) Pendehidratan/Dehydration (b) (i) Kaedah ini menyingkirkan air daripada makanan This method removes water from the food (ii) Mikroorganisma tidak boleh hidup dan membiak dalam keadaan kering/tanpa air Microorganisms cannot live and reproduce in dry condition/without water (c) Kebaikan: Makanan yang dihidrat boleh disimpan dalam tempoh masa yang lama. Advantage: Dehydrated food can be kept for a long period of time. Keburukan: Bakteria dan spora tidak dibunuh. Disadvantage: Bacteria and spores are not killed. (d) Udang, sotong/shrimp, squid 5 (a) Bahagian X: Ikan, daging, ayam Compartment X: Fish, meat, chicken Bahagian Y: Susu, buah-buahan, sayursayuran, kek Compartment Y: Milk, fruits, vegetables, cakes (b) Mikroorganisma bertumbuh dan membiak sangat perlahan pada suhu yang rendah Microorganisms grow and reproduce very slowly at low temperature (c) Pada suhu rendah, mikroorganisma tidak bertumbuh dan membiak tetapi sporanya tidak dibunuh At low temperatures, microorganisms do not grow and reproduce but their spores are not killed (d) Rasa makanan tidak berubah/ Vitamin tidak musnah The flavour of the food is not changed/ The vitamins are not destroyed 6 (a) (i) Berat bersih/net weight (ii) Tarikh luput/expiry date (b) Pengguna membeli sosej yang telah melebihi tarikh luput Consumers will buy sausages that have passed the expiry date (c) (i) Bahan pengawet/preservatives (ii) Perisa/Flavouring (d) Monosodium glutamat dan lada hitam Monosodium glutamate and black pepper (e) Ia boleh merosakkan otak dan menyebabkan kecacatan bayi dalam kandungan. It can damage the brain and cause deformity in the unborn baby. Bahagian C 7 (a) Makanan X: Susu Tepung Pendehidratan Food X: Milk Powder Dehydration Kaedah ini menyingkirkan air daripada makanan, mikroorganisma tidak boleh hidup tanpa air This method removes water from the food, microorganisms cannot live without water. [1] Menyembur susu cecair ke dalam udara yang sangat panas Spraying the liquid milk into very hot air [1] Makanan Y: Susu segar Pempasteuran Food Y: Fresh milk Pasteurisation Pempasteuran Memanaskan cecair kepada suhu di bawah takat didihnya untuk membunuh patogen. Pasteurisation Heating a liquid to a temperature of just below its boiling point to kill pathogens. [1] J10 Susu dipanaskan sehingga 63 C selama 30 minit atau pada 72 C selama 15 minit. Kemudian ia disejukkan dengan segera kepada suhu 10 C. Milk is heated to 63 C for 30 minutes or 72 C for 15 seconds. Then it is cooled immediately to 10 C. [1] Pada suhu ini, kebanyakan bakteria telah dibunuh. At this temperature, most of the bacteria are killed. [1] maximum = 4 (b) Makanan akan bertukar menjadi rosak atau terurai disebabkan tindakan mikroorganisma seperti bakteria dan kulat. Food will turn bad or decompose due to the action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. [1] Makanan yang telah rosak boleh menyebabkan keracunan makanan atau kematian sekiranya kita memakannya. Food which has gone bad can cause food poisoning or even death if we ate it. [1] (c) Nanas dihiris, dibersihkan dan dipanaskan kepada suhu yang tinggi (115 o C 121 o C) untuk membunuh mikroorganisma dan sporanya. Pineapples are cut, cleaned, cooked and heated to a high temperature (115 o C 121 o C) to kill microorganisms and their spores. [1] Hirisan nanas yang panas diletakkan ke dalam tin steril. The hot cut pineapples are placed in sterilised cans. [1] Tin kemudian dipanaskan lagi untuk mengeluarkan kesemua udara daripada tin. The cans are further heated to drive all the air out of the cans. [1] Kemudian tin-tin itu dipateri dan dilabel. Then they are sealed and labelled. [1] 8 (a) Sulfur dioksida dan asid benzoik. Sulfur dioksida menjejaskan sistem pencernaan dan merosakkan vitamin B. Asid benzoik menyebabkan masalah gastrik, lelah dan hilang selera makan. Sulphur dioxide and Benzoic acid. Sulphur dioxide affects the digestive system and it destroy vitamin B. Benzoic acid causes gastric problem, asthma and loss of appetite. (b) (i) Penghasilan makanan adalah tidak cukup untuk menampung permintaan akibat penambahan populasi The food production is not enough to cope with the increasing of population. (ii) Dua kaedah untuk menyelesaikan masalah itu Two method to solve the problem: (a) Guna baka berkualiti Use of quality breed: Boleh menghasilkan baka berkualiti tinggi dalam masa yang singkat dan mempunyai

11 BAB 7 ketahanan yang tinggi terhadap penyakit dan haiwan perosak. (b) Pengurusan tanah yang cekap Efficient land management: Kekalkan kesuburan tanah dan elakkan hakisan. Ini boleh tercapai dengan mengamalkan tanaman bergilir, tanaman campuran dan menanam tumbuhan kekacang sebagai tanaman penutup Bumi Maintain the soil fertility and prevent erosion. This can be achieve by practicing crop rotation, mixed farming and planting legumes as cover crops. (iii) Kaedah terbaik ialah penggunaan baka berkualiti. Melalui kaedah ini, penambahan pengeluaran makanan dapat menampung permintaan yang lebih tinggi The best method is the use of quality breeds. Through this method, the increase in food production will be able to meet the higher demand. BAHAN SINTETIK DALAM INDUSTRI Aktiviti Polimer sintetik merupakan polimer buatan manusia. Synthetic polymer is the man-made polymer. 2 (a) Getah sintetik/synthetic rubber (b) Plastik/Plastic (c) Polimer asli/natural polymer 3 (a) Tahan bahan kimia/chemical resistant (b) Tahan haba/heat resistant (c) Sukar dioksidakan/difficult to oxidise (d) Tidak mengkonduksikan elektrik Does not conduct electricity (e) Kalis air/waterproof (f) Tahan haus/can withstand wear and tear 4 Kurang menyerap bunyi Less absorb sound Kenyal Elastic Tahan haba Heat resistance Getah sintetik Synthetic rubber Sukar dioksidakan Difficult to oxidised 5 (a) Getah A adalah lebih regang daripada getah B. Rubber A is more stretchable than rubber B. (b) (i) getah asli/natural rubber (ii) getah sintetik/synthetic rubber (c) Getah A (getah asli) adalah lebih kenyal daripada getah B (getah sintetik) (i) Polimer Polymer Boleh divulkankan Can be vulcanised Rubber A (natural rubber) is more elastic than rubber B (synthetic rubber) 6 (a) Getah asli/natural rubber (b) Kombinasi getah/combination rubber (c) Getah sintetik/synthetic rubber Aktiviti Persamaan Similarity: Polimer sintetik Synthetic polymer Tidak mengkonduksikan arus elektrik Do not conduct electricity (a) Rendah/Low (b) Berulang kali/several times (c) Hanya sekali/only once (d) Mudah/Easy (e) Sukar/Difficult 2 (i) Termoplastik/Thermoplastic (ii) Termoset/Thermoset SUDUT KBAT (a) Apabila termoplastik dipanaskan, rantai polimer itu akan menggelongsor melalui satu sama lain. Termoplastik akan menjadi sangat lembut dan lebur untuk dibentuk semula. When thermoplastic is heated, the polymer chains will slide over one to another. Thermoplastic will be very soft and melting to reshape. (b) Termoset tidak akan melebur kerana struktur rangkai silang termoset menghalang rantai polimer daripada menggelongsor. Thermoset will not melt because the cross-linked structure of thermoset prevents the polymer chains from slide. (c) Termoplastik boleh dikisar, dicampur dan digunakan sebagai bahan pengisi dalam bahan-bahan termoset. Thermoplastic can be blended, mixed and used as filler in the thermoset materials. (d) (i) Ringan/Light (ii) Tahan terhadap bahan kimia Resistant to chemicals Kurang tahan haba Less heat resistant Getah asli Natural rubber Mudah dioksidakan Easy to oxidised Penyerap bunyi Sound absorber Kurang kenyal Less elastic PRAKTIS BAB 7 Kertas 1 1 D 2 A 3 D 4 C 5 A 6 C 7 C 8 D 9 A 10 C 11 C 12 A 13 A 14 A 15 C 16 B 17 C 18 B 19 B 20 B 21 C 22 D Kertas 2 Bahagian A 1 (a) (b) Pempolimeran/Polymerisation (c) Neoprena/Neoprene (d) (i) Termoplastik/Thermoplastic (ii) Termoplastik/Thermoplastic (iii)plastik termoset/thermosetting plastic (e) Membakar dalam insinerator Burn in an incinerator 2 (a) Untuk mengkaji kesan pemanasan terhadap jenis plastik yang berbeza To study the effect of heat on different types of plastics (b) Keadaan plastik/condition of plastic (c) (i) Menjadi lembut apabila dipanas-kan buat kali pertama Becomes soft when heated for the first time only (ii) Lembut apabila panas dan keras apabila sejuk Soft when hot and hard when cold (d) Bakelit boleh diacu sekali sahaja manakala perspeks boleh diacu berulang kali Bakelite can be moulded once only whereas perspex can be moulded repeatedly Bahagian B 3 (a) (i) Pempolimeran/Polymerisation (ii) Penyahpolimeran/Depolymerisation (b) (i) Neoprena/Neoprene (ii) Kloroprena/Chloroprene (c) (i) Tayar/sarung tangan/tyres/gloves (ii) Baju hujan/botol/raincoats/bottles Bahagian C 4 (a) Termoplastik adalah lembut dan senang dibengkokkan berbanding dengan termoset. A thermoplastic is soft and bends easily compared to a thermoset. [1] (b) (i) Tujuan: Untuk mengkaji kebolehan plastik untuk membengkok Aim: To study the ability of plastic to bend. [1] (ii) Pemboleh ubah/variables Pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan: Jenis plastik Manipulated variable: Types of plastic Pemboleh ubah yang bergerak balas: Sama ada plastik membengkok atau tidak Responding variable: Whether the plastic bends or not Pemboleh ubah yang dimalarkan: Saiz plastik yang digunakan Controlled variable: Size of plastic used [2] (iii)radas dan bahan: jalur bakelit, jalur perspeks Apparatus and materials: bakelite strip, perspex strip [1] (iv) Prosedur/Procedure Jalur bakelit dibengkokkan. A strip of bakelite is bent. [1] Kebolehan untuk membengkok diperhatikan. Its ability to bend is observed. [1] J11

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