8. Scrubbing or immersing the skin in chemicals to reduce the numbers of microbes on the skin is: A. disinfection B. sterilization C. antisepsis D.

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1 11 Student: 1. Microbiological contaminants are best described as: A. unwanted microbes present on or in a substance B. any and all microbes present on or in a substance C. pathogenic microbes present on or in a substance D. vegetative microbes present on or in a substance E. none of the choices are correct 2. Physical agents for controlling microbial growth include all the following except: A. ultraviolet radiation B. boiling water C. HEPA filters D. pasteurization E. hydrogen peroxide 3. Which of the following microbial forms have the highest resistance to physical and chemical controls? A. naked viruses B. protozoan cysts C. fungal spores D. bacterial endospores E. yeast 4. The process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms including bacterial endospores is: A. disinfection B. sterilization C. antisepsis D. sanitization E. degermation 5. The process of using a cleansing technique to mechanically remove and reduce microorganisms and debris to safe levels is: A. disinfection B. sterilization C. antisepsis D. sanitization E. degermation 6. The use of a physical or chemical process to destroy vegetative pathogens is: A. disinfection B. sterilization C. antisepsis D. sanitization E. degermation 7. The use of chemical agents directly on exposed body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens is: A. disinfection B. sterilization C. antisepsis D. sanitization E. degermation

2 8. Scrubbing or immersing the skin in chemicals to reduce the numbers of microbes on the skin is: A. disinfection B. sterilization C. antisepsis D. sanitization E. degermation 9. Which of the following types of control agents would be used to achieve sterility? A. virucide B. bactericide C. germicide D. sporicide E. fungicide 10. Which is correct regarding the rate of microbial death? A. cells die at increasingly greater rates B. only older cells die in a culture C. cells in a culture die at a constant rate D. upon contact with the control agent, all cells die at one time E. cells become metabolically inactive but are never killed 11. Sterilization is achieved by: A. flash pasteurization B. hot water C. boiling water D. steam autoclave 12. Dry heat: A. is less efficient than moist heat B. cannot sterilize C. includes tyndallization D. is used in devices called autoclaves E. will sterilize at 121 C for 15 minutes 13. Endospores can be killed by: A. dry heat at 170 C for 2 hours B. incineration C. glutaraldehyde for 3 or more hours D. ethylene oxide for 3 or more hours 14. The minimum sterilizing conditions in a steam autoclave are: A. 121 C at 15 psi for 15 minutes B. 63 C for 30 minutes C. 160 C for 2 hours D C for 15 seconds E. 100 C for 30 minutes 15. The shortest time required to kill all the microbes in a sample at a specified temperature is called the: A. thermal death point (TDP) B. thermal death time (TDT) C. sporicidal time D. death phase point E. none of the choices are correct

3 16. Disinfection of beverages such as apple juice, milk, and wine, is optimally achieved by: A. pasteurization B. chlorination C. moist heat autoclave D. filtration E. boiling water 17. Electrons are ejected from atoms in cells when organisms are exposed to: A. dessication B. ultraviolet light C. ethyl alcohol D. hydrogen peroxide E. gamma rays and X rays 18. Which of the following items are typically irradiated in order to kill microbes? A. cured meats B. human tissues such as heart valves and skin C. operating room air D. surgical gloves 19. HEPA filters are used to remove microbes from: A. air B. liquids C. human tissues D. medical instruments 20. Which of the following is not a heavy metal? A. tincture of iodine B. Merthiolate C. silver nitrate solutions D. zinc E. Mercurochrome 21. All of the following are phenols or phenolics except: A. Lysol B. hexachlorophene C. triclosan D. cresols E. chloramines 22. The easiest microbial forms to kill or inhibit are: A. naked viruses B. vegetative bacteria and fungi C. endospores D. protozoan cysts E. mycobacteria and staphylococci 23. Which control method would not be a suitable choice for killing mycobacteria in a capped culture tube? A. ultraviolet (germicidal) light B. gamma rays C. 121 C at 15 psi for 15 minutes D. 160 C for 2 hours

4 24. All of the following pertain to hypochlorites except: A. release hypochlorous acid in solution B. cause denaturation of enzymes C. found in iodophors D. used to disinfect dairy, restaurant, and medical equipment E. found in common household bleach 25. Which of the following is not used as an antiseptic? A. iodophor B. chlorhexidine C. 3% hydrogen peroxide D. Merthiolate E. aqueous glutaraldehyde 26. Iodophors include: A. chloramines B. Betadine C. tincture of iodine D. alcohols E. chlorhexidine 27. The compound that is an organic base containing chlorine and two phenolic rings, and is used increasingly for wound degerming, neonatal washs, handscrubbing, and prepping surgical skin sites is: A. carbolic acid B. chlorhexidine C. triclosan D. formalin E. quarternary ammonium compounds 28. Alcohols: A. denature proteins when in a 50-95% alcohol-water solution B. disinfect items soaked in alcohol C. are skin degerming agents D. at 50% or higher concentrations dissolve cell membrane lipids 29. Which is mismatched: A. sodium hypochlorite - chlorine B. iodophor - iodine C. benzalkonium chloride - quaternary ammonium compound D. Merthiolate - silver E. formalin - formaldehyde 30. All of the following are alkylating control agents except: A. ethylene oxide B. iodophor C. glutaraldehyde D. formaldehyde E. propylene oxide 31. The sterilizing gas used in chemiclaves is: A. ethylene oxide B. iodophor C. glutaraldehyde D. formaldehyde E. chlorine dioxide

5 32. The chemical agent that produces highly reactive hydroxyl-free radicals and also decomposes to O 2 gas is: A. Cidex B. cationic detergents C. hydrogen peroxide D. chlorhexidine E. iodophors 33. All the following act as surfactants except: A. detergents B. soaps C. quaternary ammonia D. alcohols E. all of the choices are surfactants 34. Ethylene oxide is: A. sporicidal B. only effective with high heat C. the active agent in household bleach D. used as an antiseptic against anaerobes E. a halogen 35. The method of removing vegetative microbial life forms from inanimate objects is termed: A. Antisepsis B. Disinfection C. Sterilization D. Decontamination E. Degerming 36. The method of removing vegetative life forms from living surfaces is termed: A. Antisepsis B. Disinfection C. Sterilization D. Decontamination E. Degerming 37. The removal of all life forms from inanimate objects is termed: A. Antisepsis B. Disinfection C. Sterilization D. Decontamination E. Degerming 38. The betadine swab before blood donation in an example of: A. Antisepsis B. Disinfection C. Sterilization D. Decontamination E. Degerming 39. The alcohol wipe before an injection is an example of: A. Antisepsis B. Disinfection C. Sterilization D. Decontamination E. Degerming

6 40. Each of the following is the target of antimicrobial agents except: A. cell wall B. cell membrane C. ribosomes D. cellular proteins E. cytoplasm 41. Surfactants work by: A. coating the organism preventing interaction with its environment B. blocking transport into the organism C. blocking transport out from the organism D. disrupting membrane integrity 42. Placing organisms at 4 o C is A. bacteriocidal B. bacteriostatic C. decontamination D. sterilization E. none of the choices are correct 43. Pasteurization A. kills all vegetative forms B. reduces number of vegetative forms C. reduces number of endospores D. increases food nutrient value E. none of the choices are correct 44. Place the following forms of radiation in order from the most penetrating to the least penetrating. A. Gamma, Cathode, X-rays B. Gamma, X-rays, Cathode C. Cathode, Gamma, X-ray D. Cathode, X-ray, Gamma E. X-ray, Gamma, Cathode 45. Filtration sterilization A. removes viruses B. relies on gravity C. removes toxins D. is useful for any heat sensitive material 46. heat is more rapidly effective and efficient compared to heat. A. High, dry B. High, moist C. Dry, moist D. Moist, dry E. Moist, high 47. Vials of microorganisms that undergo the freeze-drying process called will remain preserved and viable for years. A. desiccation B. flash freeze C. lyophilization D. none of the choices are correct

7 48. A method for sterilizing milk, called treatment, uses 134 C for 1 to 2 seconds. A. pasteurization B. batch pasteurization C. flash pasteurization D. ultra high temperature E. none of the choices are correct 49. radiation excites atoms to a higher energy state within molecules such as DNA that then leads to the formation of pyrimidine dimers. A. Electromagnetic B. Ultraviolet C. Gamma D. Particle E. Ionizing 50. Some microbial control agents are able to cell proteins by breaking bonds that maintain the native state, three-dimensional configuration of the proteins. A. denature B. bind C. dissolve D. all of the choices are correct 51. is a control method that removes microorganisms rather than inhibiting or killing them. A. Boiling B. Sterilization C. Radiation D. Filtration E. Disinfection 52. is a halogen used in gaseous and liquid form for large scale disinfection of drinking water and sewage. A. Iodine B. Chlorine C. Bromine D. Fluorine 53. solution was introduced in the late nineteenth century for preventing gonococcal infections in a newborn's eyes after exposure to the mother's infected birth canal. A. Merthiolate B. Triclosan C. Betadine D. Silver nitrate E. Zinc oxide 54. Microbicidal agents are sterilants. 55. Bacteriostatic agents kill bacterial cells. 56. The presence of organic matter such as saliva and pus can interfere with the actions of disinfectants. 57. When a control agent targets the metabolic processes of microbial cells, active younger cells typically die more rapidly than older cells.

8 58. A microorganism that is not motile and has stopped metabolizing could be considered dead. 59. Most microbial contaminants of food are killed at freezing temperatures. 60. Sonication dislodges debris and saliva from instruments but will not reliably achieve disinfection or sterilization. 61. Chlorine compounds remain stable and effective in the presence of excess organic matter. 62. Analine dyes like crystal violet have antimicrobial activity particularly against gram positive bacteria and some fungi. 63. Alcohols are more effective at inactivating enveloped viruses than naked viruses. 64. Isopropyl alcohol wiped across a skin site can sterilize it. 65. Chlorine and ethylene oxide are sterilizing gases. 66. Compare and contrast antisepsis, disinfection, sanitization, and sterilization with regard to techniques used and level of microbial control achieved. 67. Discuss the purpose and level of control achieved by pasteurization. Compare the flash and batch methods. 68. Explain why boiling water is considered a disinfection, not a sterilization method. List 3 materials commonly disinfected by boiling water. 69. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of irradiating food. Include examples of foods that are irradiated. 70. Discuss the technique of filtration as a microbial control method, why it's utilized, and specific materials that are filtered. 71. For each item listed below, select a sterilant that you feel is the most suitable and effective for that item. Discuss why you selected each sterilant. a. plastic Petri dishes to be used for nutrient media b. glass tubes of bacterial cultures to be discarded c. sterile milk d. dozens of reusable glass pipets e. bone tissue for grafting f. room air g. hospital mattresses h. biopsy tissue for histology analysis i. plastic respiratory therapy equipment and arthroscopes j. vaccines

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10 11 Key 1. Microbiological contaminants are best described as: A. unwanted microbes present on or in a substance B. any and all microbes present on or in a substance C. pathogenic microbes present on or in a substance D. vegetative microbes present on or in a substance E. none of the choices are correct Cowan Chapter... #1 2. Physical agents for controlling microbial growth include all the following except: A. ultraviolet radiation B. boiling water C. HEPA filters D. pasteurization E. hydrogen peroxide Cowan Chapter... #2 3. Which of the following microbial forms have the highest resistance to physical and chemical controls? A. naked viruses B. protozoan cysts C. fungal spores D. bacterial endospores E. yeast Cowan Chapter... #3 4. The process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms including bacterial endospores is: A. disinfection B. sterilization C. antisepsis D. sanitization E. degermation Cowan Chapter... #4 5. The process of using a cleansing technique to mechanically remove and reduce microorganisms and debris to safe levels is: A. disinfection B. sterilization C. antisepsis D. sanitization E. degermation 6. The use of a physical or chemical process to destroy vegetative pathogens is: A. disinfection B. sterilization C. antisepsis D. sanitization E. degermation Cowan Chapter... #5 Cowan Chapter... #6

11 7. The use of chemical agents directly on exposed body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens is: A. disinfection B. sterilization C. antisepsis D. sanitization E. degermation Cowan Chapter... #7 8. Scrubbing or immersing the skin in chemicals to reduce the numbers of microbes on the skin is: A. disinfection B. sterilization C. antisepsis D. sanitization E. degermation Cowan Chapter... #8 9. Which of the following types of control agents would be used to achieve sterility? A. virucide B. bactericide C. germicide D. sporicide E. fungicide 10. Which is correct regarding the rate of microbial death? A. cells die at increasingly greater rates B. only older cells die in a culture C. cells in a culture die at a constant rate D. upon contact with the control agent, all cells die at one time E. cells become metabolically inactive but are never killed 11. Sterilization is achieved by: A. flash pasteurization B. hot water C. boiling water D. steam autoclave 12. Dry heat: A. is less efficient than moist heat B. cannot sterilize C. includes tyndallization D. is used in devices called autoclaves E. will sterilize at 121 C for 15 minutes 13. Endospores can be killed by: A. dry heat at 170 C for 2 hours B. incineration C. glutaraldehyde for 3 or more hours D. ethylene oxide for 3 or more hours Cowan Chapter... #9 Cowan Chapter... #10 Cowan Chapter... #11 Cowan Chapter... #12 Cowan Chapter... #13

12 14. The minimum sterilizing conditions in a steam autoclave are: A. 121 C at 15 psi for 15 minutes B. 63 C for 30 minutes C. 160 C for 2 hours D C for 15 seconds E. 100 C for 30 minutes Cowan Chapter... # The shortest time required to kill all the microbes in a sample at a specified temperature is called the: A. thermal death point (TDP) B. thermal death time (TDT) C. sporicidal time D. death phase point E. none of the choices are correct Cowan Chapter... # Disinfection of beverages such as apple juice, milk, and wine, is optimally achieved by: A. pasteurization B. chlorination C. moist heat autoclave D. filtration E. boiling water 17. Electrons are ejected from atoms in cells when organisms are exposed to: A. dessication B. ultraviolet light C. ethyl alcohol D. hydrogen peroxide E. gamma rays and X rays Cowan Chapter... #16 Cowan Chapter... # Which of the following items are typically irradiated in order to kill microbes? A. cured meats B. human tissues such as heart valves and skin C. operating room air D. surgical gloves 19. HEPA filters are used to remove microbes from: A. air B. liquids C. human tissues D. medical instruments 20. Which of the following is not a heavy metal? A. tincture of iodine B. Merthiolate C. silver nitrate solutions D. zinc E. Mercurochrome Cowan Chapter... #18 Cowan Chapter... #19 Cowan Chapter... #20

13 21. All of the following are phenols or phenolics except: A. Lysol B. hexachlorophene C. triclosan D. cresols E. chloramines 22. The easiest microbial forms to kill or inhibit are: A. naked viruses B. vegetative bacteria and fungi C. endospores D. protozoan cysts E. mycobacteria and staphylococci Cowan Chapter... #21 Cowan Chapter... # Which control method would not be a suitable choice for killing mycobacteria in a capped culture tube? A. ultraviolet (germicidal) light B. gamma rays C. 121 C at 15 psi for 15 minutes D. 160 C for 2 hours 24. All of the following pertain to hypochlorites except: A. release hypochlorous acid in solution B. cause denaturation of enzymes C. found in iodophors D. used to disinfect dairy, restaurant, and medical equipment E. found in common household bleach 25. Which of the following is not used as an antiseptic? A. iodophor B. chlorhexidine C. 3% hydrogen peroxide D. Merthiolate E. aqueous glutaraldehyde 26. Iodophors include: A. chloramines B. Betadine C. tincture of iodine D. alcohols E. chlorhexidine Cowan Chapter... #23 Cowan Chapter... #24 Cowan Chapter... #25 Cowan Chapter... # The compound that is an organic base containing chlorine and two phenolic rings, and is used increasingly for wound degerming, neonatal washs, handscrubbing, and prepping surgical skin sites is: A. carbolic acid B. chlorhexidine C. triclosan D. formalin E. quarternary ammonium compounds Cowan Chapter... #27

14 28. Alcohols: A. denature proteins when in a 50-95% alcohol-water solution B. disinfect items soaked in alcohol C. are skin degerming agents D. at 50% or higher concentrations dissolve cell membrane lipids 29. Which is mismatched: A. sodium hypochlorite - chlorine B. iodophor - iodine C. benzalkonium chloride - quaternary ammonium compound D. Merthiolate - silver E. formalin - formaldehyde 30. All of the following are alkylating control agents except: A. ethylene oxide B. iodophor C. glutaraldehyde D. formaldehyde E. propylene oxide 31. The sterilizing gas used in chemiclaves is: A. ethylene oxide B. iodophor C. glutaraldehyde D. formaldehyde E. chlorine dioxide Cowan Chapter... #28 Cowan Chapter... #29 Cowan Chapter... #30 Cowan Chapter... # The chemical agent that produces highly reactive hydroxyl-free radicals and also decomposes to O 2 gas is: A. Cidex B. cationic detergents C. hydrogen peroxide D. chlorhexidine E. iodophors 33. All the following act as surfactants except: A. detergents B. soaps C. quaternary ammonia D. alcohols E. all of the choices are surfactants 34. Ethylene oxide is: A. sporicidal B. only effective with high heat C. the active agent in household bleach D. used as an antiseptic against anaerobes E. a halogen Cowan Chapter... #32 Cowan Chapter... #33 Cowan Chapter... #34

15 35. The method of removing vegetative microbial life forms from inanimate objects is termed: A. Antisepsis B. Disinfection C. Sterilization D. Decontamination E. Degerming Cowan Chapter... # The method of removing vegetative life forms from living surfaces is termed: A. Antisepsis B. Disinfection C. Sterilization D. Decontamination E. Degerming 37. The removal of all life forms from inanimate objects is termed: A. Antisepsis B. Disinfection C. Sterilization D. Decontamination E. Degerming 38. The betadine swab before blood donation in an example of: A. Antisepsis B. Disinfection C. Sterilization D. Decontamination E. Degerming 39. The alcohol wipe before an injection is an example of: A. Antisepsis B. Disinfection C. Sterilization D. Decontamination E. Degerming 40. Each of the following is the target of antimicrobial agents except: A. cell wall B. cell membrane C. ribosomes D. cellular proteins E. cytoplasm 41. Surfactants work by: A. coating the organism preventing interaction with its environment B. blocking transport into the organism C. blocking transport out from the organism D. disrupting membrane integrity Cowan Chapter... #36 Cowan Chapter... #37 Cowan Chapter... #38 Cowan Chapter... #39 Cowan Chapter... #40 Cowan Chapter... #41

16 42. Placing organisms at 4 o C is A. bacteriocidal B. bacteriostatic C. decontamination D. sterilization E. none of the choices are correct 43. Pasteurization A. kills all vegetative forms B. reduces number of vegetative forms C. reduces number of endospores D. increases food nutrient value E. none of the choices are correct Cowan Chapter... #42 Cowan Chapter... # Place the following forms of radiation in order from the most penetrating to the least penetrating. A. Gamma, Cathode, X-rays B. Gamma, X-rays, Cathode C. Cathode, Gamma, X-ray D. Cathode, X-ray, Gamma E. X-ray, Gamma, Cathode 45. Filtration sterilization A. removes viruses B. relies on gravity C. removes toxins D. is useful for any heat sensitive material 46. heat is more rapidly effective and efficient compared to heat. A. High, dry B. High, moist C. Dry, moist D. Moist, dry E. Moist, high Cowan Chapter... #44 Cowan Chapter... #45 Cowan Chapter... # Vials of microorganisms that undergo the freeze-drying process called will remain preserved and viable for years. A. desiccation B. flash freeze C. lyophilization D. none of the choices are correct Cowan Chapter... # A method for sterilizing milk, called treatment, uses 134 C for 1 to 2 seconds. A. pasteurization B. batch pasteurization C. flash pasteurization D. ultra high temperature E. none of the choices are correct Cowan Chapter... #48

17 49. radiation excites atoms to a higher energy state within molecules such as DNA that then leads to the formation of pyrimidine dimers. A. Electromagnetic B. Ultraviolet C. Gamma D. Particle E. Ionizing Cowan Chapter... # Some microbial control agents are able to cell proteins by breaking bonds that maintain the native state, three-dimensional configuration of the proteins. A. denature B. bind C. dissolve D. all of the choices are correct Cowan Chapter... # is a control method that removes microorganisms rather than inhibiting or killing them. A. Boiling B. Sterilization C. Radiation D. Filtration E. Disinfection Cowan Chapter... # is a halogen used in gaseous and liquid form for large scale disinfection of drinking water and sewage. A. Iodine B. Chlorine C. Bromine D. Fluorine Cowan Chapter... # solution was introduced in the late nineteenth century for preventing gonococcal infections in a newborn's eyes after exposure to the mother's infected birth canal. A. Merthiolate B. Triclosan C. Betadine D. Silver nitrate E. Zinc oxide 54. Microbicidal agents are sterilants. FALSE 55. Bacteriostatic agents kill bacterial cells. FALSE Cowan Chapter... #53 Cowan Chapter... #54 Cowan Chapter... # The presence of organic matter such as saliva and pus can interfere with the actions of disinfectants. TRUE Cowan Chapter... # When a control agent targets the metabolic processes of microbial cells, active younger cells typically die more rapidly than older cells. TRUE Cowan Chapter... #57

18 58. A microorganism that is not motile and has stopped metabolizing could be considered dead. FALSE 59. Most microbial contaminants of food are killed at freezing temperatures. FALSE Cowan Chapter... #58 Cowan Chapter... # Sonication dislodges debris and saliva from instruments but will not reliably achieve disinfection or sterilization. TRUE Cowan Chapter... # Chlorine compounds remain stable and effective in the presence of excess organic matter. FALSE Cowan Chapter... # Analine dyes like crystal violet have antimicrobial activity particularly against gram positive bacteria and some fungi. TRUE Cowan Chapter... # Alcohols are more effective at inactivating enveloped viruses than naked viruses. TRUE 64. Isopropyl alcohol wiped across a skin site can sterilize it. FALSE 65. Chlorine and ethylene oxide are sterilizing gases. TRUE Cowan Chapter... #63 Cowan Chapter... #64 Cowan Chapter... # Compare and contrast antisepsis, disinfection, sanitization, and sterilization with regard to techniques used and level of microbial control achieved. Answers will vary. Cowan Chapter... # Discuss the purpose and level of control achieved by pasteurization. Compare the flash and batch methods. Answers will vary. Cowan Chapter... # Explain why boiling water is considered a disinfection, not a sterilization method. List 3 materials commonly disinfected by boiling water. Answers will vary. Cowan Chapter... # Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of irradiating food. Include examples of foods that are irradiated. Answers will vary. Cowan Chapter... # Discuss the technique of filtration as a microbial control method, why it's utilized, and specific materials that are filtered. Answers will vary. Cowan Chapter... #70

19 71. For each item listed below, select a sterilant that you feel is the most suitable and effective for that item. Discuss why you selected each sterilant. a. plastic Petri dishes to be used for nutrient media b. glass tubes of bacterial cultures to be discarded c. sterile milk d. dozens of reusable glass pipets e. bone tissue for grafting f. room air g. hospital mattresses h. biopsy tissue for histology analysis i. plastic respiratory therapy equipment and arthroscopes j. vaccines Answers will vary. Cowan Chapter... #71

20 Category # of Question s Cowan Chapter Summary

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