Gene Tagging with Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Markers for Molecular Breeding in Plants
|
|
- Antonia Quinn
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 20(3): (2001) Gene Tagging with Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Markers for Molecular Breeding in Plants S. A. Ranade, * Nuzhat Farooqui, Esha Bhattacharya, and Anjali Verma Plant Molecular Biology Division, National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow (U.P.) India * Corresponding author. Plant Molecular Biology Division, National Botanical Research, Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow (U.P.) India. Fax. no.: (91) , shirishranade@yahoo.com. ABSTRACT: Markers are of interest to plant breeders as a source of genetic information on crops and for use in indirect selection of traits to which the markers are linked. In the classic breeding approach, the markers were invariably the visible morphological and other phenotypic characters, and the breeders expended considerable effort and time in refining the crosses as the tight linkage or association of the desired characters with the obvious phenotypic characters was never unequivocally established. Furthermore, indirect selection for a trait using such morphological markers was not practical due to (1) a paucity of suitable markers, (2) the undesirable pleiotropic effects of many morphological markers on plant phenotype, and (3) the inability to score multiple morphological mutant traits in a single segregating population. With the advancement in molecular biology, the use of molecular markers in plant breeding has become very commonplace and has given rise to molecular breeding. Molecular breeding involves primarily gene tagging, followed by marker-assisted selection of desired genes or genomes. Gene tagging refers to the identification of existing DNA or the introduction of new DNA that can function as a tag or label for the gene of interest. In order for the DNA sequences to be conserved as a tag, important prerequisites exist. This review also summarizes the achievements in gene tagging that have been made over the last 7 to 8 years. KEY WORDS: RAPD, gene tagging. I. INTRODUCTION Markers are of interest to plant breeders as a source of genetic information on crops and for use in indirect selection of traits to which the markers are linked. In the classic breeding approach, the markers were invariably the visible morphological and other phenotypic characters. The inheritance of these characters was scored for in a cross. Further, the success of the selection of other desirable traits to which these (the visible, morphological characters) were apparently closely associated with was also invariably evaluated. This resulted in an indirect selection of the desired characters. In all of these processes, the tight linkage or association of the desired characters with the obvious phenotypic characters was never established unequivocally. Consequently, the /01/$ by CRC Press LLC breeders expended considerable effort and time in refining the crosses. Therefore, until recently such indirect selection for a trait was not practical due to several reasons, such as a paucity of suitable markers, the undesirable pleiotropic effects of many morphological markers on plant phenotype, and the inability to score multiple morphological mutant traits in a single segregating population (Paterson et al., 1991). With the advancement in molecular biology, the use of molecular markers in plant breeding has become very commonplace and has given rise to molecular breeding. Molecular breeding involves primarily gene tagging, followed by marker-assisted selection of desired genes or genomes. Gene tagging refers to identification of existing DNA or introduction of new DNA that can function as a tag or label for the gene of interest. In order for the DNA se- 251
2 quences to be conserved as a tag, important prerequisites have been identified (see box in Figure 1). A number of molecular tags have now been determined for many genes in most of the important plants. These molecular tags include cloned restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) probes, oligonucleotide RFLP probes, variable number tandem repeats (VNTR), microsatellite, minisatellite, and other DNA fingerprint loci, and specific as well as arbitrary sequence primers. For any or all of these to be used as tags, these must satisfy the given criteria. Gene tagging and marker-assisted selection is an essential component of molecular breeding and is based on saturation mapping of the genomes. This has opened up the possibility of identifying, mapping, tagging, and even isolating or transferring quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Thus, the most powerful application of DNA markers in plant breeding may be the ability to clone genes hitherto known only by phenotype. In the past, cloning such genes was difficult or impossible. With the advent of DNA marker technology and transposon tagging, important genes have now become accessible to molecular cloning. DNA markers provide the essential starting point for physical isolation of genomic regions containing the gene of interest (positional cloning). The efforts that are involved in tagging a gene can be used further as a part of marker-assisted selection program. As the economically important genes are tagged, they can even be transferred to unrelated species. Molecular breeding has an important role in crop-improvement programs. However, in the case of the difficult plants, molecular breeding can have an even more profound impact. Forest trees are the dominant plant life covering millions of hectares on the Earth and form vital plant communities that sustain a great diversity of life forms. Tree breeding programs have become the most important part of intensive forestry practices. The trees, however, due to large genome sizes and lack of any or substantial genetic linkage data, are considered to be among the difficult subjects for genetic studies (Lehner et al., 1995). Similarly, for all other plants where genetic data are scanty or crosses are difficult to achieve or in the case of the long-lived perennials, genetic linkage and mapping work is never easy to carry out. Consequently, in all such difficult cases, it is expected that complex trait dissection and molecular breeding will be better achieved through the use of gene tags or molecular markers (Lander and Schork, 1994) than through conventional breeding. The utility of molecular markers in tree breeding and improvement programs has been reviewed previously (Strauss et al., 1992; Tauer et al., 1992; Kremer et al., 1994). II. MARKERS USED FOR GENE TAGGING Markers based on variation in length of DNA fragments obtained by digestion with restriction endonuclease (RFLPs, Botstein et al., 1980) were the earliest to be developed for molecular breeding work. Such markers have several advantages over other markers. They can detect more number of loci and alleles, are phenotypically neutral, and can be scored at any stage of plant development. RFLP markers have been employed extensively to tag useful genes in several crop plants and trees. To list all of these is beyond the scope of this review. The trend in the recent years is, however, to combine RFLP markers with RAPD and other PCR-based markers to carry out saturation mapping and even marker-assisted selection for pyramiding desirable genes (Huang et al., 1997). RFLP technology has been reviewed previously (Paterson et al., 1991; Young, 1992; Lee, 1995; Winter and Kahl 1995). Despite the demonstrated usefulness of RFLP markers, the development of these markers involves a tedious, expensive, and multistep process that requires considerable investment in personnel, equipment, and chemical and safety concerns if radioactive probes are used. Furthermore, only one of several markers screened is polymorphic, and this can be of serious concern in cases of crosses involving closely related plants (Winter and Kahl, 1995). Finally, the RFLP technique requires repeated application and a large amount of DNA for each application. This makes the RFLP analysis a cost- and effort-intensive technology. Isozymes have been used as markers and genetic characters. However, the numbers of 252
3 FIGURE 1. The important prerequisites for the use of DNA sequences as gene tags are listed in the textbox. It is only when these prerequisites are fulfilled that gene tagging with DNA sequences will succeed. 253
4 isozymes that could be reliably assayed were limited by their assay conditions, and at best only 100 or so of the isozyme loci were detected. These low numbers of isozyme loci relative to the enormously large size of the plant genome were thus inadequate to help in saturation mapping, and therefore in gene tagging. Furthermore, in many cases the detection and assay of the enzyme were influenced by temporal and spatial factors, as a result of which the isozyme assay of genetic loci were ineffective. Thus, the isozymes have found lesser applications in gene tagging and markerassisted selection programs, despite being among the earliest to be developed for molecular breeding work (Tanksley and Orton, 1983). Recently, a molecular marker based on PCR has been developed that overcomes many of these limitations of RFLP and isozyme markers. The basic PCR was modified to develop a new form of molecular marker, the RAPD marker (Welsh and McClelland, 1990; Williams et al., 1990). Essentially, a single short primer of arbitrary sequence is selected at random to be used singly in PCR. This primer is expected to anneal to one or more sequence sites on both strands of the template DNA. Every time the primer anneals to at least two sites on the opposite strands such that the maximum distance between the two sites is less than 5 kbp and such that the 3'-OH ends of the primer at the two sites face each other, a discrete product is formed. A schematic description of the RAPD strategy is described in Figure 2. Further, as the starting plant DNA used as the template is much larger than both the primer and this maximum size of 5 kbp, there can be several such discrete products formed. Given the enormously large number of such short arbitrary sequence primers possible, this technique offers an excellent prospect for generating several polymorphic profiles that can be useful for gene tagging, MAS, and related techniques. RAPD technique has revolutionized genetic analyses in many plants and animals in the decade since it was first discovered. The polymorphism is identified as presence or absence of discrete bands and thus is of dominant nature. This was initially considered as being detrimental to carrying out detailed genetic analyses. Despite these limitations, however, several notable achievements have been made in tagging genes with RAPD profiles wholly or partially. The entire range of genetic populations, simple segregants and bulk samples have been elegantly used to tag diverse genes such as the genes for resistance to pest and pathogens, the genes encoding yield and growth function, and the genes encoding sex determination. Gene tagging using RAPD markers has at least three major advantages over other methods. First, a universal set of primers can be used and screened in a short period, second, isolation of cloned DNA probes or preparation of hybridization filters is not required; and third only a small quantity of genomic DNA is needed for each analysis. The genomic DNA can be easily obtained using simple and rapid methods (Dellaporta et al., 1983; Edward et al., 1991; Weing and Culter, 1993). Ragot and Hoisington (1993) have shown in their study that the cost per data point for RFLPs is less for large populations, while RAPDs are preferred in the case of small populations. This difference is, however, immaterial in many of the self-pollinated crops where RFLPs lack a sufficient level of polymorphism within a species or between related breeding material. RAPDs under these conditions appear to detect higher levels of polymorphism and are more valuable in gene tagging too, an area where breeders are focusing their attention currently. III. GENETIC POPULATIONS USED FOR TAGGING The actual applications of RAPD in gene tagging programs have generally involved the use of specific genetic populations. These include populations derived from or consisting of recurrent back cross selection progenies, recombinant inbred lines, near isogenic lines, and in a few cases single segregants of defined crosses. In those plants where such genetic populations are not available or easily obtainable, gene tagging has been achieved using bulked samples and segregants such that the contrasting characters to be tagged is analyzed in separate bulks. The advancement in gene tagging over the last 5 to 6 years is summarized in Tables 1 to
5 FIGURE 2. RAPD strategy. The strategy for carrying out RAPD PCR in case of say two trees is diagrammatically represented in this figure. The gel photograph in the lower most panel is part of an actual experimental result in case of several neem variety DNAs, using primer OP-D18 (from Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, CA, USA). Just two lanes are selected for display here to illustrate the RAPD strategy for gene tagging. The two trees are shown to differ in branching character and the strategy aims at the identification of a RAPD pattern that wholly or partly seems to correlate with the differences in branching patterns between the trees. 255
6 TABLE 1 Gene Tagging Using Direct Plant Types, Cultivars, Doubled Haploids, Haploid Mega- Gametophytes, Rootstock, and Other Similar Materials 256
7 257
8 TABLE 1 (continued) 258
9 TABLE 2 Gene Tagging Using Segregating and Backcross Progeny as Well as Using the F1 Hybrids and Subsequent Generation Progeny 259
10 TABLE 2 (continued) 260
11 TABLE 3 Gene Tagging Using Near-Isogenic Lines (NIL) 261
12 TABLE 3 (continued) 262
Authors: Vivek Sharma and Ram Kunwar
Molecular markers types and applications A genetic marker is a gene or known DNA sequence on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species. Why we need Molecular Markers There will be
More informationIntroduction to some aspects of molecular genetics
Introduction to some aspects of molecular genetics Julius van der Werf (partly based on notes from Margaret Katz) University of New England, Armidale, Australia Genetic and Physical maps of the genome...
More informationMarker types. Potato Association of America Frederiction August 9, Allen Van Deynze
Marker types Potato Association of America Frederiction August 9, 2009 Allen Van Deynze Use of DNA Markers in Breeding Germplasm Analysis Fingerprinting of germplasm Arrangement of diversity (clustering,
More informationMapping and Mapping Populations
Mapping and Mapping Populations Types of mapping populations F 2 o Two F 1 individuals are intermated Backcross o Cross of a recurrent parent to a F 1 Recombinant Inbred Lines (RILs; F 2 -derived lines)
More informationI.1 The Principle: Identification and Application of Molecular Markers
I.1 The Principle: Identification and Application of Molecular Markers P. Langridge and K. Chalmers 1 1 Introduction Plant breeding is based around the identification and utilisation of genetic variation.
More informationSolCAP. Executive Commitee : David Douches Walter De Jong Robin Buell David Francis Alexandra Stone Lukas Mueller AllenVan Deynze
SolCAP Solanaceae Coordinated Agricultural Project Supported by the National Research Initiative Plant Genome Program of USDA CSREES for the Improvement of Potato and Tomato Executive Commitee : David
More informationSept 2. Structure and Organization of Genomes. Today: Genetic and Physical Mapping. Sept 9. Forward and Reverse Genetics. Genetic and Physical Mapping
Sept 2. Structure and Organization of Genomes Today: Genetic and Physical Mapping Assignments: Gibson & Muse, pp.4-10 Brown, pp. 126-160 Olson et al., Science 245: 1434 New homework:due, before class,
More informationComparative study of EST-SSR, SSR, RAPD, and ISSR and their transferability analysis in pea, chickpea and mungbean
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. IV, Issue 2/ May 2016 ISSN 2286-4822 www.euacademic.org Impact Factor: 3.4546 (UIF) DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+) Comparative study of EST-SSR, SSR, RAPD, and ISSR and their transferability
More informationPCB Fa Falll l2012
PCB 5065 Fall 2012 Molecular Markers Bassi and Monet (2008) Morphological Markers Cai et al. (2010) JoVE Cytogenetic Markers Boskovic and Tobutt, 1998 Isozyme Markers What Makes a Good DNA Marker? High
More informationGENETICS EXAM 3 FALL a) is a technique that allows you to separate nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) by size.
Student Name: All questions are worth 5 pts. each. GENETICS EXAM 3 FALL 2004 1. a) is a technique that allows you to separate nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) by size. b) Name one of the materials (of the two
More informationDepartment of Biotechnology. Molecular Markers. In plant breeding. Nitin Swamy
Department of Biotechnology Molecular Markers Nitin Swamy In plant breeding 17 1. Introduction Molecular breeding (MB) may be defined in a broad-sense as the use of genetic manipulation performed at DNA
More informationMAS refers to the use of DNA markers that are tightly-linked to target loci as a substitute for or to assist phenotypic screening.
Marker assisted selection in rice Introduction The development of DNA (or molecular) markers has irreversibly changed the disciplines of plant genetics and plant breeding. While there are several applications
More informationConcepts: What are RFLPs and how do they act like genetic marker loci?
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) -1 Readings: Griffiths et al: 7th Edition: Ch. 12 pp. 384-386; Ch.13 pp404-407 8th Edition: pp. 364-366 Assigned Problems: 8th Ch. 11: 32, 34, 38-39 7th
More informationBIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH.20 - BIOTECHNOLOGY.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: DNA CLONING DNA cloning is a technique that inserts a foreign gene into a living host to replicate the gene and produce gene products. Transformation the process by which
More informationPlant breeding QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci)
Plant breeding Methods and use of classical plant breeding. Molecular marker technology, Marker assisted selection in plant breeding. QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci), Genetic analysis and characterization
More informationUsing molecular marker technology in studies on plant genetic diversity Final considerations
Using molecular marker technology in studies on plant genetic diversity Final considerations Copyright: IPGRI and Cornell University, 2003 Final considerations 1 Contents! When choosing a technique...!
More informationMidterm 1 Results. Midterm 1 Akey/ Fields Median Number of Students. Exam Score
Midterm 1 Results 10 Midterm 1 Akey/ Fields Median - 69 8 Number of Students 6 4 2 0 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 101 Exam Score Quick review of where we left off Parental type: the
More informationSTANDER, l.r., Betaseed, Inc. P.O. Box 859, Kimberly, ID The relationship between biotechnology and classical plant breeding.
STANDER, l.r., Betaseed, Inc. P.O. Box 859, Kimberly, ID 83341. The relationship between biotechnology and classical plant breeding. Plant breeders have been relatively successful over the years. Duvick
More informationLecture 12. Genomics. Mapping. Definition Species sequencing ESTs. Why? Types of mapping Markers p & Types
Lecture 12 Reading Lecture 12: p. 335-338, 346-353 Lecture 13: p. 358-371 Genomics Definition Species sequencing ESTs Mapping Why? Types of mapping Markers p.335-338 & 346-353 Types 222 omics Interpreting
More informationApplicazioni biotecnologiche
Applicazioni biotecnologiche Analisi forense Sintesi di proteine ricombinanti Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Polymorphism (more fully genetic polymorphism) refers to the simultaneous occurrence
More informationModule 1 Principles of plant breeding
Covered topics, Distance Learning course Plant Breeding M1-M5 V2.0 Dr. Jan-Kees Goud, Wageningen University & Research The five main modules consist of the following content: Module 1 Principles of plant
More informationCourse Syllabus for FISH/CMBL 7660 Fall 2008
Course Syllabus for FISH/CMBL 7660 Fall 2008 Course title: Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Course number: FISH 7660/CMBL7660 Instructor: Dr. John Liu Room: 303 Swingle Hall Lecture: 8:00-9:15 a.m.
More informationPopulation Genetics. If we closely examine the individuals of a population, there is almost always PHENOTYPIC
1 Population Genetics How Much Genetic Variation exists in Natural Populations? Phenotypic Variation If we closely examine the individuals of a population, there is almost always PHENOTYPIC VARIATION -
More informationRestriction Enzymes (endonucleases)
In order to understand and eventually manipulate DNA (human or otherwise) an array of DNA technologies have been developed. Here are some of the tools: Restriction Enzymes (endonucleases) In order to manipulate
More informationUsing mutants to clone genes
Using mutants to clone genes Objectives: 1. What is positional cloning? 2. What is insertional tagging? 3. How can one confirm that the gene cloned is the same one that is mutated to give the phenotype
More informationThe Use of RAPD for the Identification of Sugar Beet Varieties
October-December 1993 Use of RAPD for Identification of Varieties 291 The Use of RAPD for the Identification of Sugar Beet Varieties B. V. Ford-Lloyd, M. Munthali, and H. J. Newbury School ojbiological
More information7.1 Techniques for Producing and Analyzing DNA. SBI4U Ms. Ho-Lau
7.1 Techniques for Producing and Analyzing DNA SBI4U Ms. Ho-Lau What is Biotechnology? From Merriam-Webster: the manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful usually commercial
More informationB) You can conclude that A 1 is identical by descent. Notice that A2 had to come from the father (and therefore, A1 is maternal in both cases).
Homework questions. Please provide your answers on a separate sheet. Examine the following pedigree. A 1,2 B 1,2 A 1,3 B 1,3 A 1,2 B 1,2 A 1,2 B 1,3 1. (1 point) The A 1 alleles in the two brothers are
More informationBENG 183 Trey Ideker. Genotyping. To be covered in one 1.5 hr lecture
BENG 183 Trey Ideker Genotyping To be covered in one 1.5 hr lecture Genetic variation: Some basic definitions Allele Alternative form of a genetic locus inherited separately from each parent Polymorphism
More information3I03 - Eukaryotic Genetics Repetitive DNA
Repetitive DNA Satellite DNA Minisatellite DNA Microsatellite DNA Transposable elements LINES, SINES and other retrosequences High copy number genes (e.g. ribosomal genes, histone genes) Multifamily member
More informationMARKER-ASSISTED EVALUATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF MAIZE
MARKER-ASSISTED EVALUATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF MAIZE Charles W. Stuber Department of Genetics North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7614 Q INTRODUCTION Plant and animal breeders
More informationA brief introduction to Marker-Assisted Breeding. a BASF Plant Science Company
A brief introduction to Marker-Assisted Breeding a BASF Plant Science Company Gene Expression DNA is stored in chromosomes within the nucleus of each cell RNA Cell Chromosome Gene Isoleucin Proline Valine
More informationI. Gene Cloning & Recombinant DNA. Biotechnology: Figure 1: Restriction Enzyme Activity. Restriction Enzyme:
I. Gene Cloning & Recombinant DNA Biotechnology: Figure 1: Restriction Enzyme Activity Restriction Enzyme: Most restriction enzymes recognize a single short base sequence, or Restriction Site. Restriction
More informationINTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF PLANTS GENEVA
E BMT Guidelines (proj.4) ORIGINAL: English DATE: December 21, 2005 INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF PLANTS GENEVA GUIDELINES FOR DNA-PROFILING: MOLECULAR MARKER SELECTION AND
More informationGenetic dissection of complex traits, crop improvement through markerassisted selection, and genomic selection
Genetic dissection of complex traits, crop improvement through markerassisted selection, and genomic selection Awais Khan Adaptation and Abiotic Stress Genetics, Potato and sweetpotato International Potato
More informationIdentifying Genes Underlying QTLs
Identifying Genes Underlying QTLs Reading: Frary, A. et al. 2000. fw2.2: A quantitative trait locus key to the evolution of tomato fruit size. Science 289:85-87. Paran, I. and D. Zamir. 2003. Quantitative
More informationLecture 1 Introduction to Modern Plant Breeding. Bruce Walsh lecture notes Tucson Winter Institute 7-9 Jan 2013
Lecture 1 Introduction to Modern Plant Breeding Bruce Walsh lecture notes Tucson Winter Institute 7-9 Jan 2013 1 Importance of Plant breeding Plant breeding is the most important technology developed by
More informationIdentification of a RAPD marker linked to a male fertility restoration gene in cotton
TITLE Identification of a RAPD marker linked to a male fertility restoration gene in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Tien-Hung Lan 1, Charles G. Cook 2 & Andrew H. Paterson 1, * 1 Department of Soil and
More informationBiology 445K Winter 2007 DNA Fingerprinting
Biology 445K Winter 2007 DNA Fingerprinting For Friday 3/9 lab: in your lab notebook write out (in bullet style NOT paragraph style) the steps for BOTH the check cell DNA prep and the hair follicle DNA
More informationSouthern hybridization technique
Southern hybridization technique DNA fingerprint analysis is based on the "Southern" hybridization technique. In this method: DNA fingerprinting, also termed DNA profile analysis is based on the use of
More informationMolecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 11: Recombinant DNA
Molecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 11: Recombinant DNA Question No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the following statements about the sources of DNA used for molecular cloning is correct? Question #1 (A) cdna
More informationMolecular studies (SSR) for screening of genetic variability among direct regenerants of sugarcane clone NIA-98
Molecular studies (R) for screening of genetic variability among direct regenerants of sugarcane clone NIA-98 Dr. Imtiaz A. Khan Pr. cientist / PI sugarcane and molecular marker group NIA-2012 NIA-2010
More informationCourse Competencies Template Form 112
Course Competencies Template Form 112 GENERAL INFORMATION Course Prefix/Number: PCB-2061 Number of Credits: 3 Degree Type Date Submitted: New Course Competency Course Title: Genetics B.A. B.S. B.A.S A.A.
More informationMOLECULAR TYPING TECHNIQUES
MOLECULAR TYPING TECHNIQUES RATIONALE Used for: Identify the origin of a nosocomial infection Identify transmission of disease between individuals Recognise emergence of a hypervirulent strain Recognise
More informationUsing mutants to clone genes
Using mutants to clone genes Objectives 1. What is positional cloning? 2. What is insertional tagging? 3. How can one confirm that the gene cloned is the same one that is mutated to give the phenotype
More informationMolecular Marker-Assisted Breeding
Paper 10 be presented allhe Asia and Pacific Seed Association Annual Conference. September 2000 Molecular Marker-Assisted Breeding Jonathan H. Crouch Head, Applied Genomics Laboratory International Crops
More informationGenomic Selection in Breeding Programs BIOL 509 November 26, 2013
Genomic Selection in Breeding Programs BIOL 509 November 26, 2013 Omnia Ibrahim omniyagamal@yahoo.com 1 Outline 1- Definitions 2- Traditional breeding 3- Genomic selection (as tool of molecular breeding)
More informationHCS806 Summer 2010 Methods in Plant Biology: Breeding with Molecular Markers
HCS806 Summer 2010 Methods in Plant Biology: Breeding with Molecular Markers Lecture 7. Populations The foundation of any crop improvement program is built on populations. This session will explore population
More informationMolecular markers in plant breeding
Molecular markers in plant breeding Jumbo MacDonald et al., MAIZE BREEDERS COURSE Palace Hotel Arusha, Tanzania 4 Sep to 16 Sep 2016 Molecular Markers QTL Mapping Association mapping GWAS Genomic Selection
More informationGDMS Templates Documentation GDMS Templates Release 1.0
GDMS Templates Documentation GDMS Templates Release 1.0 1 Table of Contents 1. SSR Genotyping Template 03 2. DArT Genotyping Template... 05 3. SNP Genotyping Template.. 08 4. QTL Template.. 09 5. Map Template..
More informationGene Mapping in Natural Plant Populations Guilt by Association
Gene Mapping in Natural Plant Populations Guilt by Association Leif Skøt What is linkage disequilibrium? 12 Natural populations as a tool for gene mapping 13 Conclusion 15 POPULATIONS GUILT BY ASSOCIATION
More informationSingle- and double-ssr primer combined analyses in rice
Single- and double-ssr primer combined analyses in rice J. Ma, S.C. Guan, Z. Zhang and P.W. Wang Biotechnology Center of Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China Corresponding author: P.W. Wang
More informationSELECTED TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS IN MOLECULAR GENETICS
SELECTED TECHNIQUES APPLICATIONS IN MOLECULAR GENETICS Restriction Enzymes 15.1.1 The Discovery of Restriction Endonucleases p. 420 2 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 Assigned Reading in Snustad 6th ed. 14.1.1 The Discovery
More informationRecombinant DNA recombinant DNA DNA cloning gene cloning
DNA Technology Recombinant DNA In recombinant DNA, DNA from two different sources, often two species, are combined into the same DNA molecule. DNA cloning permits production of multiple copies of a specific
More informationBIO 202 Midterm Exam Winter 2007
BIO 202 Midterm Exam Winter 2007 Mario Chevrette Lectures 10-14 : Question 1 (1 point) Which of the following statements is incorrect. a) In contrast to prokaryotic DNA, eukaryotic DNA contains many repetitive
More informationdomesticated crop species. Rice is known to be a staple food for one third of the world s
1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Oryza sativa, commonly known as rice holds a unique position among domesticated crop species. Rice is known to be a staple food for one third of the world s population and also
More informationBS 50 Genetics and Genomics Week of Nov 29
BS 50 Genetics and Genomics Week of Nov 29 Additional Practice Problems for Section Problem 1. A linear piece of DNA is digested with restriction enzymes EcoRI and HinDIII, and the products are separated
More informationApplication of Biotechnology in DNA Fingerprinting and Forensic Analysis. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Application of Biotechnology in DNA Fingerprinting and Forensic Analysis Introduction to DNA Fingerprinting and Forensics Forensic science intersection of law and science Historic examples Early 1900s
More informationAnalysis in Forensic Science
Chapter 16 Gene Cloning & DNA Analysis in Forensic Science 1. DNA analysis in identification of crime suspects 2. Studying kinship by DNA profiling 3. Sex identification by DNA analysis Forensic science
More informationLearning Objectives. 2. Restriction Endonucleases 3. Cloning 4. Genetic Engineering 5. DNA libraries 6. PCR 7. DNA Fingerprinting
Fig. 13-CO, p.330 Learning Objectives 1. Purification & detection of nucleic acids. 2. Restriction Endonucleases 3. Cloning 4. Genetic Engineering 5. DNA libraries 6. PCR 7. DNA Fingerprinting Gel Electrophoresis
More informationJanuary 6, 2005 Bio 107/207 Winter 2005 Lecture 2 Measurement of genetic diversity
January 6, 2005 Bio 107/207 Winter 2005 Lecture 2 Measurement of genetic diversity - in his 1974 book The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change, Richard Lewontin likened the field of population genetics
More informationINTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF PLANTS
ORIGINAL: English DATE: October 21, 2010 INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF PLANTS GENEVA E GUIDELINES FOR DNA-PROFILING: MOLECULAR MARKER SELECTION AND DATABASE CONSTRUCTION (
More informationBiology 105: Introduction to Genetics PRACTICE FINAL EXAM Part I: Definitions. Homology: Reverse transcriptase. Allostery: cdna library
Biology 105: Introduction to Genetics PRACTICE FINAL EXAM 2006 Part I: Definitions Homology: Reverse transcriptase Allostery: cdna library Transformation Part II Short Answer 1. Describe the reasons for
More informationPCR. What is PCR? What is PCR? Why chain? What is PCR? Why Polymerase?
What is PCR? PCR the swiss army knife Claudia Stäubert, Institute for biochemistry PCR is an exponentially progressing synthesis of the defined target DNA sequences in vitro. It was invented in 1983 by
More informationPresented by Amanda Walker, Crystal Snow, Erin Andersen: February 16, 2010
Alec J. Jeffreys, Victoria Wilson: Department of Genetics, University of Leicester. Swee Lay Thein: Molecular Haematology Unit, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine at John Radcliffe Hospital Nature: Volume
More information13-2 Manipulating DNA Slide 1 of 32
1 of 32 The Tools of Molecular Biology The Tools of Molecular Biology How do scientists make changes to DNA? Scientists use their knowledge of the structure of DNA and its chemical properties to study
More informationBiotechnology Chapter 20
Biotechnology Chapter 20 DNA Cloning DNA Cloning AKA Plasmid-based transformation or molecular cloning First off-let s sum up what happens. A plasmid is taken from a bacteria A gene is inserted into the
More informationBiology 201 (Genetics) Exam #3 120 points 20 November Read the question carefully before answering. Think before you write.
Name KEY Section Biology 201 (Genetics) Exam #3 120 points 20 November 2006 Read the question carefully before answering. Think before you write. You will have up to 50 minutes to take this exam. After
More informationGenetic Study of Ascochyta Blight Resistance in Chickpea and Lentil
Genetic Study of Ascochyta Blight Resistance in Chickpea and Lentil B. Tar an 1, L. Buchwaldt 2, C. Breitkreutz 1, A. Tullu 1, T. Warkentin 1, S. Banniza 1 and A. Vandenberg 1 1 Crop Development Centre,
More informationChapter 15 Gene Technologies and Human Applications
Chapter Outline Chapter 15 Gene Technologies and Human Applications Section 1: The Human Genome KEY IDEAS > Why is the Human Genome Project so important? > How do genomics and gene technologies affect
More informationGENE MAPPING. Genetica per Scienze Naturali a.a prof S. Presciuttini
GENE MAPPING Questo documento è pubblicato sotto licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione Non commerciale Condividi allo stesso modo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/deed.it Genetic mapping
More informationMultiple choice questions (numbers in brackets indicate the number of correct answers)
1 Multiple choice questions (numbers in brackets indicate the number of correct answers) February 1, 2013 1. Ribose is found in Nucleic acids Proteins Lipids RNA DNA (2) 2. Most RNA in cells is transfer
More informationHiPer Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Teaching Kit
HiPer Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Teaching Kit Product Code: HTBM031 Number of experiments that can be performed: 5 Duration of Experiment: Protocol: 3.5 hours Agarose Gel Electrophoresis:
More informationSSR Markers For Assessing The Hybrid Nature Of Two High Yielding Mulberry Varieties
International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. ISSN 0974 3073 Volume 5, Number 2 (2014), pp. 191-196 International Research Publication House http://www.irphouse.com SSR Markers For Assessing
More informationMap-Based Cloning of Qualitative Plant Genes
Map-Based Cloning of Qualitative Plant Genes Map-based cloning using the genetic relationship between a gene and a marker as the basis for beginning a search for a gene Chromosome walking moving toward
More informationMICROSATELLITE MARKER AND ITS UTILITY
Your full article ( between 500 to 5000 words) - - Do check for grammatical errors or spelling mistakes MICROSATELLITE MARKER AND ITS UTILITY 1 Prasenjit, D., 2 Anirudha, S. K. and 3 Mallar, N.K. 1,2 M.Sc.(Agri.),
More informationBacterial Genetics. Stijn van der Veen
Bacterial Genetics Stijn van der Veen Differentiating bacterial species Morphology (shape) Composition (cell envelope and other structures) Metabolism & growth characteristics Genetics Differentiating
More informationChapter 20: Biotechnology
Name Period The AP Biology exam has reached into this chapter for essay questions on a regular basis over the past 15 years. Student responses show that biotechnology is a difficult topic. This chapter
More informationRFLP s with VNTR analysis
RFLP s with VNTR analysis The most powerful and awesome tool acquired by humans since the splitting of atoms The Time Magazine (U.S.A) INTRODUCTION DNA profiling (also called DNA testing, DNA typing, or
More informationR1 12 kb R1 4 kb R1. R1 10 kb R1 2 kb R1 4 kb R1
Bcor101 Sample questions Midterm 3 1. The maps of the sites for restriction enzyme EcoR1 (R1) in the wild type and mutated cystic fibrosis genes are shown below: Wild Type R1 12 kb R1 4 kb R1 _ _ CF probe
More informationExisting potato markers and marker conversions. Walter De Jong PAA Workshop August 2009
Existing potato markers and marker conversions Walter De Jong PAA Workshop August 2009 1 What makes for a good marker? diagnostic for trait of interest robust works even with DNA of poor quality or low
More informationMarker-Assisted Selection for Quantitative Traits
Marker-Assisted Selection for Quantitative Traits Readings: Bernardo, R. 2001. What if we knew all the genes for a quantitative trait in hybrid crops? Crop Sci. 41:1-4. Eathington, S.R., J.W. Dudley, and
More informationName Date Class CHAPTER 13. DNA Fingerprinting
Real-World Biology: Analysis DNA Fingerprinting Genetic Prints Help Solve Mystery of Girls Switched at Birth. Murder Conviction Overturned by DNA Testing: Prisoner Released. Headlines such as these have
More informationDNA markers in plant genome analysis
DNA markers in plant genome analysis With the advent of molecular markers, a new generation of markers has been introduced over the last two decades, which has revolutionized the entire scenario of biological
More informationLecture Four. Molecular Approaches I: Nucleic Acids
Lecture Four. Molecular Approaches I: Nucleic Acids I. Recombinant DNA and Gene Cloning Recombinant DNA is DNA that has been created artificially. DNA from two or more sources is incorporated into a single
More informationMolecular and Applied Genetics
Molecular and Applied Genetics Ian King, Iain Donnison, Helen Ougham, Julie King and Sid Thomas Developing links between rice and the grasses 6 Gene isolation 7 Informatics 8 Statistics and multivariate
More informationUtilization of Genomic Information to Accelerate Soybean Breeding and Product Development through Marker Assisted Selection
Utilization of Genomic Information to Accelerate Soybean Breeding and Product Development through Marker Assisted Selection Presented by: Ruth Wagner August 5, 2014 SOY2014 Rico Caldo,Vergel Concibido,
More informationMaize breeders decide which combination of traits and environments is needed to breed for both inbreds and hybrids. A trait controlled by genes that
Preface Plant breeding is a science of evolution. The scientific basis of plant breeding started in the 1900s. The rediscovery of Mendelian genetics and the development of the statistical concepts of randomization
More informationThe Rice Genome. How to Map a Marker Associated with a Major Gene. How do I start finding a marker in all this? About 430 million bp of DNA in genome
How to Map a Marker Associated with a Major Gene Bob Fjellstrom USDA-ARS Beaumont, TX About 430 million bp of DNA in genome 12 chromosomes Provides the code for the 35,000+ genes of rice. The Rice Genome
More informationRestriction Site Mapping:
Restriction Site Mapping: In making genomic library the DNA is cut with rare cutting enzymes and large fragments of the size of 100,000 to 1000, 000bp. They are ligated to vectors such as Pacmid or YAC
More informationWe are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists. International authors and editors
We are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 3,800 116,000 120M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our
More informationBefore starting, write your name on the top of each page Make sure you have all pages
Biology 105: Introduction to Genetics Name Student ID Before starting, write your name on the top of each page Make sure you have all pages You can use the back-side of the pages for scratch, but we will
More informationWe are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists. International authors and editors
We are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 3,350 108,000 1.7 M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our
More informationThe process of new DNA to another organism. The goal is to add one or more that are not already found in that organism.
Genetic Engineering Notes The process of new DNA to another organism. The goal is to add one or more that are not already found in that organism. Selective Breeding Carefully choosing which plants and
More informationB. Incorrect! Ligation is also a necessary step for cloning.
Genetics - Problem Drill 15: The Techniques in Molecular Genetics No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the following is not part of the normal process of cloning recombinant DNA in bacteria? (A) Restriction endonuclease
More informationMolecular Probes. Mitesh Shrestha
Molecular Probes Mitesh Shrestha Molecular Probes Small DNA segments (genomic DNA, cdna or synthetic oligonucleotides) or RNA segments (often synthesized on DNA template) that recognize complementary sequences
More informationBasic Steps of the DNA process
As time pasted technology has improve the methods of analyzing DNA. One of the first methods for the analysis of DNA is known as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). This technique analyzed
More informationBioinformatics (Lec 19) Picture Copyright: the National Museum of Health
3/29/05 1 Picture Copyright: AccessExcellence @ the National Museum of Health PCR 3/29/05 2 Schematic outline of a typical PCR cycle Target DNA Primers dntps DNA polymerase 3/29/05 3 Gel Electrophoresis
More informationOverview. Introduction
Genetics 101: Introduction Overview Important terminology DNA extraction, gel electrophoresis, PCR Allozymes (Protein electrophoresis) RFLP AFLP Sequencing Microsatellites SNPs Costs, Sample Collection
More information