DNA. Scientists now know: DNA carries genetic information DNA defines many traits and predisposition for certain diseases

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1 5.1 DNA Structure

2 DNA Scientists now know: DNA carries genetic information DNA defines many traits and predisposition for certain diseases

3 Experiment 1a: Identifying DNA as the Material of Heredity Frederick Griffith uses Streptococcus pneumoniae (1928) S-strain: highly pathogenic; after heating non-pathogenic R-strain: non-pathogenic

4 Transformation Griffith believed that something from the S-strain transformed the R-strain into a deadly bacteria What is that something???

5 Experiment 1b: Identifying DNA as the Material of Heredity Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty The only extract that did not transform R-strain is the one treated with DNAse (destroys DNA)

6 CONCLUSION DNA was responsible for the transformation DNA was the hereditary material

7 Experiment 2: Identifying DNA as the Material of Heredity Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952) Used T2 bacteriophage strain of virus DNA in the viral core with a protein capsid When infecting a bacterial cell, virus attaches to cell and injects genetic information into it Genetic information then instructs cell to replicate many viral particles

8 Experiment 2: Identifying DNA as the Material of Heredity Experiment to determine virus ability to replicate was due to the protein in the capsid or the DNA in the viral core Used radioactive isotopes to trace DNA contains phosphorus 32 P Protein contains sulfur 35 S

9

10 Conclusion Viral DNA held the genetic material needed for viruses to reproduce

11 Determining the Chemical Composition and Structure of DNA Fredrich Miescher discovered DNA (1869) Isolated nuclei of white blood cells and extracted an acidic molecule Named nuclein Phoebus Levene isolated 2 types of nucleic acids (early1900s): RNA and DNA Proposed both types are made up of nucleotides Composed of: one of four nitrogeneous bases, a sugar, and a phosphate group

12 Determining the Chemical Composition and Structure of DNA Other scientists confirmed and extended Leven s work

13 Determining the Chemical Composition and Structure of DNA Chargaff s Rule Erwin Chargaff concluded (late 1940s): 1. There is variation in the composition of nucleotides in different species 2. Nevertheless, DNA maintains certain nucleotide proportions: amount of A = amount of T amount of C = amount of G (Chargaff s Rule)

14 Pauling Discovers Helical Structure for Proteins Linus Pauling discovered that many proteins have helixshaped structures (1951) This information was used by scientists including James Watson and Francis Crick to deduce structure of DNA

15 Franklin Discovers Helical Structure for DNA Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins used X-ray diffraction to analyze DNA sample Franklin captured high-resolution photograph: the central x-shaped pattern With mathematical theory, it was determined that: DNA has a helical structure The nitrogen bases are on the inside of the DNA helix, and the sugar-phosphate backbone is on the outside

16 Watson and Crick Build a 3-D Model for DNA Using results from their peers, Watson and Crick proposed a structure for DNA: A twisted ladder called double-helix, with sugar-phosphate molecules making up the sides and the bases making up the rungs by protuding inwards Distance between sugar-phosphate backbones remains constant; base pairs sit across each other Different sequences of base pairs account for differences between species

17 Modern DNA Model: The Double Helix 2 nucleic acid strands twist around one another (backbone double helix) alternating phosphate groups and sugar Constant distance between backbones (2nm) Antiparallel (5 end of one strand is across from the 3 end of the other strand) Bases are attached to each sugar and face inward Complementary bases (A-T; C-G) 3 hydroxyl Hydrogen bonds between bases hold strands together 5 phosphate

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