Biology Ch. 17- Molecular Genetics 17.1 Isolating the Genetic Material
|
|
- Janel Sherman
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Biology Ch. 17- Molecular Genetics 17.1 Isolating the Genetic Material Scientists who contributed to the development of our modern understanding of DNA and genomes: 1) Gregor Mendel early studies on genetics 2) Sutton and Boveri discovered the link between behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and Mendel s factors 3) Phoebus Levene isolated DNA and RNA and studied their properties 4) Griffith discovered the principle of transformation in bacteria (see fig 17.6, p. 570) transforming principle: genetic information that can be transferred. In 1928, Fred Griffith discovered that dead pathogenic (disease-causing) bacteria could pass on their pathogenic properties to live non-pathogenic bacteria Griffith died before discovering what the transforming factor was 5) MacLeod, McCarty, and Avery isolated the transforming factor in bacteria as DNA. This was the first evidence that DNA was the hereditary material (it was believed that protein was the hereditary material at the time) 6) Hershey and Chase finally demonstrated that DNA was the genetic material used radioactively labeled DNA and protein phages (viruses that attack bacteria). Infected bacteria with these phages and tracked whether it was the DNA or protein that entered the cell and caused the viruses to reproduce. Found that only the DNA entered the cell while the protein stayed outside. Therefore, DNA must be hereditary material. (see fig 17.8, p. 571) 7) Erwin Chargaff studies DNA structure. Found several things: the nucleotide composition of DNA varies from one species to another the nucleotide composition of DNA specimens taken from different animals of the same species is fairly constant in DNA, the amount of adenine is always equal to the amount of thymine and the amount of guanine is always equal to the amount of cytosine (Chargaff s rule) 8) Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins studied DNA structure found two distinct but regular repeating patterns in the structure of DNA also found that nitrogen bases must be located inside molecule because of how it reacts with water 9) James Watson and Francis Crick developed the current model of DNA structure
2 The Components of Nucleic Acids Nucleotide the monomers of nucleic acids. Each nucleotide is composed of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and one of four nitrogen-containing bases DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid consists of long chains of individual nucleotides, each of which is composed of a five carbon sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and the nitrogen bases adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. double-stranded (2 chains of nucleotides) RNA stands for ribonucleic acid consists of long chains of nucleotides, each of which contains a phosphate group, a five carbon sugar (ribose), and the nitrogen bases adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine single-stranded (1 chain of nucleotides) (see fig 17.4, p. 569) 17.2 The Structure of Nucleic Acids DNA The Double Helix (see fig and 17.13, pp ) Purines nitrogenous compounds that have a double-ring structure. The nucleotide bases adenine and guanine are derived from purines and always bind with pyrimidines in DNA Pyrimidines nitrogenous compounds that have a single-ring structure. The nucleotide bases thymine, uracil, and cytosine are derived from pyrimidines and always bind with purines in DNA If a DNA molecule was unwound, it would resemble a ladder. The sugar and phosphate groups would form the outside while the paired nitrogen bases would form the rungs. Complimentary base pairings pairing of bases between nucleic acid strands. The two strands of a DNA helix are complimentary with each other. Each purine base pairs with a pyrimidine base on the other side. A binds with T (2 hydrogen bonds) C binds with G (3 hydrogen bonds) Antiparallel describes the property by which the 5 to 3 phosphate bridges run in opposite directions on each DNA strand In essence, one DNA strand is upside down compared to the other one. This is necessary to allow the nitrogen bases to bind together correctly
3 Organization of Genetic Material Prokaryotic cells usually a single, double stranded DNA molecule nucleoid: area within prokaryotic cells where the DNA is found plasmid : small, self-replicating loop of DNA in a prokaryotic cell that is separate from the main chromosome and contains from one to a few genes. Plasmids often carry information that gives the cell resistance to certain antibiotics and heavy metals or the ability to break down unusual compounds Eukaryotic cells each human cell has about 2 m of DNA, yet it is packaged into a relatively small area histone: complex of small, very basic polypeptides that form the core of nucleosomes, around which DNA is wrapped nucleosome: the bead-like structural unit of chromosomes, composed of a short segment of DNA (about 200 base pairs) wrapped twice around a cluster of eight histone molecules. Genes and Genomes Gene a specific sequence of DNA that governs the expression of a particular trait and can be passed to an offspring Genome the sum of all the DNA in an organism s cells Exons the coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Each gene is composed of one or more exons Introns intervening non-coding sequences in a eukaryotic gene 17.3 DNA Replication The process of replication follows a semi-conservative model; when a molecule of DNA is copied, each new molecule contains one strand of parental DNA and one strand of new DNA Replication machine complex involving dozens of different enzymes and other proteins working together in the process of DNA replication Stages of Replication 1) Initiation (see fig 17.21, p. 583) replication starts at specific parts of a DNA molecule called replication origins (could be thousands at a time) involves several enzymes and steps
4 primer short strand of RNA that works as a starting point for the attachment of new nucleotides during DNA replication primase in DNA replication, an enzyme that forms a small RNA primer that is complimentary to the DNA sequence. helicases set of enzymes that cleave and unravel short segments of DNA just ahead of the replicating fork during DNA replication DNA polymerase during DNA replication, an enzyme that slips into the space between two strands, uses the parent strands as a template, and adds nucleotides to make complimentary strands replication fork during DNA replication, point at which the DNA helix is unwound and new strands develop 2) Elongation (see fig and 17.23, pp ) since the two strands are antiparallel, their replications occur differently leading strand in DNA replication, the strand that is replicated continuously in the 5 to 3 direction (in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork) lagging strand in DNA replication, the strand that is replicated by splicing together Okazaki fragments in the 5 to 3 direction (moving opposite to the replication fork) Okazaki fragments short-nucleotide fragments used during DNA replication on the lagging strand. They are made by DNA polymerase working in the direction opposite to the movement of the replication fork, after which they are spliced together. DNA ligase enzyme that splices together Okazaki fragments during DNA replication on the lagging strand. DNA ligase catalyses the formation of phosphate bonds between nucleotides. 3) Termination (see fig 17.24, p. 585) once the new strands are formed, the daughter DNA molecules rewind into helices automatically (no enzymes required) telomere specialized non-transcribed structure typically rich in G nucleotides, at the end of each chromosome. The use of telomeres protects us against the loss of genetic material during replication Proofreading and Correction DNA polymerase checks to see if base pairs are paired correctly. If there is a mistake, DNA polymerase will remove the incorrect base and insert the correct one.
5 17.4 Protein Synthesis and Gene Expression gene expression the transfer of genetic information from DNA to protein As described earlier, DNA is the genetic material in living things which gives the blueprint of how an organism develops. This blueprint, however, has to be put into a useful or structural form. In most living things, the main structural molecule is protein. Hence, DNA provides the blueprint for all the different proteins found in living organisms Examples of protein structures: 1) skeletal muscle tissue 4) enzymes 2) smooth muscle tissue 5) transporters in cell membranes 3) hormones However, DNA is not directly used to make protein. Instead, DNA is copied to RNA, and RNA is used to make protein. This leads us to the central dogma of gene expression, proposed by Francis Crick: DNA RNA protein The use of DNA to produce RNA is called transcription. The use of RNA to make protein is called translation. The Genetic Code Recall that in humans there are 20 amino acids (the basic units of proteins). However, there are only 4 different nucleotides. Therefore, if it only took 1 nucleotide to code for 1 amino acid only 4 amino acids could be produced. If 2 nucleotides in a row coded for 1 amino acid, you still could not code for all 20 amino acids (only 16 possible combinations). It takes combinations of 3 nucleotide sequences to code for 1 amino acid Codon the basic unit, or word, of the genetic code. It is a set of 3 adjacent nucleotides in DNA or mrna that codes for amino acid placement on polypeptides. (see table 17.2, p. 590) Characteristics of the genetic code more than one codon can code for an amino acid ex. UCA, UCU, UCG, and UCC all code for serine it is continuous (no spaces or overlap) universal code is almost the same in all living things Transcription (see fig 17.28, p. 591) The main job of transcription is to make a RNA copy of a small section of the organism s DNA (the particular gene needed to make a specific protein)
6 Messenger RNA (mrna) strand of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to the protein synthesis machinery of the cell during transcription RNA polymerase main enzyme that catalyses the formation of mrna from a DNA template Sense strand strand of nucleotides containing the instructions that direct protein synthesis. It is located within a stretch of DNA that includes a gene Antisense strand strand of nucleotides that is complimentary to the sense strand (not transcribed) Steps in Transcription 1) Initiation RNA polymerase binds to a particular sequence of nucleotides in the sense strand RNA polymerase opens up the double helix and begins inserting complimentary nucleotides 2) Elongation proceeds in the 5 to 3 direction (no Okazaki fragments) as the polymerase molecule proceeds, the DNA helix reforms and the mrna molecule separates from the template DNA strand 3) Termination and processing the RNA polymerase proceeds until it reaches a signal to stop and the RNA polymerase and mrna completely separate from the DNA molecule a special sequence of nucleotides is added to the 5 and 3 ends introns are spliced out (removed), leaving only the exons the mrna is transported out of the nucleus. Translation (see fig 17.29, p. 593) Translation occurs outside the nucleus in eukaryotic cells, and involves several elements in order to occur. Transfer RNA (trna) RNA molecules that serve to link each codon along a mrna strand with its complimentary amino acid. Transfer RNA has an unusual structure. They have a cloverleaf shape (single-stranded), and contain an anticodon. Anticodon specialized base triplet located at one lobe of a trna molecule that recognizes its complimentary codon on an mrna codon. At the 3 end of a trna is an amino acid transport site. Ribosomes tiny two part structures found in the cell s cytoplasm and attaches to the rough endoplasmic reticulum that helps to put together proteins. They bring together the mrna strand, trna molecules carrying amino acids, and the enzymes involved in building proteins.
7 Ribosomal RNA (rrna) most common class of RNA molecules. During protein synthesis, these RNA molecules supply the site on the ribosome where the polypeptide is assembled. The Translation Cycle 1. mrna binds to an active ribosome in such a way to expose two adjacent codons. 2. The first trna molecule (carrying the amino acid methionine) binds to the codon AUG (start codon). 3. A second trna molecule carrying an amino acid arrives at the codon adjacent to the first trna. 4. Enzymes catalyze the formation of a peptide bond that joins the amino acid carried by the first trna to that carried by the second trna. At the same time, the polypeptide chain is transferred from the first trna to the second. 5. The ribosome moves a distance of one codon along the mrna strand. The first trna molecule detaches from the mrna and goes to pick up another amino acid. The second trna now holds a growing polypeptide chain. A third trna molecule arrives at the exposed codon next to the second trna and the cycle repeats. 6. When a stop codon is reached (UAG, UGA, UAA), the completed protein is released and the ribosome assembly comes apart. Regulating Gene Expression The rates of transcription and translation can be controlled to adjust to environmental conditions. For example, artic foxes have white fur in winter, but brown in warmer temperatures. Mutations Factors that affect transcription and translation in living cells: 1) changes in temp. or light 2) the presence or absence of nutrients in the environment 3) the presence of hormones in the body. Mutation in cellular reproduction, permanent change in the DNA molecule that can change the information of a gene, causing the gene to function improperly or not at all. Germ cell mutation permanent change in the genetic material in a reproductive cell of an organism. They can be passed on to offspring
8 Somatic cell mutation permanent change in the genetic material in a body cell. These mutations are not passed on to offspring. Types of mutations Point mutation chemical change that affects one or just a few nucleotides. Includes substitutions and frame-shift mutations. Chromosome mutation change in the number or structure of a chromosome. Includes nondisjunction, deletion, insertion, inversion, duplication, and translocation (see section 16.3 of notes) Point mutations: 1) substitution one or more nucleotides are substituted for a different nucleotide (see f ig 17.32, p. 597) i. silent mutation permanent change in the genetic material that has no effect on the metabolism of the cell ii. mis-sense mutation permanent change in the genetic material of a cell that results in slightly altered but still functional protein. iii. nonsense mutation permanent change in the genetic material of a cell that renders a gene unable to code for any functional polypeptide product 2) frame-shift mutation permanent change in the genetic material of a cell caused by the insertion or deletion of one or two nucleotides within a sequence of codons. Usually, a frame-shift causes a nonsense mutation (see fig 17.33, p. 597) transposons segments of DNA that move randomly throughout the cell s genome. Also called jumping genes. Discovered by Barbara McClintock. Causes of Mutations Spontaneous mutations occur naturally within cells Induced mutations caused by a mutagen introduced into the cell Mutagen substance or event that increases the rate of mutation in an organism. May be physical or chemical. Physical mutagen agent that forcibly breaks a nucleotide sequence and causes changes to one or both strands of a DNA molecule Ex. X-rays, UV radiation Chemical mutagen molecule that can enter the cell nucleus and induce a permanent change in the genetic material of a cell.
Lesson 8. DNA: The Molecule of Heredity. Gene Expression and Regulation. Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1
Lesson 8 DNA: The Molecule of Heredity Gene Expression and Regulation Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1 Genes and DNA Hereditary information is found in discrete units called genes Genes are segments
More informationUnit 5 DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
1 Biology Unit 5 DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis 5:1 History of DNA Discovery Fredrick Griffith-conducted one of the first experiment s in 1928 to suggest that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic
More informationTo truly understand genetics, biologists first had to discover the chemical nature of genes
To truly understand genetics, biologists first had to discover the chemical nature of genes Identifying the structure that carries genetic information makes it possible to understand how genes control
More informationNucleic acids and protein synthesis
THE FUNCTIONS OF DNA Nucleic acids and protein synthesis The full name of DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid. Every nucleotide has the same sugar molecule and phosphate group, but each nucleotide contains one
More informationAdv Biology: DNA and RNA Study Guide
Adv Biology: DNA and RNA Study Guide Chapter 12 Vocabulary -Notes What experiments led up to the discovery of DNA being the hereditary material? o The discovery that DNA is the genetic code involved many
More informationHow do we know what the structure and function of DNA is? - Double helix, base pairs, sugar, and phosphate - Stores genetic information
DNA: CH 13 How do we know what the structure and function of DNA is? - Double helix, base pairs, sugar, and phosphate - Stores genetic information Discovering DNA s Function 1928: Frederick Griffith studied
More informationDNA & RNA. Chapter Twelve and Thirteen Biology One
DNA & RNA Chapter Twelve and Thirteen Biology One I. DNA Structure A. DNA monomers = nucleotides *1. sugar bonded to PO4 & one of four possible nitrogen bases 2. bases = Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
More informationDNA. Essential Question: How does the structure of the DNA molecule allow it to carry information?
DNA Essential Question: How does the structure of the DNA molecule allow it to carry information? Fun Website to Explore! http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molecules/ DNA History Griffith Experimented
More informationChapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene
Bio 100 - Molecular Genetics 1 A. Bacterial Transformation Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene Researchers found that they could transfer an inherited characteristic (e.g. the ability to cause pneumonia),
More informationBiology 30 DNA Review: Importance of Meiosis nucleus chromosomes Genes DNA
Biology 30 DNA Review: Importance of Meiosis Every cell has a nucleus and every nucleus has chromosomes. The number of chromosomes depends on the species. o Examples: Chicken 78 Chimpanzee 48 Potato 48
More informationDNA and RNA. Chapter 12
DNA and RNA Chapter 12 Warm Up Exercise Test Corrections Make sure to indicate your new answer and provide an explanation for why this is the correct answer. Do this with a red pen in the margins of your
More informationNucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA) nucleotide
Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are molecules that store information for cellular growth and reproduction There are two types of nucleic acids: - deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) These
More informationDNA RNA PROTEIN SYNTHESIS -NOTES-
DNA RNA PROTEIN SYNTHESIS -NOTES- THE COMPONENTS AND STRUCTURE OF DNA DNA is made up of units called nucleotides. Nucleotides are made up of three basic components:, called deoxyribose in DNA In DNA, there
More informationHonors Biology Reading Guide Chapter 10 v Fredrick Griffith Ø When he killed bacteria and then mixed the bacteria remains with living harmless
Honors Biology Reading Guide Chapter 10 v Fredrick Griffith Ø When he killed bacteria and then mixed the bacteria remains with living harmless bacteria some living bacteria cells converted to disease causing
More informationwhat are proteins? what are the building blocks of proteins? what type of bond is in proteins? Molecular Biology Proteins - review Amino Acids
Molecular Biology The Study of Proteins and Nucleic Acids what are proteins? what are the building blocks of proteins? what type of bond is in proteins? Proteins - review functions include: catalysts for
More informationBiology. DNA & the Language of Life
Biology DNA & the Language of Life Genes are Made of DNA Fredrick Griffith (1928) studied pneumonia strains (one was harmless while the other was pathogenic, or disease-causing) Made non-harmful strains
More informationChapter 13 - Concept Mapping
Chapter 13 - Concept Mapping Using the terms and phrases provided below, complete the concept map showing the discovery of DNA structure. amount of base pairs five-carbon sugar purine DNA polymerases Franklin
More informationNUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM. Omidiwura, B.R.O
NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM Omidiwura, B.R.O Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are molecules that store information for cellular growth and reproduction There are two types of nucleic acids: - deoxyribonucleic acid
More informationMarch 26, 2012 NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS MAIN MAIN TOPICS TOPICS TO TO BE BE COVERED COVERED THIS THIS UNIT: UNIT: I. I. EVIDENCE EVIDENCE OF OF DNA DNA AS AS THE THE GENETIC GENETIC CODE CODE II. II. DNA DNA
More informationProtein Synthesis
HEBISD Student Expectations: Identify that RNA Is a nucleic acid with a single strand of nucleotides Contains the 5-carbon sugar ribose Contains the nitrogen bases A, G, C and U instead of T. The U is
More informationCh 10 Molecular Biology of the Gene
Ch 10 Molecular Biology of the Gene For Next Week Lab -Hand in questions from 4 and 5 by TUES in my mailbox (Biology Office) -Do questions for Lab 6 for next week -Lab practical next week Lecture Read
More informationDNA Structure and Replication, and Virus Structure and Replication Test Review
DNA Structure and Replication, and Virus Structure and Replication Test Review What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA is what type of macromolecule? DNA is a nucleic acid The building blocks
More informationHow can something so small cause problems so large?
How can something so small cause problems so large? Objectives Identify the structural components of DNA and relate to its function Create and ask questions about a model of DNA DNA is made of genes. Gene
More informationDNA is the genetic material. DNA structure. Chapter 7: DNA Replication, Transcription & Translation; Mutations & Ames test
DNA is the genetic material Chapter 7: DNA Replication, Transcription & Translation; Mutations & Ames test Dr. Amy Rogers Bio 139 General Microbiology Hereditary information is carried by DNA Griffith/Avery
More informationChapter 12 Notes DNA
Chapter 12 Notes DNA What makes up Genes? 3 teams of scientists answered this question. 1. Griffith Transformation 2. Avery DNA destroying protein 3. Hershey-Chase -- virus Griffith used bacteria 2 types
More informationDNA and RNA 2/14/2017. What is a Nucleic Acid? Parts of Nucleic Acid. DNA Structure. RNA Structure. DNA vs RNA. Nitrogen bases.
DNA and RNA Nucleic Acids What is a Nucleic Acid? Nucleic Acids are organic molecules that carry information needed to make proteins Remember: proteins carry out ALL cellular activity There are two types
More informationCELL BIOLOGY: DNA. Generalized nucleotide structure: NUCLEOTIDES: Each nucleotide monomer is made up of three linked molecules:
BIOLOGY 12 CELL BIOLOGY: DNA NAME: IMPORTANT FACTS: Nucleic acids are organic compounds found in all living cells and viruses. Two classes of nucleic acids: 1. DNA = ; found in the nucleus only. 2. RNA
More informationDNA: The Primary Source of Heritable Information. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA
DNA and Replication DNA: The Primary Source of Heritable Information Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA Chromosomes Non-eukaryotic (bacteria) organisms
More informationII. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Located in the nucleus of the cell Codes for your genes Frank Griffith- discovered DNA in 1928
HEREDITY = passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring I. DNA, Chromosomes, Chromatin, and Genes DNA = blueprint of life (has the instructions for making an organism) Chromatin= uncoiled DNA
More informationBundle 5 Test Review
Bundle 5 Test Review DNA vs. RNA DNA Replication Gene Mutations- Protein Synthesis 1. Label the different components and complete the complimentary base pairing. What is this molecule called? _Nucleic
More information8.1. KEY CONCEPT DNA was identified as the genetic material through a series of experiments. 64 Reinforcement Unit 3 Resource Book
8.1 IDENTIFYING DNA AS THE GENETIC MATERIAL KEY CONCEPT DNA was identified as the genetic material through a series of experiments. A series of experiments helped scientists recognize that DNA is the genetic
More informationUnit 3 Part II: Modern Genetics p
Unit 3.notebook June 03, 2014 Unit 3 Part II: Modern Genetics p.568 569 This part of the unit will focus on DNA how it s structure was determined how it replicates and how it codes for proteins. Mar 21
More informationDNA vs. RNA B-4.1. Compare DNA and RNA in terms of structure, nucleotides and base pairs.
DNA vs. RNA B-4.1 Compare DNA and RNA in terms of structure, nucleotides and base pairs. Key Concepts l Nucleic Acids: l deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) l ribonucleic acid (RNA) l Nucleotides: l nitrogen base,
More informationChapter 12 DNA & RNA
Chapter 12 DNA & RNA Experiments with Heredity Material Griffith s Experiments: injected mice with bacteria that cause pneumonia Concluded genetic info is transformed from one bacteria to another Avery
More informationChapter 12 Molecular Genetics
Section 1: DNA: The Genetic Material Section 2: Replication of DNA Section 3: DNA, RNA, and Protein Section 4: Gene Regulation and Mutation 12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material Objectives: 1. Summarize the experiments
More informationChapter 8 From DNA to Proteins. Chapter 8 From DNA to Proteins
KEY CONCEPT Section 1 DNA was identified as the genetic material through a series of experiments. Griffith finds a transforming principle. Griffith experimented with the bacteria that cause pneumonia.
More informationChapter 17 Biology 3201
Molecular Genetics Chapter 17 Biology 3201 Section 17.1 Isolating the Material of Heredity Fridrich Miescher, was the first person to isolate nucleic acid He called it nuclein Nearly 100 yrs later, scientists
More informationFrom Gene to Protein
8.2 Structure of DNA From Gene to Protein deoxyribonucleic acid - (DNA) - the ultimate source of all information in a cell This information is used by the cell to produce the protein molecules which are
More informationDNA Replication and Protein Synthesis
DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis DNA is Deoxyribonucleic Acid. It holds all of our genetic information which is passed down through sexual reproduction DNA has three main functions: 1. DNA Controls
More informationDNA - DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
DNA - DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID blueprint of life (has the instructions for making an organism) established by James Watson and Francis Crick codes for your genes shape of a double helix made of repeating
More informationCH_12_molecular_genetics_DNA_RNA_protein.notebook. February 08, DNA : The Genetic Material
Oswald very Identified the molecule that transformed the R strain into the S strain DN : The Genetic Material * fter Mendel, scientists knew that some kind of genetic material was located on chromosomes.
More informationCh 12.DNA and RNA.Biology.Landis
Identity Section 12 1 DNA (pages 287 294) This section tells about the experiments that helped scientists discover the relationship between genes and DNA. It also describes the chemical structure of the
More informationResources. How to Use This Presentation. Chapter 10. Objectives. Table of Contents. Griffith s Discovery of Transformation. Griffith s Experiments
How to Use This Presentation To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select View on the menu bar and click on Slide Show. To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or
More informationThe Genetic Material. Unit 6: DNA & Protein Synthesis
Unit 6: DNA & Protein Synthesis The Genetic Material How was DNA discovered to be the chemical unit of heredity? Scientists already knew that chromosomes played a role in heredity, but the chemical composition
More informationGriffith and Transformation (pages ) 1. What hypothesis did Griffith form from the results of his experiments?
Section 12 1 DNA (pages 287 294) This section tells about the experiments that helped scientists discover the relationship between genes and DNA. It also describes the chemical structure of the DNA molecule.
More information12 1 DNA. Slide 1 of 37. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall:
12 1 DNA 1 of 37 http://www.biologyjunction.com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent.htm 12 1 DNA Griffith and Transformation Griffith and Transformation In 1928, Fredrick Griffith was trying to learn how
More informationHello! Outline. Cell Biology: RNA and Protein synthesis. In all living cells, DNA molecules are the storehouses of information. 6.
Cell Biology: RNA and Protein synthesis In all living cells, DNA molecules are the storehouses of information Hello! Outline u 1. Key concepts u 2. Central Dogma u 3. RNA Types u 4. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
More informationMacromolecule Review
DNA: CH 13 Macromolecule Review Nucleic acid Monomer = nucleotide Polymer = DNA, RNA Function = genetic information Protein Monomer = amino acid Polymer = polypeptide Function = structure and chemical
More informationDNA. translation. base pairing rules for DNA Replication. thymine. cytosine. amino acids. The building blocks of proteins are?
2 strands, has the 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose, and has the nitrogen base Thymine. The actual process of assembling the proteins on the ribosome is called? DNA translation Adenine pairs with Thymine, Thymine
More information(deoxyribonucleic acid)
1 The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Mark Mayo Cypress College 2 The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology 3 Importance of Proteins There are three main kinds: structural - make up most body parts hormone
More informationDNA Structure DNA Nucleotide 3 Parts: 1. Phosphate Group 2. Sugar 3. Nitrogen Base
DNA,, RNA,, AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Enables cells to have different forms and perform different functions Primary functions of DNA: Store and transmit genetic information that tells
More informationDNA and Replication 1
DNA and Replication 1 History of DNA 2 History of DNA Early scientists thought protein was the cell s hereditary material because it was more complex than DNA Proteins were composed of 20 different amino
More informationUnit 6 Molecular Genetics
Unit 6 Molecular Genetics I. DNA and RNA structure pages 2-6 II. DNA replication pages 6-7 III. Protein Synthesis pages 7-10 South Dakota State Standard 9-12.L.1.1 Students are able to relate cellular
More informationDNA and RNA. Chapter 12
DNA and RNA Chapter 12 History of DNA Late 1800 s scientists discovered that DNA is in the nucleus of the cell 1902 Walter Sutton proposed that hereditary material resided in the chromosomes in the nucleus
More informationDNA- THE MOLECULE OF LIFE. Link
DNA- THE MOLECULE OF LIFE Link STRUCTURE OF DNA DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): DNA is a long, stringy, twisted molecule made up of nucleotides that carries genetic information. DISCOVERIES Rosalind Franklin,
More informationChromosomes. Nucleosome. Chromosome. DNA double helix. Coils. Supercoils. Histones
Chromosomes Chromosome Nucleosome DNA double helix Coils Supercoils Histones Evidence That DNA Can Transform Bacteria Frederick Griffith s experiment 1928 Griffith called the phenomenon transformation
More informationUnit VII DNA to RNA to protein The Central Dogma
Unit VII DNA to RNA to protein The Central Dogma DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains information that determines inherited characteristics. A DNA molecule is shaped like a spiral staircase
More informationChapter 12: Molecular Biology of the Gene
Biology Textbook Notes Chapter 12: Molecular Biology of the Gene p. 214-219 The Genetic Material (12.1) - Genetic Material must: 1. Be able to store information that pertains to the development, structure,
More informationDNA- THE MOLECULE OF LIFE
DNA- THE MOLECULE OF LIFE STRUCTURE OF DNA DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): DNA is a long, stringy, twisted molecule made up of nucleotides that carries genetic information. DISCOVERIES Rosalind Franklin,
More informationMolecular Genetics. Chapter 17. Biology scientists connected nucleic acids and Mendel s factors of inheritance
Molecular Genetics Chapter 17 Biology 3201 Section 17.1 Isolating the Material of Heredity Fridrich Miescher, was the first person to isolate nucleic acid He called it nuclein Nearly 100 yrs later, scientists
More informationCHAPTER 16 MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE
CHAPTER 16 MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE DNA as genetic material? Deducted that DNA is the genetic material Initially worked by studying bacteria & the viruses that infected them 1928 Frederick Griffiths
More informationSemester 2: Unit 1: Molecular Genetics
Semester 2: Unit 1: Molecular Genetics Information Overload : Cells store information in DNA. Information is used to build molecules needed for cell growth. As cell size increases, the demands on that
More informationEssential Questions. DNA: The Genetic Material. Copyright McGraw-Hill Education
Essential Questions Which experiments led to the discovery of DNA as the genetic material? What is the basic structure of DNA? What is the basic structure of eukaryotic chromosomes? Vocabulary Review nucleic
More informationBiology Celebration of Learning (100 points possible)
Name Date Block Biology Celebration of Learning (100 points possible) Matching (1 point each) 1. Codon a. process of copying DNA and forming mrna 2. Genes b. section of DNA coding for a specific protein
More informationFrederick Griffith: Transformation Conclusion: bacteria could give other bacteria heritable traits, even after they were dead.
Frederick Griffith: Transformation 1928 Conclusion: bacteria could give other bacteria heritable traits, even after they were dead. 1 Avery, McCarty & MacLeod: Griffiths Refined (1944) Refined Griffith's
More informationMOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE
MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE C H A P T E R 1 6 as genetic material? Deducted that is the genetic material Initially worked by studying bacteria & the viruses that infected them 1928 Frederick Griffiths
More informationDNA/RNA STUDY GUIDE. Match the following scientists with their accomplishments in discovering DNA using the statement in the box below.
Name: Period: Date: DNA/RNA STUDY GUIDE Part A: DNA History Match the following scientists with their accomplishments in discovering DNA using the statement in the box below. Used a technique called x-ray
More informationDNA/RNA STUDY GUIDE. Match the following scientists with their accomplishments in discovering DNA using the statement in the box below.
Name: Period: Date: DNA/RNA STUDY GUIDE Part A: DNA History Match the following scientists with their accomplishments in discovering DNA using the statement in the box below. Used a technique called x-ray
More informationcopyright cmassengale 2
1 copyright cmassengale 2 History of DNA Early scientists thought protein was the cell s hereditary material because it was more complex than DNA Proteins were composed of 20 different amino acids in long
More informationBio11 Announcements. Ch 21: DNA Biology and Technology. DNA Functions. DNA and RNA Structure. How do DNA and RNA differ? What are genes?
Bio11 Announcements TODAY Genetics (review) and quiz (CP #4) Structure and function of DNA Extra credit due today Next week in lab: Case study presentations Following week: Lab Quiz 2 Ch 21: DNA Biology
More informationName 10 Molecular Biology of the Gene Test Date Study Guide You must know: The structure of DNA. The major steps to replication.
Name 10 Molecular Biology of the Gene Test Date Study Guide You must know: The structure of DNA. The major steps to replication. The difference between replication, transcription, and translation. How
More informationYear Morgan and fellow researchers found that chromosomes contained DNA, RNA, and protein.
DNA Year 1920 Morgan and fellow researchers found that chromosomes contained DNA, RNA, and protein. Which one actually carries the genetic information? The stuff that gets passed on from generation
More informationAP BIOLOGY RNA, DNA, & Proteins Chapters 16 & 17 Review
AP BIOLOGY RNA, DNA, & Proteins Chapters 16 & 17 Review Enzyme that adds nucleotide subunits to an RNA primer during replication DNA polymerase III Another name for protein synthesis translation Sugar
More informationDNA & Protein Synthesis UNIT D & E
DNA & Protein Synthesis UNIT D & E How this Unit is broken down Chapter 10.1 10.3 The structure of the genetic material Chapter 10.4 & 10.5 DNA replication Chapter 10.6 10.15 The flow of genetic information
More informationFrederick Griffith. Dead Smooth Bacteria. Live Smooth Bacteria. Live Rough Bacteria. Live R+ dead S Bacteria
Frederick Griffith Live Smooth Bacteria Live Rough Bacteria Dead Smooth Bacteria Live R+ dead S Bacteria Live Smooth Bacteria Frederick Griffith Live Rough Bacteria Dead Smooth Bacteria Live R+ dead S
More informationChapter 12-3 RNA & Protein Synthesis Notes From DNA to Protein (DNA RNA Protein)
Chapter 12-3 RNA & Protein Synthesis Notes From DNA to Protein (DNA RNA Protein) I. Review A. Cells copy their DNA (in S phase of Interphase)-Why? Prepare for Cell Division (Mitosis & Cytokinesis) Genes
More informationGenetics. Chapter 9 - Microbial Genetics. Chromosome. Genes. Topics - Genetics - Flow of Genetics - Regulation - Mutation - Recombination
Chapter 9 - Microbial Genetics Topics - Genetics - Flow of Genetics - Regulation - Mutation - Recombination Genetics Genome (The sum total of genetic material of a cell is referred to as the genome.) Chromosome
More informationDNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis
By the end of this lesson, I can Relate how Griffith s bacterial experiments showed that a hereditary factor was involved in transformation. Summarize how Avery s experiments led his group to conclude
More informationChapter 9. Topics - Genetics - Flow of Genetics - Regulation - Mutation - Recombination
Chapter 9 Topics - Genetics - Flow of Genetics - Regulation - Mutation - Recombination 1 Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Protein Genotype Phenotype 2 Terms and concepts gene Fundamental unit of heredity
More informationDNA Structure. DNA: The Genetic Material. Chapter 14
DNA: The Genetic Material Chapter 14 DNA Structure DNA is a nucleic acid. The building blocks of DNA are nucleotides, each composed of: a 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose a phosphate group (PO 4 ) a nitrogenous
More information3.a.1- DNA and RNA 10/19/2014. Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes.
3.a.1- DNA and RNA Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes. EU 3.A: Heritable information provides for continuity of life. EU 3.B: Expression
More informationRoute to DNA discovery
Unit 6 All living things use DNA to pass genetic information to the next generation. Genetic information directs the development and homeostasis of organism through a process of translating the genetic
More informationReview? - What are the four macromolecules?
Review? - What are the four macromolecules? Lipids Carbohydrates Protein Nucleic Acids What is the monomer of nucleic acids and what do nucleic acids make up? Nucleotides; DNA and RNA 12-1 DNA DNA Stands
More informationWrite: Unit 5 Review at the top.
Warm-up Take out a sheet of paper: Write: Unit 5 Review at the top. As each question goes on the board, write that question down and answer it. When answers come up, either write correct next to what you
More informationMolecular Genetics. The flow of genetic information from DNA. DNA Replication. Two kinds of nucleic acids in cells: DNA and RNA.
Molecular Genetics DNA Replication Two kinds of nucleic acids in cells: DNA and RNA. DNA function 1: DNA transmits genetic information from parents to offspring. DNA function 2: DNA controls the functions
More informationNucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Living organisms are complex systems. Hundreds of thousands of proteins exist inside each one of us to help carry out our daily functions. These proteins are produced locally,
More informationREVISION: DNA, RNA & MEIOSIS 13 MARCH 2013
REVISION: DNA, RNA & MEIOSIS 13 MARCH 2013 Lesson Description In this lesson we revise The structure and functions of DNA The structure of RNA and its role in protein synthesis The process of cell division
More informationPROTEIN SYNTHESIS Flow of Genetic Information The flow of genetic information can be symbolized as: DNA RNA Protein
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Flow of Genetic Information The flow of genetic information can be symbolized as: DNA RNA Protein This is also known as: The central dogma of molecular biology Protein Proteins are made
More informationDNA & Protein Synthesis. Chapter 8
DNA & Protein Synthesis Chapter 8 State Standards SPI: 3210.4.1 Investigate how genetic information is encoded in nucleic acids SPI: 3210.4.2 Describe the relationship among genes, chromosomes, proteins,
More informationThe Genetic Material. The Genetic Material. The Genetic Material. DNA: The Genetic Material. Chapter 14
DNA: Chapter 14 Frederick Griffith, 1928 studied Streptococcus pneumoniae, a pathogenic bacterium causing pneumonia there are 2 strains of Streptococcus: - S strain is virulent - R strain is nonvirulent
More informationChapter 8. Microbial Genetics. Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case Structure and Function of Genetic Material Learning Objectives 8-1 Define genetics, genome, chromosome, gene, genetic code, genotype,
More information4/22/2014. Interest Grabber. Section Outline. Today s Goal. Percentage of Bases in Four Organisms. Figure 12 2 Griffith s Experiment
Order! Order! Genes are made of, a large, complex molecule. is composed of individual units called nucleotides. Three of these units form a code. The order, or sequence, of a code and the type of code
More informationCHapter 14. From DNA to Protein
CHapter 14 From DNA to Protein How? DNA to RNA to Protein to Trait Types of RNA 1. Messenger RNA: carries protein code or transcript 2. Ribosomal RNA: part of ribosomes 3. Transfer RNA: delivers amino
More informationDNA REPLICATION. DNA structure. Semiconservative replication. DNA structure. Origin of replication. Replication bubbles and forks.
DNA REPLICATION 5 4 Phosphate 3 DNA structure Nitrogenous base 1 Deoxyribose 2 Nucleotide DNA strand = DNA polynucleotide 2004 Biology Olympiad Preparation Program 2 2004 Biology Olympiad Preparation Program
More informationSection 14.1 Structure of ribonucleic acid
Section 14.1 Structure of ribonucleic acid The genetic code Sections of DNA are transcribed onto a single stranded molecule called RNA There are two types of RNA One type copies the genetic code and transfers
More informationName: Class: Date: ID: A
Class: _ Date: _ CH 12 Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. How many codons are needed to specify three amino acids? a. 6 c. 3 b. 12
More informationBIOLOGY 111. CHAPTER 6: DNA: The Molecule of Life
BIOLOGY 111 CHAPTER 6: DNA: The Molecule of Life Chromosomes and Inheritance Learning Outcomes 6.1 Describe the structure of the DNA molecule and how this structure allows for the storage of information,
More informationDNA Replication. Packet #17 Chapter #16
DNA Replication Packet #17 Chapter #16 1 HISTORICAL FACTS ABOUT DNA 2 Historical DNA Discoveries 1928 Frederick Griffith finds a substance in heat-killed bacteria that transforms living bacteria 1944 Oswald
More informationName Date Class. The Central Dogma of Biology
Concept Mapping The Central Dogma of Biology Complete the events chain showing the events that occur as DNA codes for RNA, which guides the synthesis of proteins, the central dogma of biology. These terms
More informationDNA: The Genetic Material. Chapter 14. Genetic Material
DNA: The Genetic Material Chapter 14 Genetic Material Frederick Griffith, 1928 Streptococcus pneumoniae, a pathogenic bacterium causing pneumonia 2 strains of Streptococcus: - S strain virulent - R strain
More information