BIOREMEDIATION OF DYES FROM FUNGI ISOLATED FROM TEXTILE INDUSTRY EFFLUENT

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1 BIOREMEDIATION OF DYES FROM FUNGI ISOLATED FROM TEXTILE INDUSTRY EFFLUENT Yahya Khan 1, Sahera Nasreen 1,S. S. Pokale 2 and J.D. Shaikh 3 1 P.G. Department of Botany, Government Institute of Science and Research Center, Nipat Niranjan Nagar, Caves Road, Aurangabad (M.S.), India. 2 Dept. of Zoology, Dr. B. N. P. Arts, Smt. S. G. G. Com, & Sci. College, Lonavala 3 Dept.of Zoology, Maulana Azad College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Rauza Bagh, Aurangabad (M.S.), India. Corresponding author- yahyakhan28@gmail.com Abstract Bioremediation is an inexpensive mean to remove hazardous metal ions from the contaminated effluent. Effluent from the local textile industry was characterized for the incidence of fungal strains and its physiochemical properties were investigated. Sampling was done spanning a distance of five to seven km from the effluent s discharge point. The fungal isolates Altarnaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Mucor mucedo found to be more effective in bioremediation. The BOD and COD parameters were done for the physicochemical properties of the isolates. Effluent was analyzed and highest colony forming units per ml were found at the end point (5x103). Application of these two isolates (Aspergillus and Rhizopus) in textile dye biodegradation process can be a promising method of exploiting these fungi as bioremediation. This ensures direct biochemical mechanism involved in fungal metabolism during the process of bioremediation. KEYWORDS: - Fungi, Textile effluent, Bioremediation, BOD and COD. INTRODUCTION There are more than 100,000 different synthetic dyes available in the market, produced in over 700,000 tons annually worldwide. They are used in the textile, paper, cosmetics, food and pharmaceutical industries. Some of them are dangerous to living organisms due to their possible toxicity and carcinogenicity. About 10% of the above mentioned amount is lost in wastewater, which justifies the concern about the environment. Among the numerous water treatment technologies, research interest in the fungal bioremediation, i.e. decolourization and degradation of synthetic dyes, has increased significantly in the last three decades. The physico-chemical methods of dye degradation have already been well recognized from the chemical engineering point of view and also widely applied on the industrial scale. In the last few decades, research in the dye bioremediation technologies has gained its significance. Industries are major source of effluent due to the nature of their operation which requires high volumes of water that eventually results in high wastewater generation. Many types of industries such as textile, alcoholic industries wastewater from these industries contains different types of synthetic compounds which are mostly toxic mutagenic and carcinogenic harmful to the water bodies. Dyes usually have a synthetic origin and complex aromatic molecular structures which possibly come from coal-tar based hydrocarbons dye is defined as a substrate used tin import color to substrate it is widely used for coloring diverse materials there are thousands of synthetic dyes used in the textile beverage, food industries when these compound come into the contact with human body through drinking. Development of efficient dye bioremediation potential. A large number of micro organisms belonging to different taxonomic groups of bacteria, fungi and have been reported for their ability to decolorize diazodye. The current study reveals the bioremediation of dye by fungi isolated from textile industry viz; altarnaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Mucor mucedo. Out of the isolated fungal genus shows more effective role in bioremediation of dye specifically widely used in Textile industry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection of effluent and dyes: ISBN:

2 The effluent was collected from nearby places of MIDC Aurangabad and the isolation was done by dilution Technique and the dye was obtained from Dept. of Microbiology, DSM College Parbhani districts of Maharashtra state. Isolation of fungi through Industrial effluent The 1:10 Dilutions were prepared by dissolving effluent sample in to 10ml D/W. Take 5 sterile test tube and prepared further dilution and labelled them as 1:100; 1:1000; 1: 10,000 and 1: respectively. From each dilution 1ml were pipette out in other test tubes and added 9ml of distilled water. These dilutions were inoculated in petriplates containing potato Dextrose Agar medium and incubated these plates for 48 hrs at room temperature. In serial dilution different types of colonies of different fungi were observed fungus were identified by using standard manual. Preparation of broth:- Potato dextrose broth was prepared for the inoculation of fungal culture and dye at different concentration. Inoculum preparation The main common property of dyes is to absorb light due to the chromospheres, a part of the molecule responsible for its colour. The colour arises when a molecule absorbs certain wavelengths of visible light and transmits or reflects the others. Different concentrations of dyes were taken respectively 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, and 0.50 that conc. were added in10ml of broth in all the flasks. The1 ml culture suspension in all the flask of Altarnaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Mucor mucedo were added aseptically. The entire flasks were incubated at 37 0 ±1 0 c. The absorbance were taken before the inoculation and after 5 to 7 days of inoculation period.same procedure were been applied for all the fungal suspension. Biological Methods- Nevertheless, several studies show that little biodegradation actually occurs and that the primary mechanism is adsorption to the microbial biomass (Slokar, 1998; Robinson et al, 2001; Knapp, 2001). Fungal decolourization and degradation of dyes White-rot fungi - White-rot basidiomycetes are a group of fungi capable of depolymerizing and mineralizing otherwise not easily degradable lignin with their extracellular and non-specific ligninolytic enzymes. In the 1980s, this fact stimulated research on the ability of ligninolytic fungi to Degrade organic pollutants (Pointing, 2001; Gao et al., 2010). emperature - Temperature has to be considered from various viewpoints: its influence on the growth and enzyme production, the enzymatic decolourization rate and the temperature of the waste stream. Most white-rot fungi are mesophiles with the optimal cultivation temperature C. The optimal temperatures for enzyme reactions are usually higher, but the enzyme instability and degradation has to be taken into account at temperatures approaching for example 65 C. Various textile and dye effluents are produced at temperatures C. The optimal decolourization process temperature for a particular process has to be thus selected from case to case according to the mentioned parameters (Knapp, 2001; Singh, 2006). Results- A.alternata could decolorize 99.99% of 0.10, 0.30 and 0.40 mg/l and 78% of selected sample 48 h, at maximal decolorization rate respectively. The fungal strain proved to be an excellent candidate for removal of azo dyes within broad ph, temperature and aeration range. A biological treatment presents a degradation of organic substances by microorganisms under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, and has been widely used and researched. The dyes themselves are generally resistant to oxidative biodegradation. It has been demonstrated that mixed fungal cultures are capable of decolorizing textile dye solutions. Discussion- The accumulation of chemicals with the microbial biomass is termed biosorption, and can take place on living or dead biomass. Waste and/or dead microbial biomass can be used as an efficient adsorbent, especially if containing a natural polysaccharide chitin and its derivative chitosan in the cell walls. Azo dyes, 90 ISBN:

3 characterized by nitrogen to nitrogen double bonds account for up to 70% of all textile dyestuff produced and are the most common chromophore of reactive dyes. Photo plates showing the flask before and after the inoculation Aspergillus After 60 0 C temp treatment mg mg mg mg mg ISBN:

4 Alternaria After 60 0 C temp treatment mg mg mg mg mg Mucor mg mg mg mg mg After 60 0 C temp treatment 92 ISBN:

5 Conclusion From the above result it was concluded that the dye decolourization, detoxification can done by the biological agents that could be the ecofriendly and non hazardous to the aquatic life. Enzymatic activity of the selected fungus is possible mechanism in the removal of dye.any bioprocess in the dye removal system on the basis of these parameters for the successful operation. So the enzymatic activity of the selected pathogen on the dye was biological activity so can be concluded that the isolated fungi has tremendous role in bioremediation. REFERENCES. 1. Andleeb, S.; Atiq, N.; Ali, M. I.; Razi-UL-Hussain, R.; Shafique, M.; Ahmed, B.; Ghumro, P. B.; Hussain, M.; Hameed, A. 1-5, 2008, in Boston,Massachusetts, U.S.A. 2. Jadhav, J. P., Phugare, S. S., Dhanve, R. S. & Jadhav, S. B. (2010). Rapid biodegradation and decolorization of direct Wagner, S. (1993). Improvement in products and processing to diminish environmental impact. COTTECH 4. McMullan G., Robinson T., Marchant R. and Nigam P. (2001). Remediation of dyes in textile effluent: a critical accumulation/degradation in semi-solid medium: A microbial approach for hazardous degradation paperactivity of the white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus in the decolorization of Remazol Brilliant Blue R. 5.Ahmed, S. (2010). Biological treatment of textile effluent in stirred tank bioreactor. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 12 (2) :Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61(1) basidiomycete fungi. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 17(1) by the fungus Trichoderma harzianum. 6. Cripps C and Bumpus JA (1990). Biodegradation of azo and heterocyclic dyes by Phanerochaete Dhaneshvar N, Ayazloo M, Khatae AR and Pourhassan M (2007). Biological decolourization of dye dyes. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 24(1) effluent by white rot fungus Thelephora sp. Bioresource Technology 88(2) Vyas BRM and Molitores HP (1995). Involvement of an extracellular H2O2-dependent lignolytic 5. Chung K.T. and Stevens S.E. (1993). Decolourization of azo dyes by environmental microorganisms and helminthes, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12: Zhang, F.; Yediler, A. Liang, X. and Kettrup, A. (2004). Effects of dye additives on the ozonation process and oxidation by-products: a comparative study using hydrolyzed C1 Reactive red 120. Dyes pigments. 60: Phugare, S. S., Kalyani, D.C., Surwase, S. N. & Jadhav, J. P. (2011). Ecofriendly degradation, decolorization and detoxification of textile effluent by a developed bacterial consortium. Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 74: Olukanni O. D., Osuntoki, A. A. & Gbenle, G. O. (2006). Textile effluent biodegradation potentials of textile effluentadapted and non-adapted bacteria. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 5 (20): Ali, N., Hameed, A. & Ahmed, S. (2009). Physicochemical characterization and bioremediation perspective of textile effluent, dyes and metals by indigenous bacteria. J. Hazard. Mater. 164: Zhang, M., Chen, W., Chen, B., Chang, C., Hsueh, C., Ding, Y., Lin, K. & Xu, H. (2010). Comparative study on characteristics of azo dye decolorization by indigenous decolorizers. Bioresource Technol. 101: Ayed, L., Mahdhi, A., Cheref, A. & Bakhrouf, A. (2011). Decolorization and degradation of azo dye Methyl Red by an isolated Sphingomonas paucimobilis: Biotoxicity and metabolites characterization. Desalination. 274: Chen, B., Hsueh, C., Chen, W. & Li, W. (2011). Exploring decolorization and halotolerance characteristics byindigenous acclimatized bacteria: Chemical structure of azo dyes and dose response assessment. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. E. 42: ISBN: