2. Give 7 common features of all life List and give characteristics & examples of the 3 Domains & 7 Kingdoms:

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1 BIOLOGY 101/B EXAM REVIEW SHEETS STUDY GUIDE UNIT ONE 1. List the levels of organization in the study of biology: 2. Give 7 common features of all life List and give characteristics & examples of the 3 Domains & 7 Kingdoms: DOMAIN KINGDOM What major characteristics are used to differentiate the domains & kingdoms? 5. Name the steps of the Scientific Method and describe each: UNIT TWO 1. List the main elements that make up living organisms. 2. What is an element? What is a trace element? 3. Diagram an element labeling its protons, neutrons, electrons, & nucleus. 1

2 4. How do ionic bonds form? How do covalent bonds form? 5. Draw two water molecules and label the covalent & hydrogen bonds present. 6. What is the difference between polar and nonpolar? 7. Describe some of water=s unique characteristics & how it gets them. Cohesion Surface tension Temperature moderator Solvent Density of solid 8. What=s the difference between a solution, solvent, & a solute? 9. What is the ph scale? (relate to H + ion concentration) Define acid & base, giving examples of each. 10. Name the origins of acid precipitation and how they harm organisms. UNIT THREE 1. Define the following terms: Organic compounds Hydrocarbons Isomers 2

3 2. Describe the building and breakdown of polymers using the terms hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, polymers, and monomers. 3. Name the 4 classes of organic compounds vital to living things & give their monomers, polymers and functions? Family monomers polymer function What are the 1 o, 2 o, & 3 o structures of proteins? How are proteins denatured? 5. How are nucleic acids and proteins related? UNIT FOUR 1. What is Resolving Power? How is it relate to magnification? 2. Identify what type of objects would be viewed using the following microscopes: Light Microscope Scanning electron microscope Transmission electron microscope 3

4 3. What types of things constrain the size of a cell? 4. Describe the difference and give examples of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells. 5. Describe the function, the type of cell that contains it, and where they=re located in a cell: (structure) (Cell type &location)(function) Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum Rough Smooth Ribosome Mitochondria Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Central Contractile Food Chloroplast Cytoskeleton Cell wall Cilia Flagella 6. What are some of the functions of the different types of cell junctions? 7. What are some common features to all life forms on the planet? 4

5 UNIT FIVE 1. Name the two types of energy and give examples of each. 2. Describe the two Laws of Thermodynamics. 1 st 2 nd 3. What is the difference between Endergonic and Exergonic reactions? 4. Diagram an ATP molecule, indicating its components and bonds. What role does ATP have shuttling chemical energy? 5. What is the function of enzymes? Describe the shape of an enzyme: What is energy of activation & what do enzymes do to it? 6. Give examples of enzyme inhibitors. 7. In what way do pesticides and antibiotics interfere with enzymes. How is it good? How is it bad? 5

6 8. Diagram and label the parts of the plasma membrane, a phospholipid bilayer, using the following terms (hydrophilic, hydrophobic, phosphate, lipid, channel proteins, glycoprotein, cholesterol) Why is it called a fluid mosaic? 9. Compare Diffusion and Osmosis. Use the terms Concentration Gradient, Hypertonic, Hypotonic, and Isotonic. 10. What is the difference between Passive transport and Active transport. How do proteins play a role? 11. What is osmoregulation. How does it differ in different habitats. UNIT 6 1. Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Include their substrates, locations, products, and relative amounts of ATP energy produced. 2. What is the function of NAD and FAD? 3. How is ATP produced from substrate level phosphorylation? 6

7 4. Define the term electron carrier: 5. Summarize the three main stages of aerobic cellular respiration, indicating their location, substrates, carrier molecules, products, and amount of ATP produced: a) Glycolysis b) Krebs Cycle c) Electron Transport Chain 6. What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in the Krebs cycle? 7. What is the role of Oxygen in the electron transport system? 8. What is the fate of hydrogen atoms that are passed down the electron transport chain? 9. What is the difference between a strict (obligate) anaerobe and a facultative anaerobe? 10. Can any of the following be used as a substrate in cellular respiration? Polysaccharides? Fats? Proteins? Simple sugars? Glycerol and Fatty acids? Amino acids? 7

8 UNIT 7 1. Why is photosynthesis regarded as the most important chemical reaction on earth? 2. What s the difference between an Autotroph and a Heterotroph. Give an example of each. 3. Plants produce O2 by splitting in the light reaction. The light reaction takes place in the of the chloroplast. The light hitting this pigmented layer is used to excite, which are transferred to and transported for use in the Calvin cycle. The energy molecule is also produced. 4. The electromagnetic spectrum consists of varying wavelengths of solar energy. For each color, give its wavelength, relative amount of energy, and its reflective or absorptive properties: Violet 9 Blue 9 Green 9 Yellow 9 Red 5. What wavelengths do the following pigments absorb and reflect: chlorophyll a chlorophyll b carotenoids 6. How do photosystems capture solar energy? 7. Summarize the overall process of the light reactions: 8

9 8. Summarize the overall process of the Calvin cycle. Why is this process referred to as carbon fixation? 9. How do the following plants conserve water? C3 plants C4 plants CAM plants 10. What is the cause of the greenhouse effect? 11. How does photosynthesis and deforestation effect the greenhouse effect? 12. What role does our Ozone layer play? List some factors that contribute to its destruction. UNIT 8 1. Diagram or describe binary fission. What type of cells use it? 2. Define the following terms: chromatin chromatids centromere 3. Diagram and label the Cell Cycle. 9

10 4. List and describe the stages of Mitosis. 5. How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells? 6. What are autosomes? How do they differ from sex chromosomes? 7. List and describe the stages of Meiosis I and II. 8. What is the function of meiosis? 9. Where do you find haploid cells, diploid cells, and zygotes? 10. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Indicate the number of cellular divisions, daughter cells, and amount of DNA. 11. Define Mendel s Laws: Law of Independent Assortment Law of Segregation 12. Describe how crossing over increases genetic variability. When does it occur? 13. Define and explain the use of a kayotype. 10

11 14. How does nondisjunction result in: Trisomy 21 (Down=s) Turner syndrome Klinefelter syndrome UNIT 9 1. What is the difference between phenotypes and genotypes? Between a Monohybrid and Dihybrid cross? Between homozygous and heterozygous? Between Haploid and Diploid? 2. How does a Testcross allow you to determine a dominant individual=s genotype? 3. Review the pedigrees in your text and lab manual. Know how to determine if a trait is dominant, recessive, or sex linked from a pedigree. 4. Give examples of the following patterns of inheritance and describe how you determine if a characteristic follows such a pattern: Simple Dominant/Recessive Incomplete Dominance Multiple Alleles Codominance Pleiotropy Polygenic X-Linked Y-Linked 5. What is meant by Linkage of genes. 11

12 UNIT How did the Hershey & Chase experiment finally determine that DNA was truly our genetic information? 2. Diagram the three parts of a nucleotide: 4. Describe the Double Helix structure of a DNA molecule as determined by Watson and Crick. 5. Describe Chargaff s Rule (complementary base pairing). 6. List and describe the process of DNA replication. 7. What role does DNA Polymerase and DNA Ligase play? 8. The flow of genetic information is from DNA to RNA to Proteins. Describe the stages of the two process involved in this flow: TRANSCRIPTION: 1. Separation 2. Complementary Base Pairing 3. Joining TRANSLATION: 1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination 9. What is the difference between a triplet, a codon, and an anticodon? 12

13 10. What is meant by redundancy in the genetic code? Why is the code referred to as Universal? 11. What is a mutagen? 12. Diagram or describe structure of a ribosome. 13. What is a virus? Give some examples. 14. Why are viruses so difficult to combat? What serious threats do they pose? 13

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