Deoxyribonucleic. Acid. Deoxyribo. Ribose sugar without an oxygen. Nucleic. Acid

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1 Deoxyribonucleic Acid Deoxyribo Ribose sugar without an oxygen Nucleic Acid

2 Historical Background first isolated by Fredrich Meischer in 1869 used pus soak rags for DNA source called the substance nuclein

3 Historical Background Griffith and Transformation In 1928, British scientist Fredrick Griffith was trying to learn how certain types of bacteria caused pneumonia. He isolated two different strains of pneumonia bacteria from mice a. The disease-causing strain of bacteria grew into smooth colonies on culture plates. b. The harmless strain grew into colonies with rough edges

4 Summary of Griffith s Work a. Questioned why smooth bacteria caused disease b. Heat killed smooth bacteria and combined with rough bacteria c. Injected combination into mice d. The poor mice died and they were infected with smooth bacteria e. Griffith concluded something had transformed the bacteria but he did not know what or how

5 Griffith's Experiments Griffith set up four individual experiments. Experiment 1: Mice were injected with the disease-causing strain of bacteria. The mice developed pneumonia and died.

6 Experiment 2: Mice were injected with the harmless strain of bacteria. These mice didn t get sick.

7 Experiment 3: Griffith heated the diseasecausing bacteria. He then injected the heatkilled bacteria into the mice. The mice survived.

8 Experiment 4: Griffith mixed his heat-killed, disease-causing bacteria with live, harmless bacteria and injected the mixture into the mice. The mice developed pneumonia and died.

9 Griffith concluded that the heat-killed bacteria passed their disease-causing ability to the harmless strain.

10 Transformation Griffith called this process transformation because one strain of bacteria (the harmless strain) had changed permanently into another (the disease-causing strain). Griffith hypothesized that a factor must contain information that could change harmless bacteria into disease-causing ones.

11 1944 Oswald Avery Avery s experiment found that DNA was the transforming substance in Griffith s experiment First evidence that DNA was connected with inheritance

12 1944 Oswald Avery Avery and other scientists discovered that the nucleic acid DNA stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next.

13 1952 Bacteriophage Experiment Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase studied viruses; nonliving particles smaller than a cell that can infect living organisms They carried out an experiment using a virus called a bacteriophage which is a virus that infects bacteria Hershey and Chase

14 1952 Bacteriophage Experiment They wanted to know what entered the bacteria when the virus infected the bacteria; DNA or the protein coat Hershey and Chase The used two different radioactive markers to label the DNA and protein coat of the bacteria: P32 and S35

15 1952 Bacteriophage Experiment Hershey and Chase If 35S was found in the bacteria, it would mean that the viruses protein had been injected into the bacteria.

16 1952 Bacteriophage Experiment Hershey and Chase If P32 was found in the bacteria, it would mean that the viruses DNA had been injected into the bacteria.

17 1952 Bacteriophage Experiment Hershey and Chase P32 was found in the bacteria, which means? DNA was the molecule of inheritance or the genetic material

18 RACE FOR THE DOUBLE HELIX

19 Maurice Wilkins Rosalind Franklin 1950 s Used x-ray crystallography to determine the structure of DNA A shadow of a molecule is created when exposed to x-rays cross pattern indicated a helix shape

20 Awarded Nobel Peace in science in 1960 along with Maurice Wilkins James Watson and Francis Crick Discovered the structure of DNA in 1953

21

22 Details of DNA Structure A. What do we know about it? 1. It s a double helix 2. Sugar and phosphates make up the sides of ladder structure 3. Bases are on the inside: A-T and G-C 4. Sides run in an anti-parallel directions

23 B. Structure details 1. DNA is a polymer therefore is made of repeating building block 2. Building block is called a NUCLEOTIDE a. Deoxyribose sugar b. Phosphate molecule c. Nitrogenous Base Make up the sides of the ladder A

24 3. Parts of nucleotide Hydrogen bond A T 4. Categories of Bases a. Purines i. Adenine and Guanine b. Pyrimidines 5. Chargaff s Rules a. A bonds to T b. G bonds to C i. Cytosine and Thymine

25 Two Jobs of DNA Self Replication replication power point replication animation Protein Synthesis

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