Biology Chapter 9 & Honors Biology Chapter 13. Frontiers Of Biotechnology

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1 Biology Chapter 9 & Honors Biology Chapter 13 Frontiers Of Biotechnology

2 DNA TECHNOLOGY IS ABOUT: Manipulating DNA for man s purposes. It includes: cutting DNA, Gel Electrophoresis and Polymerase Chain Reactions Scientists use several techniques to manipulate DNA.

3 DNA TECHNIQUE #1: Cutting DNA How do you cut DNA? Restriction enzymes cut DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence called a restriction site. Restriction enzymes act as molecular scissors. come from various types of bacteria allow scientists to more easily study and manipulate genes

4 Different restriction enzymes cut DNA in different ways. each enzyme has a different restriction site DNA chemical bonds are broken in the cutting

5 some cut straight across and leave blunt ends some make staggered cuts and leave sticky ends = have overhanging nucleotides

6 9.1 Manipulating DNA Restriction Enzyme Activity up.htm?cin=3&ci=9&rg=animated_biology&at=animated_bio logy&npos=2&spos=9&var=animated_biology

7 DNA TECHNIQUE #2: Gel Electrophoresis Gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments by size. A DNA sample is cut with restriction enzymes. Uses Electrical current to pull DNA fragments through a gel.

8 Smaller fragments travel faster and travel farther than longer, larger fragments. Fragments of different sizes appear as bands on the gel.

9 A restriction map shows the lengths of DNA fragments between restriction sites. only indicate size, not DNA sequence useful in genetic engineering used to study mutations

10 9.1 Manipulating DNA KEY CONCEPT DNA fingerprints identify people at the molecular level.

11 9.1 Manipulating DNA A DNA fingerprint is a type of restriction map. DNA fingerprints are based on parts of an individual s DNA that can by used for identification. based on noncoding regions of DNA noncoding regions have repeating DNA sequences number of repeats differs between people banding pattern on a gel (from gel electrophoresis is a DNA fingerprint

12 9.1 Manipulating DNA

13 9.1 Manipulating DNA DNA fingerprinting is used for identification. DNA fingerprinting depends on the probability of a match. (mother) (child 1) (child 2) (father) Many people have the same number of repeats in a certain region of DNA. The probability that two people share identical numbers of repeats in several locations is very small.

14 9.1 Manipulating DNA Individual probabilities are multiplied to find the overall probability of two DNA fingerprints randomly matching x 90 x 120 = 5,400,000 = 1 chance in 5.4 million people Several regions of DNA are used to make DNA fingerprints.

9.1 Manipulating DNA DNA fingerprinting is used in several ways. evidence in criminal cases paternity tests immigration requests studying biodiversity tracking genetically modified crops Ex.

15 9.1 Manipulating DNA DNA fingerprinting is used in several ways. evidence in criminal cases paternity tests immigration requests studying biodiversity tracking genetically modified crops Ex. Tortoise species are identified with DNA fingerprinting to determine which Galapagos Island they came from, so raised tortoises may be reintroduced to their Native islands to increase their numbers. (San Diego Zoo)

16 KEY CONCEPT The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) rapidly copies segments of DNA.

17 PCR uses polymerases to copy DNA segments. PCR makes many copies of a specific DNA sequence in a few hours. target sequence of DNA PCR amplifies DNA samples. PCR is similar to DNA replication.

18 PCR is a three-step process. PCR uses four materials. DNA to be copied DNA polymerase A, T, C, and G nucleotides two primers = short strands of DNA to build the new strands on, act like bookends DNA strands polymerase nucleotides primer 1 primer 2

19 9.1 Manipulating DNA PCR animation group.htm?cin=3&ci=9&rg=animated_biology&at=animat ed_biology&npos=2&spos=9&var=animated_biology

20 The three steps of PCR occur in a cycle. heat is used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules primers bind to each DNA strand on opposite ends of the segment to be copied DNA polymerase binds nucleotides together to form new strands of DNA DNA strands primer 1 polymerase nucleotides primer 2

21 Each PCR cycle doubles the number of DNA molecules.

13-2 Manipulating DNA Slide 1 of 32

13-2 Manipulating DNA Slide 1 of 32 1 of 32 The Tools of Molecular Biology The Tools of Molecular Biology How do scientists make changes to DNA? Scientists use their knowledge of the structure of DNA and its chemical properties to study