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1 Biosc10 schedule reminders

2 Review of molecular biology basics DNA Is each person s DNA the same, or unique? What does DNA look like? What are the three parts of each DNA nucleotide Which DNA bases pair, and how are they connected? How is DNA different in humans vs bacteria? What is DNA used for? RNA What are the three major differences between DNA and RNA? What is RNA used for? Proteins- what are they used for?

3 Review of molecular biology DNA replication What does semiconservative mean? Function of helicase? What are three ways mistakes are corrected? DNA transcription to mrna Why does this happen? What are the three steps? mrna translation to proteins What is the function of trna? How many mrna bases in a codon?

4 Review Q9 a. T / F: DNA leaves the nucleus to direct protein synthesis at the ribosomes. b. T / F: DNA is translated into mrna, which is transcribed into protein.

5 CONCEPTS OF BIOLOGY Chapter 10 BIOTECHNOLOGY

6 What is biotechnology? 10.1: Cloning and Genetic Engineering 10.2: Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture 10.3: Genomics and Proteomics FIGURE 10.1

7 FIGURE 10.2

8 Gel electrophoresis DNA fragments from six samples run on a gel, stained with a fluorescent dye and viewed under UV light FIGURE 10.3

9 The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to produce many copies of a specific sequence of DNA using a special form of DNA polymerase FIGURE 10.4

10 A thermal cycler is a basic tool used to study DNA by PCR The polymerase enzyme most often used with PCR comes from a strain of bacteria that lives in the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park FIGURE 10.1

11 Molecular cloning allows for the creation of multiple copies of genes, expression of genes, and study of specific genes The gene of interest is inserted into a plasmid, which serves as a vehicle to insert the gene into a bacterial cell As bacteria quickly replicate, the plasmid containing foreign DNA is also replicated FIGURE 10.5

12 A restriction enzyme breaks the DNA strands, and the cut DNA has sticky ends Another piece of DNA cut on either end by the same restriction enzyme could attach to these sticky ends and be inserted into the gap made by this cut FIGURE 10.5

13 FIGURE 10.6

14 Reproductive cloning is a method used to make a clone or an identical copy of an entire multicellular organism Which type of sheep was Dolly? FIGURE 10.7

15 Genetic Diagnosis and Gene Therapy Gene therapy is being investigated for curing diseases using an adenovirus vector FIGURE 10.8

16 Production of Vaccines, Antibiotics, and Hormones Traditional vaccination strategies use weakened or inactive forms of microorganisms or viruses to stimulate the immune system; modern techniques use specific genes cloned into vectors to mass-produce specific vaccine substances Antibiotics kill bacteria and are naturally produced by microorganisms such as fungi Recombinant DNA technology was used to produce large-scale quantities of the human hormone insulin

17 Some recombinant proteins in medicine are successfully produced in bacteria, but some need a eukaryotic animal host Genes are cloned and expressed in animals such as sheep, goats, chickens, and mice (then called transgenic animals) Two of these mice are transgenic because they have a gene that causes them to fluoresce under a UV light FIGURE 10.9

18 Transgenic plants Manipulating the DNA of plants (creating genetically modified organisms, or GMOs) has helped create desirable traits such as disease resistance, herbicide, and pest resistance, better nutritional value, better shelf life FIGURE 10.10

19 The study of nucleic acids began with the discovery of DNA, progressed to the study of genes and small fragments, and has now exploded to the field of genomics What is genomics? Genetic maps and physical maps are illustrations that list genes and their location on a chromosome FIGURE 10.11

20 Whole genome sequencing Much basic research is done with model organisms, such as the mouse, fruit fly, nematode, yeast, and the common weed FIGURE 10.12

21 Knowledge of the genomics of microorganisms is being used to find better ways to harness biofuels from algae and cyanobacteria FIGURE 10.14

22 Bacillus anthracis is the organism that causes anthrax FIGURE 10.15

23 GMO s pros vs cons? FIGURE 10.16

24 BIOTECH CONCEPTS TO STUDY FOR WED QUIZ Why is detergent used in DNA extraction? Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on? What is PCR used for? How does molecular cloning take advantage of unique characteristics of bacteria? What do restriction enzymes do? How has biotechnology advanced vaccines, antibiotics, and hormone treatments? Why do the transgenic mice from the example fluoresce? What is genomics, and what is meant by model organism? What are some pros and cons of GMOs in our society?

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